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Abstract Pakistan is facing severe energy crisis in the last few years.

Load shedding is at its peak which has affected the industry and the residential sector as well. Pakistan mainly depends on fossil fuels for energy; 66% of our energy generation is obtained from fossil fuels and the remaining 34% is contributed by hydro power. This ratio is quickly changing and by the year 2018, the share of hydro power will drop to 24% and energy generation from fossil fuel will reach 76%. In order to generate cheap electricity on fast way, we have to rely on renewable energy resources. Solar being the major sources of renewable energy, are the main focus of emerging solutions. Our earth is supplied with 3E24 Joules of energy from the sun every year and this is 10000 times that much energy as we consume. It is a need to cut depends on fossil fuels and finds an alternative energy solution. The low manufacturing cost and high conversion efficiency are the two main points for the popularization of solar cells. Due to extreme high prices and fabrication limitations the single crystal silicon solar cells fails to popularized. The silicon solar cell also has the limitations of too narrow absorption spectrum due to which 96% of the sun light is not used by silicon solar cell. This thesis focuses on latest photovoltaic technology based Dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), which convert light to electricity by means of harvesting solar radiation by the sensitizers. This study focuses on expanding the absorption spectrum as well as on developing the conversion efficiency. This research presents a fabrication of Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using an organic dye extracted from Ruthenium and its I-V measurements. The photovoltaic parameters like open circuit voltage (Voc): short circuit current (Jsc) fill factor (FF) and overall efficiency were find out for fabricated cell. This study implemented a new idea of nano technology in the dye sensitized solar structure which does not exists in ordinary crystalline silicon solar cell. The outcome of research study offers a very promising technique that overcomes the limitations of ordinary solar cell and its utilization for producing effective electrical generation.

Motivation: Pakistan is facing great energy crises for the last few years. This energy crisis is badly effecting the growth and development of the country by discouraging the direct foreign investments. Obtaining power from hydro is a good option but that is much politicized and will take round about 10 to 15 years once the government is serious and starts building the dams. This is certainly a long period and the country has to rely on fossil fuels for the electricity generation which will raise the electricity tariff. This problem needs a quick and an economical solution to decrease the dependence on fossil fuels and reduce the electricity tariff. Deriving Electricity from renewable resources like wind, solar etc. in the world today is the most important concern since last decade. This concern is due to many tangible reasons including environmental pollution, running down of fossil fuels, and climate changes and the most important is the high prices of fossil fuels. Out of renewable energy resources the primary resources that are used to harness renewable energy are wind and solar. Solar photovoltaic panels are in use for individual home applications and heliostats (solar concentrating mirrors on a single tower) are in operation in some parts of the world but still the solar system is not considered economical. The low manufacturing cost and high conversion efficiency are the two main points for the popularization of solar cells. Due to extreme high prices and fabrication limitations the single crystal silicon solar cells fails to popularized. The silicon solar cells also have the limitations of too narrow absorption spectrum. As we know that 4% of the sun shine is ultraviolet rays and remaining 96% is visible light. The main absorption spectrum of Si solar cell is ultraviolet and the violet. It means that 96% of the sun light is not used by silicon solar cell. In other words, a silicon solar cell with 20% conversion efficiency can only totally absorb 20% 4% = 0.8% energy of the sun light, which is even smaller than any solar cell with only 1% conversion efficiency but has the full absorption spectrum [1]. On the other hand, dye sensitized solar cell converts light to electricity by means of harvesting solar radiation by the help of sensitizers. Dye sensitized solar cells have attracted considerable attention in scientific research and for practical applications. In comparison to the all-solid traditional semiconductor cells, the dye-sensitized solar cell is a photo electrochemical solar cell i.e. it uses a liquid electrolyte or other ion-conducting stage as a charge transportation method. Due to the high advantages and good long-term stability revealed for the dye-sensitized cells, the analysis interest in this technological innovation developed

