Repaso del examen de Qumica. Viernes 16 de Septiembre. Teatro de la Univ.

de 5:00pm-7:00pm

a. b.
c.

Qumica- The science that seeks to understand the behavior of molecules. (1.1) Masa- A measure of the quantity of mailer making up an object. (1.6) Peso-

matter by studying the behavior of atoms and

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m.

tomos- A submicroscopic particle that constitutes the fundamental building block of ordinary matter: the smallest identifiable unit of an element. (1.1) Molculas- Two or more atoms joined chemically in a specific geo metrical arrangement. (1.1)

Metodo cientifico- An approach to acquiring knowledge about the natural world that begins with observations and leads to the formation of testable hypotheses. (1.2) Teoria- A proposed explanation for observations and laws based on well-established and tested hypotheses that presents a model of the way nature works and predicts behavior beyond the observation and laws on which it was based. ( 1. 2) Hipotesis- A tentative interpretation or explanation of an observation, A good hypothesis is a falsifiable. Experimento- A highly controlled procedure designed to generate observations that may support a hypothesis or prove it wrong. ( 1 . 2 ) L e y - see scientific law Ley cientifica- A brief statement or equation that summarizes past observations and predicts future ones. (1.2) Ley de conservacion de masa- A law stating that mass can neither be created nor destroyed, in a chemical reacction, (15.6.2) Teora anatomica- the theory that each element is composed of tiny indestructible particles called atoms, that all atoms of a given element have the same mass and ether properties, and that atoms combine in simple, whole-number ratios to form compounds. (1.2. 2,3) Materia- Todo lo q tiene masa y ocupa espacio. Estado de la Materia- changes from solid to liquid to gas with increasing temperature. Solido amorfo- A solid in which atoms or molecules do not have any long-range order. (1.3. I 1.2) Solido cristalino- A solid in which atoms, molecules, or ions arc arranged in patterns with long-range, repeating order. (1.3.11.2) Mezcla homognea- a mixture with the same composition throughout.(1.3) Mezcla heterogenea- A mixture in which the composition varies from one region to another. (l.3) Sustancia pura-A substance composed of only one type of atom or molecule. (1.3) Elemento- a substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substances.(1.3) Compuesto- A substance composed of two or more elements infixed, definite proportions. (1.3)

n.

o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v.

w. x. y. z.

Destilacin- The process by which mixtures of miscible liquids are separated by heating the mixture to boil off the more volatile liquid. The vaporized component is then recondensed and collected in a separate flask. (1.3) Filtracin - A procedure used to separate a mixture composed of an insoluble solid and a liquid by pouring it through filter paper or some other porous membrane or layer ( 1,3) Decantacin- A method of separating immiscible liquids by pouring the top layer into another container. (1.3) Voltil- tending to vaporize easily (1.3, 11.5).

aa. Prop. Fsica- A properly that a substance displays without changing its chemical composition. (1.4) bb. Prop. Qumica A properly that a substance displays only by
changing is composition via chemical change. (1,4)

cc. Cambio fsico- A change that alters only the state or appearance of a substance but not its chemical composition, ( 1.4) dd. Cambio qumico- A change that alters the molecular composition ee. Trabajo- The result of a force acting through a distance ff.
Energa- the capacity to do work (1.5,6.2) of a substance: see also chemical reaction. (1.4)

gg. Energa cineticahh. Energa potencial- The energy associated with the position or composition of an object (1.5,6.2) ii. jj.
Energa trmica- A type of kinetic energy associated with the temperature of an object, arising from the motion of individual atom or molecules in the object; see also heat (1-5, 6.2). Ley de conservacin de energa- A law stating that the energy can neither be created nor destroyed only converted from one form to another.

kk. Sistema de medidad: sistema Ingles, sistema Mtrico y Sistema Internacional de medidas(SI) ll.
Temperatura- A measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms or molecules that compose a sample of matter. (1.6) Escalas de temperatura-

mm.

nn. Densidad- the ratio of an objects mass to its volume. (1.6) oo. Prefijos-

Vocabulario Capitulo 2: tomos y elementos a. Jonh DaltonLey de conservacin de masa- aparece en el capitulo 1 Ley de proporciones definida- A law suiting that all samples of a given compound have the same

b. c.

proportions of their constituent elements. Is sometimes called the law of constant composition (2.3)

d.

Ley de proporciones multiples- A law stating that when two elements (A nd B) form two different

compounds, the masses of element B that combine with one gram of element A can be expressed as a ratio of small whole numbers, (2.3)

e. f. g. h. i.
j. k. l.

Rayos catdicos- A stream of electrons produced when, a high electri cal voltage is .applied between two electrodes within a
partially evacuated tube. (2.4)

Electron- A negatively charged, low mass particle found outside the nucleus of all atoms that occupies

most of the atoms volume but contributes almost none of its mass. (2.4)
Proton- A positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. (2.5) Neutrn- An electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom, with a mass almost equal to that of a
proton. (2.5)

Nucleo- The very small, dense core of the atom that contains most of the atom's mass and all of its positive charge; it is
composed of protons and neutrons. (2.5)

Robert Millikan J.J. Thompson Ernest Rutherford Radioactividad- The emission of subatomic particles' or high-energy electromagnetic radiation by the unstable nuclei of
certain atoms (2.5. 19. 1)

m.
n. o. p. q.

