Resonance in acoustic tubes 1. wavelength 2. plain wave propagation 3. reflection 4.

phase matching

Two ways to measure the period of a sine wave.

Time
Frequency = 1 / Time

Sound: pressure fluctuation that travels through space. Speed of sound = 35,000 cm/s

Space
Wavelength = spatial period

Wavelength = speed of sound * period duration =c*T =c/f because f = 1 / T

Space
Wavelength = spatial period

1. wavelength. Sine wave has a spatial period, peaks and valleys located in space.

Space

sound propagates from source in a sphere.

However, sound in a tube propagates in a plane effectively, no curvature

However, sound in a tube propagates in a plane effectively, no curvature

2. Plane wave propagation

3. Reflection Sound reflects off of surfaces - more reflection off of hard surfaces - less reflection off of soft surfaces - scattered reflection off of uneven surfaces

hard

soft

uneven

Sound traveling in a closed tube reflects off the ends of the tube.

Sound traveling in an open tube also reflects off the ends of the tube.

Reflection off of a soft surface

The vocal tract is a tube that is open at one end and closed at the other.

has two kinds of reflection: 1. hard surface at closed end 2. soft surface at open end

Sound waves traveling though space interfere with each other.

A
direction direction

Destructive interference: A + B = 0

A
direction direction

A+B

Constructive interference: A + B = AB

A
direction direction

A+B

Constructive interference: A + B = AB 1 A
direction

direction

B 2

A+B

Constructive interference: A + B = AB

A
direction

-1

direction

B -1

A+B -2

Reflected waves in a tube interfere with each other. constructive interference = resonance destructive interference = nonresonance

Q: What frequencies will resonate in a tube? = Q: What sine waves will show constructive interference? two factors wavelength and tube length key: wave must fit in tube fit = reflect in phase

An example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = tube length

An example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = tube length
the reflected wave is in phase constructive interference

An example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = tube length
the reflected wave is in phase constructive interference Frequency of this resonance: f = c/

Another example of reflecting in phase - a sine wave that fits in a closed tube wavelength = * tube length

A general formula for calculating the resonant frequencies of sine waves that will resonate in a tube closed at both ends: Fn = nc/2L n = resonant frequency number (1,2,3, ...) c = speed of sound (35,000 cm/s) L = tube length (in cm)

Now consider a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.

Now consider a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other. Reflection from the open end is different. Phase shift!

A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.

A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.

phase shift at open end

A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.
phase shift at open end

A sine wave that fits in a tube that is open at one end, and closed at the other.
phase shift at open end

resonant frequency is: f = c/(4/5*L)

Another sine wave that fits this tube.

resonant frequency: f = c/(4/3L)

A general formula for resonant frequencies of tubes open at one end and closed at the other: fn = (2n-1)c/4L n = resonance number (1,2,3...) c = speed of sound (35,000 cm/s) L = tube length (in cm)

the vowel schwa []: a tube open at one end (lips) and closed at the other (glottis) Vocal tract length: ~ 17.5 cm F1 = c/4L = 35,000/70 = 500 Hz F2 = 3c/4L = 1500 Hz F3 = 5c/4L = 2500 Hz

Peter Ladefoged saying [ ]:

2500 Hz 1250 Hz 400 Hz