Mass tourism In the past holidays were about exoticness, and only for the very few to travel

to a far destination abroad. photo: Benidorm, 1950s.

Top 3 Arke holidays for 2 persons

43

2,

28

3,

43

9,

1. 14 days Canary Isles

2. 8 days Alanya

3. 8 days Egypt

Mass tourism Due to globalization, with mass traveling, today, holidays abroad are available for allmost everybody.

Mass tourism Resulting in a claustrophobia of leisure patterns and sameness all over the world. photo: Benidorm, today.

The size of tourism

505

157

50

55

International tourist arrivals grew by 4.6% to reach 983 million worldwide, up from 940 million in 2010 and is expected to reach 1

billion by the end of 2012.

International tourist arrivals 2011: x 1 million source: UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2012 Edition

217

The size of tourism

The total built-up area used by tourism is 514.430 KM , the size of France.
2

In 2001 the ILO (international labour office) estimated that globally over

In 2011, international tourism receipts exceeded US$ 1 trillion for the first time. The same is the GDP of Mexico.

235 million jobs were directly

or indirectly employed in the tourism industry. More than the total labour

Source: Stefan Gssling, Global environmental consequences of tourism, 2002, Global Environmental Change 12 (2002).

Source: ILO report 2010, http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/gdfhts10/gdfhtspaper.pdf

Source: ILO report 2010, http://www.ilo.org/public/ english/dialogue/sector/techmeet/gdfhts10/gdfhtspaper.pdf

The impact of tourism

The total emission from all tourism, and related, activities comes down to 1.400 Mt CO2. The same as Indias the number 4 emissive country in the world.

Source: Stefan Gssling, Global environmental consequences of tourism, 2002, Global Environmental Change 12 (2002).

The contradiction

Traffic Transport by air, road and rail is continuously increasing, along with the rising number of tourists and their greater mobility. Tourism now accounts for more than 60% of air travel and is therefore responsible for an important share of air emissions such as carbon dioxide (CO2). Transport emissions, emissions from energy production use are linked to acid rain, global warming and severe local air pollution. Noise pollution from airplanes, cars, motorbikes, buses, as well as recreational vehicles such as snowmobiles and jet skis, is an ever-growing problem of tourism, causing annoyance, stress and even hearing loss.

Land degradation Direct impact on natural resources, both renewable and non renewable, from the construction of tourist facilities, roads and airports can be caused by the use of land for accommodation, other infrastructural provisions and the use of building materials (sand mining!). Forests often suffer negative effects of tourism in the form of deforestation caused by fuel wood collection and land clearing. This is the case in many valuable coastal areas in Turkey where the forests were cleared for the construction of summer houses and hotels during the last three decades.

Sea level rise Due to CO2 emississions and global warming the sea level rises. The total emission from all tourism, and related, activities comes down to 1.400 Mt CO2. The same as Indias the number 4 emissive country in the world.

Marine pressure Recreational activities also have a huge impact. For example, careless boating, diving, snorkeling, and fishing have substantially damaged coral reefs in many parts of the world, through people touching reefs, stirring up sediment, and dropping anchors.

Strain on water resources Water, and especially fresh water is one of the most critical natural resource. The tourism industry generally overuses water resources for hotels, swimming pools, golf courses and personal use of water by tourists. This can result in water shortages and degradation of water supplies, as well as generate a greater volume of wastewater. For example, the average water consumption in Antalya City (Turkey) is 250 litres per person a day, while the average water consumption in the tourist areas of Antalya exceeds 600 litres. In Mallorca (Spain), water consumption in rural areas is 140 litres per person a day, in urban areas 250 litres, while the average tourist consumption is 440 litres, or even 880 litres in case of a luxury establishment (EEA, 2001).

The contradiction

The contradiction 63% of all tourist prefer a beach destination for their hollidays. While tourist destinations keep expanding, fullfilling the demand for a growing leisure capacitity, the pressure on coastal areas is increasing. At the same time, due to global warming, the sea level rises, creating a new claustrophobia on narrowing strip of beach.