quickly during the Nineties. While the certain owners and the licensees designed the unique trademarked principles towards practical products, numerous analysis groups researched the alternative of the unique materials with new ones. Besides being flexible and thus easily integrated with elements of various shapes and sizes for the design, these indestructible and low maintenance elastic modules are light-weight and fit for applications where weight is vital. Products of DSSCs can be slice to different sizes after manufactured. DSSCs cell has the benefit of manufacturing in room temperature and with help of simple machines (silk screen printing). In contrast to the all-solid conventional semiconductor solar cells, the dye-sensitized solar cell is a photo electrochemical solar cell i.e. it uses a liquid electrolyte or other ion-conducting phase as a charge transport medium. Due to the high efficiencies and good long-term stability reported for the dye-sensitized solar cells, the research interest in this technology grew rapidly during the 1990's. This study implemented a new idea of nano technology in the dye sensitized solar structure which does not exists in ordinary crystalline silicon solar cell. This research presents a fabrication of Dye sensitized solar cells (DSSC) using an organic dye extracted from Ruthenium and its I-V measurements. The photovoltaic parameters like open circuit voltage (Voc): short circuit current (Jsc) fill factor (FF) and overall efficiency were find out for fabricated cell. This study focuses on expanding the absorption spectrum as well as on developing the conversion efficiency. Problem Statement Semiconductor material cost is one of the factors which determine the performance-cost ratio and economical feasibility of silicon solar cells for terrestrial power generation (ChihTang Sah et al, 2005). A solar cell essentially consists of a semiconductor material, having a certain band gap EG and thickness. Electrons of the valence band can absorb the energy of the photons falling on this semiconductor. They are promoted to the conduction band. Carriers are therefore generated by the photon absorption. Unfortunately, not all the incident photons undergo absorption and contribute to photo-generation. The resulting losses are called non-absorption losses. In addition to the efficiency improvement for the Silicon-Germanium based solar cell, the

temperature sensitivity is another important parameter for the real application (M.H.Liao and C.H. Chen, 2011). In contrast to the semiconductor PN-junction solar cells, where light absorption and charge transport occurs in the same material, the DSSC separate these functions. Moreover, the silicon is bulky as compared to thin film solar cell. So the main aim of this research is to produce electricity in a reliable and secure manner at low cost for which a suitable option may be dye sensitized thin film solar cell technology. Aims and Objectives: 1. To study solar cells which are currently available for converting light to electrical energy. 2. To explore and design dye sensitized solar cell of low cost, in contrast to the traditional solid-state crystalline silicon solar cells and to investigate the photoelectrical efficiency over a large span of the visible light spectrum under direct sunlight and diffuse light conditions. 3. To implement a new idea of nano technology in the dye sensitized solar structure which does not exists in ordinary crystalline silicon solar cell. 4. To compare the behavior of dye sensitized solar cell using the IV characteristics with other conventional solar cells.

1.4 Composition of Thesis

The thesis is organized into ten Sections, the first one giving presenting the thesis by explaining the background and objective of the analysis as well as the synopsis of the thesis. Chapter 2 is meant to present the skills of the photovoltaic energy conversion to help readers to place the primary topic of this study into right perspective. First, the present position of photovoltaics is mentioned including a conversation of the possibilities for price reduction suggestions for the cells. This is followed by a brief light on the different existing photovoltaic technologies and its principle of conversion. Chapter 3 presents the dye-sensitized nanostructured solar (DSSC) with a brief description of the operating principle of cell. The second aspect focuses to the conversation of the essential physical and chemical processes of the DSSC. A qualitative conversation about the essential steps of pv conversion carried in DSSC.

Chapter 4 represents the components of the dye-sensitized nanostructured solar panel. The components of DSSC are discussed one by one with the help of literature survey, their key properties and the relevant preparation techniques. This Part also gives the background for the experimental work. The current status of the DSSC technology is analyzed in Part 5. In the first portion, the performance of the cells is analyzed in terms of long-term stability. The second aspect represents progress towards applications by a conversation of the different cells and component architectures, followed by cost estimation and comparison with other photovoltaic technologies. Chapter 6 concerns the organic cells. The basic concepts of natural photovoltaic are first of all mentioned followed by discussion of different types of organic PV materials. A review is made on performance outcomes of organic cells classifying the cells by their device structure. The outcomes from experimental work are presented in Part 7. In the first aspect the dye sensitization effect is breifly demonstrated with cell based on natural dye and the second aspect represents the results from the development of ruthenium based dye sensitized solar cells. Conclusions from the literary works research of the dye-sensitized cells and the natural cells as well as from experimental work In the 8th part introduces the summary of the whole research work, suggestions for further research are given in Part 9, conclusions from the work done is given in chapter 10, a comprehensive bibliography is given in Part 11.

