'

Appendix: Some Dentions

The energy of a signal x(t) is dened as

Ex =

x(t)x (t) dt

Energy is dened for a nite duration signal. Example: The energy of the signal 2et/2 u(t) is given by

&

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Ex =
+

2et/2 .2et/2 dt 4.et dt

0

= 4et |+ 0 =4

&

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Power of a Signal

The power of a periodic signal x(t) with period T is dened as

Px = lim

1 T + T

+T 2 T 2

x(t)x (t) dt

Power signals are innite duration signals. Example: The power of the periodic signal x(t) dened by

is given by &

0, t < 2 x(t) = 1, t 2 2 0, < t 2

'

1 Px = lim T + 2 = lim 1 T + 2

+ + 2 2

x(t)x (t) dt 1 dt

1 = lim T + 2 1 = 2

&

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Root Mean Square Power of Periodic Signals

Root Mean Squre(RMS) power of periodic signals The RMS value of power signals is dened as the squareroot of the average power.

Pavg = VRM S 2 For a sinusoidal signal of amplitude A, the average power is given by

Pavg

A2 = PRM S = 2 %

Now, the RMS voltage is given by &

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VRM S

A = 2

VRM S is the equivalent DC voltage which dissipates the same amount of power as AC sinusoidal signal with amplitude V dissipates in 1 resistor.

&

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Propeties of Energy and Power

The energy of any signal in nature is bounded i.e,

&

' E=

+ +

$ f 2 (t) dt < f (t)f (t) dt

=
+

1 2

F ()ejt df (t) dt
+

1 = 2 = 1 2

F ()
+

f (t)ejt dt d

F ()F () d
+

1 = 2

F 2 () d

This equivalence of energy in time and frequency domain is called Parsevals theorem. &

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Consequenses of Parsevals theorem From the Parsevals theorem

1 Ef = 2

|F ()|2 d

If we consider a innitesimal small band of frequency then Eg can be approximated as

&

'

1 2 Ef = 2. |F ()| 2 1 = |F ()|2 2f = 2 |F ()|2 f Ef |F ()| = 2f

2

So, we can see that |F ()| is the energy spectral Density. & %

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| G( )|

Figure 1: Energy spectral density Since, for innite duration signals power is dened as

1 Pf = lim T T Also, &

+T 2 T 2

|F (t)| d %

' Eg T
+

Pf =

1 1 = lim T T 2 1 = lim T 2

|F ()|2 d
2

|F ()| d T

So, the power spectral Density is given by

|F ()| Sf () = T &

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Bandwidth
Analog domain If the signal is bandlimited between two extreme frequencies fmax and fmin , then the bandwidth is simply dened as

BWAnalog = fmax fmin Most of the signals in nature are not bandlimited. In such cases, we dene what is called 3dB bandwidth which is dened as the dierence between the frequencies where the Power is half of the maximum power. & %

'
P

P/2

BW = f2 f1

f2

Figure 2: 3dB bandwidth of a band unlimited signal Digital domain In digital domain the BW is expressed in terms of bit rate. Autocorrelation Function & %

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Rx ( ) =

x(t)x(t + ) dt

Rx ( ) is the inverse FT of energy spectral density of the signal.

&

'
+

$ Rx ( ) =
+

x(t)x(t + ) dt x(t)
+

= 1 = 2 1 = 2 = 1 2

1 2

X()ej ejt d dt
+ j

X()e
+

x(t)ejt dt

X ()X()ej d
+

|X()| ej d

&

Example: The autocorrelation function of a sinusoid cos(0 t) is given by

'

1 Rx ( ) = lim T T 1 = lim T T = lim = 1 T T

+T 2 T 2 +T 2 T 2 +T 2 T 2

cos(0 t) cos 0 (t + ) dt 1 cos(20 t + 0 ) dt + lim T T cos(0 ) dt

+T 2 T 2

cos(0 ) dt

1 cos(0 ) 2

&