Can we think of a new leisure development that accomodates the new demand and at the same time a solution provides for the threats that it creates.

A Leisure +

Can leisure lower the sea level?

70,8 %, 361.132.000 km2, of the Earths 70,8 %, 361.132.000 km2, of the Earths IPCC surface is water. According to the surface is70,8 %, 361.132.000will the Earths surface is IPCC water. According with water. the sealevel km2, of rise to thean average According to the IPCC the sealevel will rise with an average of 3,1 will keep To keep the sealevelmm/yr. To rise with anthe oceans at average of 3,1 mm/yr. the oceans at the same level as it is now, we need to withdraw 1.120 km3 of seawater from the of 3,1 mm/yr. level as itthenow, we need to the oceans eachTo But where to is it? same year. keep store oceans at the same level as it is km3 of seawater from withdraw 1.120 now, we need to withdraw 1.120 each of seawater from the oceans km3 year. the oceans each year. 70,8 %, 361.132.000 km2, of the Earths surface is water. According to the IPCC the sealevel will rise with an average of 3,1 mm/yr. To keep the oceans at the same level as it is now, we need to withdraw 1.120 km3 of seawater from the oceans each year.

World areas below sea level

estimated area 692.000 km2 estimated area 692.000 km volume estimated estimated km 20.760 volume3 20.760 km
2

Endorheic systems

The highest potential

Agricultural land

Non-productive land

Annual solar irradiation

Annual average wind potential

Grass land

Least populated areas

Forest land

Best energyland

Combining maps; Darkest areas are showing highest water storage potential.

Pasture

Second best energyland

POLAR REGION

2 5 3 4

8 10 7

THERMAL EQUATOR

POLAR REGION
The combined map shows that the highest potential for water storage is concentrated in desert regions. But which one is most suitable?

1. Great Sandy Desert / Great Victoria Desert 2. Mojave Desert 3. Peruvian Desert 4. Patagonian Desert 5. Sahara Desert

6. Kalahari Desert 7. Arabian Desert 8. Karakum Desert 9. Taklimakan Desert 10. Luthar Desert

3d GIS elevation model, North Africa, water level: 0 m

3d GIS elevation model, North Africa, water level: 300 m

natural enclosed basin

water level: area: volume:

1m 661 km2 25 km3

water level: area: volume:

25 m 13.895 km2 494 km3

water level: area: volume:

50 m 21.566 km2 1.351 km3

water level: area: volume:

75 m 37.766 km2 2.367 km3

water level: area: volume:

100 m 40.922 km2 3.411 km3

water level: area: volume:

125 m 61.578 km2 5.124 km3

water level: area: volume:

150 m 72.367 km2 6.156 km3

water level: area: volume:

175 m 116.894 km2 9.942 km3

water level: area: volume:

200 m 106.622 km2 11.724 km3

water level: area: volume:

225 m 157.206 km2 17.285 km3

water level: area: volume:

250 m 183.292 km2 23.970 km3

water level: area: volume:

275 m 204.725 km2 26.774 km3

water level: area: volume:

300 m 273.707 km2 37.691 km3

273.707 km2

41.528 km2

6,5 times the surface of the Netherlands. The newly created lake provides at least 6.100 km new coastline compared to the entire 5.000 Mediterranean coastline of 41.000 km.

Water displacement
scale 1:5.000.000

+ 1600 m

+1200 m

+0m
260 320 900

520

+ 300 m
100 60 320 60 60

Mediterranean Sea

280 m

480

Dam
20 40 40 360 320 260

+ 300 m
280 m

160 m

60

220 180 140

100 140 180 220 260 300 320

260 m

40 m

+ 300 m

240 m

120 m 140 m 180 m 200 m 260 m 220 m 260 m 280 m

200 m

220 m

240 m

200 m

280 m 280 m

+ 300 m

280 m

260 m

240 m 260 m 280 m

100 km

+ 300 m

+750 m +625 m

dam articial sea level + 300m

+500 m +375 m +250 m +125 m

elevation emphasized

625 km

500 km

375 km

250 km

125 km

125 km

Precipitation

Evaporation

Runoff

Seepage

Alger Oran

Tunis

Morocco

Tripoli

Tunisia
Benghazi

Algeria Libya Egypt

Mali

Niger
Sabkhas, lake deposi ts, dunes (youngest) Marine sediments Cretaceous (mainly marine sediments / chalk), (oldest)

