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Ecology Ch 13
Learning
Objec8ves
A"er
studying
this
chapter
you
should
be
able
to
1. Dene
landscape
ecology
and
describe
how
it
examines
hierarchical
scales
in
space
and
8me.
2. Know
the
landscape
elements
(patch,
corridor,
and
matrix,
etc.)
and
be
able
to
iden8fy
them.
3. Understand
fragmenta8on
eects
on
wildlife.
4. Know
the
species-area
rela8onship.
5. Understand
the
importance
of
remote
sensing
and
geographic
informa8on
systems
and
how
they
can
be
used.
Landscape
Ecology
Integra8ve,
scale-related
study
of
the
structure,
func8on
and
changes
of
ecosystems.
Core
themes:
Quan8fying
and
describing
paOerns.
Agents
inuencing
paOerns.
Implica8ons
of
paOerns
on
ecology.
Managing
landscape.
For organisms of the size of an ant, landscape paOerns are at the scale of cen8metres and decimetres.
Structure
of
Landscapes
Landscape
elements
are
spaAally
interrelated:
Patches
Edges
Fragmenta8on
Corridors
Connec8vity
Patch
Con8guous
area
of
a
single
landcover
class.
E.g.
marsh,
woodland,
wheat
eld.
Shape of the patch determines the ra8o of edge to interior. An elongated lake has rela8vely more shoreline than a round one.
Shape
of
a
Patch
The
shape
of
a
patch
inuences
its
ecological
characteris8cs.
Elongated
patches
have
a
rela8vely
larger
area
as
edge.
PAR
Corridors
Linear
features.
Natural
or
anthropogenic.
Passage
for
organisms:
connecAvity.
Popula8ons
in
dierent
patches
connected
by
corridors:
metapopulaAons.
Hedgerows
act
as
corridors
between
patches
of
forest,
and
increase
the
connec8vity
of
the
landscape.
They
can
form
a
network.
Fencerows as Corridors
Peter Ryser
Tamias striata
Chipmunks
use
fencerows
to
move
from
one
forest- patch
to
another
(together
corridors
make
a
network).
Fig.
13.8,
p.
394
Wildlife Overpasses
hOp://www.pc.gc.ca
Mosaic
Spa8ally
integrated
complex
of
patches,
corridors
and
networks.
Aected
by
geology,
topography,
climate.
Aected
by
disturbance
and
succession.
www.google.ca/imgres?q=mosaic
Matrix
A
mosaic
usually
consists
of
a
matrix,
with
island-like
patches
embedded
in
it.
Predominant
cover
type.
Habitat
Fragmenta8on
Leads
to
more
insular
environments.
Isola8on
Rescue
eects
Source/sink
Dispersal
Highway
building
is
fragmen8ng
popula8ons.
S
=
cAz
S
=
number
of
species
A
=
area
c
=
constant
z
=
constant
Island area sets the upper bound on richness and other factors can reduce it from there.
Isola8on
Ofen a nega8ve rela8onship between the number of species an island can support and isola8on.
Tools
August
October
p. 410