Literature Survey: Feng-Chyi Duh, Jen-Lung Lo (2011) developed highly efficient dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) using nanostructured thin films. It was concluded that the photoelectric conversion efficiency of DSSC could be improved by fabricating the titanium dioxide film, anti-reflection film, silver (Ag) reflection film and scattering layers. Efficiency up to 6.5% for area of 70.92cm 2 was obtained using the fabrication with nanostructured thin film. DSSCs fabricated by the proposed methods were highly efficient and low cost. The effect of Ag reflection film on efficiency () was presented to obtain up to 7% photoelectric conversion efficiency. J. F. Kang et al. (2009) manufactured a DSSC with nanostructured photoanodes immersed in the N719 dye solution for at least 24 hours in order for the TiO2 nanoparticles layer to fully absorb

the dye. The used redox electrolyte was 0.1M LiI, 0.05M I2, 0.6M dimethyl propyl imidazolium iodide and 0.5M tert-butylpyridine in dried acetonitorile (J. F. Kang et.al, 2010). The results indicate that, only conversion efficiency of 0.76% was observed without using the currentcollecting structure of Ag-metal fingers (J. F. Kang et.al, 2010). The work of Rey et al. (2010) focused directly on transparent conducting oxide (TCO) grown nanowires by chemical bath deposition (CBD) or metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) surrounded with CBD deposited nanoparticles. The chosen deposition technique to grow the ZnO nanoparticles is the CBD as reported by Kakiuchi et al. (Rey et al. 2010). According to their work, two steps are necessary to achieve the ZnO semiconductor layer. The first step consist the growth of a Layered Hydroxide Zinc Acetate (LHZA) by CBD. Dye loading was performed by dipping ZnO deposit in an ethanolic solution of 0.15mM N719 dye for 10minutes at 40C. Front and rear faces were spaced with the help of 25m thick plastic film and assembled with binder clips. The tested cell area was 0.25cm. Work of Rey et al.(2010) showed that composite wires/particles nanostructure could be an interesting way to increase the active surface area of nanowires based DSSC and thus to enhance the current density (Jsc), which is usually low for this kind of DSSC. Hong-Wen Wang et al. (2008) proposed the method of synthesizing nanowires arrays of ITO and ITO/TiO2 by employing the template electrophoretic deposition (EPD) method. A 3-dimention electrode for DSSCs was constructed using a doctor blading to coat TiO2 layers covering the ITO or ITO/TiO2 nanowire arrays. Photoelectric conversion efficiency at 3.99% of the DSSCs made from ITO nanowires was obtained, which was much higher than those of ITO/TiO2 core- shell nanowire arrays or pristine TiO2 films (Hong-Wen Wang et al ,2008]. The work of Liyuan Han et al, (2009) was based on the improvement of cell performance of dye sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) which was investigated by means of haze of TiO 2 electrodes and series-internal resistance. It was found that the high haze of TiO2 electrodes effectively improves the external quantum efficiency of DSSCs.

According Liyuan Han et al, (2009) the series-internal resistance can be successfully reduced by increasing the surface roughness of platinum counter electrodes and by decreasing the thickness of electrolyte layer. The highest single cell efficiency of 11.1% (aperture area: 0.219 cm2) was achieved and confirmed by a publictest center (AIST) (Liyuan Han et al, 2009). Furthermore, large-scale cell was fabricated using current collecting metal grids, and the efficiency of 6.8% (aperture area: 101 cm2) was obtained (Liyuan Han et al, 2009). Moreover, integrated DSSCs module was investigated and the efficiency of 6.3% (aperture area: 26.50 cm2) was also confirmed by the public test center (Liyuan Han et al, 2009). They designed two types of the integrated modules. Z-contact and W contact modules. Z-contact modules consist of two opposing electrodes with the connection between adjacent cells by a conducting medium. The advantage of Z-contact modules is high voltage output, while the disadvantage is small active area due to three layers needed between the cells, and shows low fill factor (FF) resulted from the series resistance of the conductor [4]. On the other hand, W-contact modules avoid interconnects but give rise to the neighboring cells being alternate bias, while still requires separation of the cells by an effective seal. The advantage of this design is simple structure because of omitting the interconnection. Hence high FF can be expected. Therefore, Liyuan Han et al. selected the Wcontact design (Liyuan Han et al, 2009). It was also found that this efficiency doesnt depend on the length of the rectangular unit cells from 5 to 100 mm (Liyuan Han et al, 2009). The M.H. Bazargan et al. (2011) presented the idea of assembling the dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) by using natural dyes extracted from pomegranate juice as sensitizer for nanocrystalline TiO2.The natural dye, adsorbed onto the semiconductor surface, absorbs visible light and promotes electron transfer across the dye/semiconductor interface (M.H. Bazargan et al, 2011). Because of the simple preparation technique, widely available and low cost natural pomegranate juice as an alternative sensitizer for dye-sensitized solar cell is promising. Moreover M.H. Bazargan et al. have fabricated a platinum counter electrode for DSSC using Electron deposition method as an electron catalysis layer.

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