Chad

Source: Geological Atlas of Africa,T. Schlter, M. Thrauth, Birkhauser, 2006. Map: modied after Fabre, et al., 1987

ALGERIA
PROVINCES

Alger 10,796.6 inh./km2

TUNISIA
PROVINCES

Khenchela 39.2 inh./km2 Biskra 34 inh./km2 Djelfa 18.4 inh./km2 Tebessa 42.2 inh./km2 El Oued 12.3 inh./km2 Tunis 2,852 inh./km2

Kasserine 51.1 inh./km2 Ghardaa 4.5 inh./km2

Sidi Bou Zid 56.6 inh./km2

Tozeur 20.8 inh./km2

Gafsa 36 inh./km2 Gabs 49 inh./km2 Medenine 50.4 inh./km2

Kebili 7 inh./km2 Ouargla 2.6 inh./km2

Tataouine 3.7 inh./km2

Tamanrasset 0.4 inh./km2

0.1 mm 1 mm

0.01 mm 0.01 mm

chloride. The energy is being fed by the temperature the greenhouse creates, and rest heat that is
2 3 5 4 6

1 desalinated water reservoir 2 greenhouse oors 3 cavity 4 cooling turbine 5 evaporation pond 6 buoyancy device 7 desalinated reservoir
11 12

the greenhouse area. This is mixed with cooled super moist air from the area above the evaporation
7 8 9

where sweet drinking water is retrieved and fed into storage

10

. There are two types of greenhouse,

11

growing conditions and crops.

8 tidal energy 9 anchor 10 desalination plant 11 evaporator

11

12 condensor
2

8 4 4

10 3

2 3

1 5 9 6

10

7 8

1 routing to and from 2 canal / lake 3 dam 4 underwater city 5 evaporation greenhouse transported 6 solar energy 7 solar disc 8 existing island 9 internal routing 10 underwater city 11 existing cities 10 5 4

1 9 8 3 2

11 6

Algeria

Tunisia

+900

+400

+40 m

+350 m

300 +

DAM
valley 300 m line

PORTAL

KASBAH

DAM HEIGHT

CITY SURFACE

dam

excavation

ooding

extension

Section
+750 m

dam

+625 m +500 m

articial sea level + 300m

+375 m +250 m +125 m

250 km

125 km

0 km

largest man made lake

time: height: coastline length: area: volume: evaporation: discharge: power: 85 years 300 m above sl. 6100 km 216.215 km3 29.215 km3 324 km3/yr 674 km3 72.5 GW

As of July 2 2012 in 31 countries 435 nuclear power plant units with an installed electric net capacity of about 370 GW are in operation and 62 plants with an installed capacity of 59 GW are in 14 countries under construction.

fossil energy land

solar energy

10.000.000 beds
food prod. time: height: coastline length: area: volume: evaporation: discharge: power: solar area: greenhouse: acommodations outdoor activities infrastructure 85 years 300 m above sl. 6100 km 216.215 km3 29.215 km3 324 km3/yr 674 km3 72.5 GW 2.210 km2 25.620 km2

greenhouse

fresh water prod.: 674 km3 salt retracted: 4.8 km3 tourists: beds: food prod.: acommodation: infrastructure: outdoor activities: total receipts: total jobs: 437.008.000 annualy 10.000.000 3.260 km2 7.940 km2 560 km2 1.570 km2 $ 437 billion /yr 7.8 mill. (direct) 19.4 mill. (indirect)

fossil energy land: 19.830 km2 total footprint area:33.150 km2