Chapter 2 Outline Englands Imperial Settings: 1500s: England and Spain were allies= No interest in overseas colonies.

s. King Henry VIII broke with the Roman Catholic Church lead to religious conflict launching the English Protestant Reformation (Catholics vs. Protestants) England was now Protestant= rivals with the Catholic Spain Ireland (Catholic and under England) sought help from Spain to overthrow Protestant Queen Elizabeth of England. Lack of success= taking Irish land and giving it to the Scottish landlords.

Elizabeth Energizes England: English seafarers, eager to promote goals of Protestantism, set to plunder Spanish treasure ships/settlements. Plundering of Spanish was financially backed by Queen Elizabeth and others. Francis Drake: Most famous pirate Newfoundland was Englands first attempt to colonize. Lost cause when Sir Humphrey Gilbert died. Sir Walter Raleigh (1585): Inspired by Gilberts death to colonize in warmer climates, settled on North Carolinas Roanoke Island (off coast Virginia). Named in honor of Elizabeth the Virgin Queen. Roanoke mysteriously disappeared Spain built an Invincible Armada to attack England=Spain loss, eventual decline from its wealthy period.

England on the Eve of Empire: English population bloom. Landlords were enclosing croplands for sheep=force farmers from land. Woolen districts of E&W (where Puritanism took strongest root) hit a depression= why many footloose farmers immigrated to America. Laws made sure only eldest could inherit estates; younger siblings had to find their fortune elsewhere. Colonization was perfect for England. o Joint-stock company perfected: let investors to pool their capitol. o Peace with Spain. o Population growth (=workers) o Thirst for religious freedom o Thirst for markets and adventure.

England Plants the Jamestown Seedling: King James I of England: Gave a charter to Virginia Company of London, to settle in the New World. The charter gave the same rights of the people in England to the colonists. Named a river after him, the James River. Jamestown was set up, and failing because the people werent gathering from the forests, and grubbing over currency. Captain John Smith was able to keep all from dying out when he was captured by the people under chieftain Powhata and shown how to work the land.

Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake: Powhatans Confederacy: several tribes loosely affiliated. Tensions between Indians and settlers increased as starving settlers raided Indian food stores. Lord De La Warr (new militant governor) declared war on the Indians. First Anglo-Powhatan in 1614, was settled by the marriage of Pocahontas to colonist John Rolfefirst interracial union in Virginia. Indians were peaceful until they were pressed by land-hungry/disease ridden settlers, where they later attacked the settlers. Second Anglo-Powhatan War, where Indians made the last attempt to remove settlers=Indian defeat. o Indians were victim to 3 things: Disease, Disorder, and Disposability (werent useful as slaves/unlike Spanish using the natives to mine silver) o Peace treaty banished Chesapeake Indians.

The Indians New World: Lakotas (Siox) with horses went to open plains from their forest dwelling. Diseases wiped out many. Oral traditions were lost as elders were wiped out. Trade of the Indians (barter and exchange) gave way to Euro commerce. Firearms=huge advantage, so violence among the Indians between each other resulted. Algonquians of the Great Lakes, absorbed many bands together to increase population, they forced a British or French trader to conform to the ways of the inland tribes (taking an Indian wife etc). Creating a middle ground.

Virginia: Child of Tobacco: John Rolfe: Husband of Pocahontas, perfected the way to cure tobacco/ introduced it into Europe. Tobacco was the economic savior of Virginia. But it ruined the soil and many depended on the price of a single crop. It also encouraged plantation (filled with slaves) Representative government was born in Virginia, the same cradle of slavery in the same year. The London Company authorized the settlers to summon and assembly House of Burgessesallowing the first of many mini parliaments to flourish in America. King James I of England: Revoked the charter with Virginia Company, because he disliked tobacco, distrusted the House of Burgesses, and so he made Virginia directly under his rule.

Maryland: Catholic Haven: Lord Baltimore (Catholic): Embarked to set up a business venture and find a safe haven from Protestant prosecutions/prejudice against Catholics. He sent colonists (who would only go if they could acquire land on their own) to set up under him (like a feudal system). Many were Protestants and resentment flared among the barons and farmers. o Baltimore permitted freedom of worship until a flood of Protestants came in. o Act of Toleration 1649: Guaranteed toleration to all Christians. But severe to all others (Jewish, atheists) Maryland flourished with tobacco plantations and indentured servants.

The West Indies: Way Station to Mainland America: Tobacco= poor mans crop Sugar = rich mans crop o Reason why so many slaves were imported To control the slave pop. (which outnumbered whites) gave codes where all rights taken from the blacks and given to whites. West Indies (islands like Barbados and Jamaica) were reliant on mainland North America for food supplies. Took this code where whites>blacks to Carolina when displaced English settlers moved.

Colonizing the Carolinas: King Charles I of England dismissed Parliament, and when eventually recalled it, the members were mutinous. Oliver Cromwell (Puritan) took over and ruled until King Charles II came to the throne. During this Restoration, there was royal involvement in empire building. The Lords of Proprietors hoped to use the Barbados to grow non-English food etc. Carolinas main export was rice which grew in warm weather reason why blacks, with their resistance to malaria, constituted most of the population.

The Emergence of North Carolina: Surrounded by aristocratic Virginia and aristocratic South Carolina, it was the vale of humility between two mountains of conceit North Carolina was separated from South Carolina North Carolina did not have as many slaves and tended to be squatters (raised tobacco in soil without legal rights) while having a sense of spirit against authority. Both North and South Carolina helped each other against the Tuscarora Indians.

Late-Coming Georgia: The Buffer Colony: Buffer for Virginia against the Spaniards of Florida and French of Louisiana. Only colony to receive subsidies in the beginning (because it was a buffer) Named in honor of King George II of England. James Oglethorpe=founder of Georgia. Was a philanthropist for the Charity Colony who provided a haven people imprisoned for debt. Georgia was a mixing pot-community with religious toleration. But t grew slow with its resistance to slavery, unhealthy climate and attacks from the Spanish.

The Plantation Colonies: Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. Broad acre, decoded to exporting commercial agricultural products like rice and tobacco. All had slavery (after 1750 with Georgia) All had aristocratic atmosphere (except North Carolina and debt infringed Georgia) Establishment of schools and printing presses was hard because of wide scattering of plantations and farms by stately rivers=retardation of growth of cities. All had religious toleration.

Church of England was most dominant though. Soil butchering tobacco pushed settlers to move farther westwardand confront Indians.

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4 5 6 7

Name Virginia New Hampshire Massachusetts Plymouth Maine Maryland Connecticut Hew Haven Rhode Island Delaware

8 9 10 11 12 13

N. Carolina New York New Jersey Carolina Pennsylvania Georgia

The Thirteen Original Colonies Founded by 1775 Status London Co. Royal John Manson and others Royal (absorbed by Mass.) Puritans Royal Separatists Merged w/ Mass. F.Gorges Bought by Mass. Lord Baltimore Proprietary (controlled by proprietor) Mass emigrants Self governing (under local control) Mass emigrants Merged w Conn. R. Williams Self-governing Swedes Proprietary (merged w Pa; under same governor but separate assembly granted Virginians Royal (sep. informally from S.C.) Dutch of York Royal Berkeley and Carteret Royal Eight nobles Royal (sep. formally from N.C.) William Penn Proprietary Oglethorpe and others Royal