Partculas alfa Partculas beta Radiacin gamma James Chadwick Unidad de masa atmica- A unit used to express the masses of atoms and subatomic panicles, defined as I/ 12th the mass of a carbon atom containing six protons unit six neutrons, (2-6) Masa atmica- is sometimes called atomic weight, average atomic mass. The average mass in amu of the atoms

r. s.

"I a particular element based on the relative abundance of the various isotopes; it is numerically equivalent to the mass in gram of one mole of the clement. (2.8)

t. u. v. w.
x.

Elementos- A substance that cannot be chemically broken down into simpler substance. Numero atmico- The number of protons in an atom: the atomic number defines the element. (2-6) Numero masico- The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom. (2.6) Isotopos- Atoms of the same element with the same number of protons but different numbers of

neutrons and consequently different masses, (2.6)

Alotropos Smbolos qumicos- A one- or two-letter abbreviation for an element
periodic table. (2,6) that is listed directly below its atomic number on the

y. z.

Catin- A positively charged ion (2.6)

aa.

Aneon- A negatively charged ion. (2.6)

bb. Dmetri Mendeleev

cc. Ley peridica- A law based on the observation that when the elements are arranged in order of
increasing mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically. (2.7)

dd. Tabla peridica- Each element is represented by its symbol and atomic number. ee. Metales- A large class of elements that are generally good conductors
lend
ID

of heal and electricity, malleable, ductile, lustrous, and

lose electrons during chemical changes, (2,7)

ff.

No metales- A class of element that tend to be poor conductors of heat and electricity gain electrons during chemical reactions. (2.7)
the metals and nonmetals of the periodic table, with semimetals. (2.1)

gg. Metaloides- A category of elements found on the boundary between

properties inter mediate between those of both groups; also called

hh. Metales alcalino- Highly reactive metals in group IA of the periodic table. (2.7) ii. jj.
Metales alcalinotrreos- Fairly reactive metals in croup 2A of the periodic table. (2.7) Halgenos- Highly reactive nonmetals in group 7A of the periodic table.(2.7)

kk. Gas noble- The group 8A elements which arc largely unreactive (inert) due to their stable filled p orbitals, (2.7) ll.
Grupo o familia- Columns within the main group elements in the periodic table that contain elements that

exhibit similar chemical properties. (2.7)

mm.

Periodo-

nn. Elementos representatives oo. Elementos de transicin o elemetos de metals- Those elements found in pp. Elementos de transicin internaqq. Mol- A unit defined as the amount of material containing rr.
element in amu. (2.9) 6.0221421x 10
23

the d block of the periodic table whose properties tend to be less predictable based simply on their position in the table, (2.7)

(Avogadro's number) particles.

(2.9)

Masa molar- The mass in grains of one mole of atoms of an ele

ment: numerically equivalent to the atomic mass of the

ss. Numero de Avogadro- el numero de 12C

atomos es exactamente 12g de

12

C; = 6.0221421 x 1023. (2.9)

Vocabulario Capitulo 3 a. b. c. Balanceo de ecuaciones qumicas Coeficientes Subscrito

d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. u. v. w. x.

Enlace qumico- The sharing or transfer of electrons to attain Mable

electron configurations tor the bonding atoms. (9.3)

Enlace inico- A chemical bond formed between two oppositely charged ions, generally a metallic cation and a nonmetallic union, that are attracted to one another by electrostatic forces. (3.2. 9.2) Enlace covalente- A chemical kind in which two atoms share electrons that interact with the nuclei
of both atoms, lowering the potential energy of each through electrostatic interactions. (3.2. 9.2)

Enlace covalente coordinado- The bond formed when a ligand donates electrons to an empty orbital of a metal in a complex ion (24.3) Formula qumica- symbolic representation of a compound winch indicates the elements present in the compound and
the relative number of atoms tit each. (3.3)

Formula empirica- A chemical formula that shows the simplest whole number ratio of atoms in the compound. (3.3) Formula molecular- formula A chemical formula that shows the actual num
a compound. (3.3) ber of atoms of each element in a molecule of

Formula estructural- A molecular formula that shuns how the atoms in a molecule arc connected or bonded to each other. (3.3, 20.3) Elementos atomicos- Those elements that exist in nature with single atoms as their basic units. (3,4) Elementos moleculares- Those elements that exist in nature with di
(3.4) atomic or polyatomic molecules as their basic unit.

Compuesto ionico- A compound composed of cations and an ions hound together by electrostatic attraction. (3.4) Compuesto covalente(molecular)- Compounds composed of two or more cova
lently bonded nonmetals. (3.4)

Unidad formula- The smallest, electrically neutral collection of ions in an atomic compound. (3.7) Iones monoatmico- An ion of only one atom. Iones poliatomicos- An ion composed of two or more atoms. Compuestos binarios- A compound that contains only two different elements. (3.6) OxianionHidrato- An ionic compound that contains a specific number of wter molecules associated with each formula unit. (3.5) Acido- acid A molecular compound that is able to donate an H ion (proton) when dissolved in water, thereby increasing the
concentration of H. (3.6)

BaseMasa molar- The mass in grains of one mole of atoms of an ele

element in amu. (2.9) ment: numerically equivalent to the atomic mass of the

y. z.

Porcentaje de composicin por masa-An elements porcentage of the total mass compound containing the element. Combustin- is a tipe of chemical reaction

aa. Reacciones qumicasbb. Reactivo- The starting substances of a chemical reaction; they appear on the left-hand side of a
chemical equation.(3.10)

cc. Producto- The substances produced in a chemical reaction; they appear on the right-hand of a
chemical equation.(3.10)

dd. Ecuacin qumica balanceada-