Summary Fourier Series (Chapter 8) 1.

Suppose that a CT signal x ( t ) is defined for the interval _

T T t . We can 2 2 T T view the signal as a vector, where the points x ( t ), t are coefficients 2 2 of the vector with respect to a time basis. If we change the basis from small sections of time to complex exponentials, we get a different set of coefficients for representing the signal specifically, we have T T j 2 k t T x(t) = X [k] e , t where 2 2 k= (I). T 2 1 X [k] = x ( t ) e j 2 k t T dt, k = 0,1,2, T

T 2

{ X [k ], k = 0,1,2,} is called the set of Fourier Series coefficients for x (t ) on

T T the interval _ t . 2 2

2. Now suppose we consider t in the first equation in (I). Each of the complex exponentials in the sum is periodic with period T , so the sum is also periodic with period T . Let x p ( t ) denote that periodic signal note that over the T T single period _ t , we have x p ( t ) = x ( t ) . So, we have the Fourier Series 2 2 for the periodic signal x p ( t ) , defined by

x p (t) =

k X [ ] e j 2 k t T , t where
k= T 2

(II).

1 X [k] = T

x p (t) e j 2 k t T dt, k = 0,1,2,

T 2

k 3. The complex exponential e j 2 k t T has frequency f k = Hz. So we can think T the sum in the first equation in (II) as generating x t by summing together of p( ) components at different frequencies. The coefficient of the component at k frequency f k = is the k -th Fourier Series coefficient X [ k ] . So, the set of T Fourier Series coefficients and their corresponding frequencies (that is, ( X [k ], f k ), k = 0,1,2,... forms the frequency domain representation (or spectrum) for x t . (Note that X 0 is the size of the dc component (that is, the

p(

[]

average value) of x p ( t ) ; X [1] is the coefficient of the component at the 1 fundamental frequency f1 = Hz; etc.) T

4. A plot of X [ k ] vs. f (that is, a stem plot showing X [ k ] at frequency f k ) is called the spectrum plot. Even when the signal x p ( t ) is real-valued, it can have complex-valued Fourier Series coefficients. So, we usually plot the magnitude spectrum ( X [ k ] vs. f ) and the phase spectrum ( X [ k ] vs. f ).
(Example: Consider the periodic signal x p ( t ) having a fundamental frequency of 10 Hz, defined over one period by x p ( t ) = 10t, 0 t 0.1. Then 1 j 1 X [0] = ; X [ k ] = , k = 1,2,... (see if you can derive this). So, X[0] = , 2 2 k 2 1 X [k ] = , k = 1,2,...; and 2 k X [0] = 0, X [ k ] = for k > 0, and X [ k ] = for k < 0 . Plots of the 2 2 magnitude spectrum and phase spectrum are shown below.)

5. If x p ( t ) is real-valued, then X [ k ] = X * [ k ] .
1 6. The average power in x p ( t ) is Px = T
T 2 2

x ( t ) dt . Parsevals Relation says

2

T 2

X [ k ] . (So: we can interpret that we can also find average power by Px = k=

X [ k ] as the average power that is contained in the component at frequency

fk = k Hz.) T

(Example: In the example in Item 4 above: the power in the dc component is 2 1 X [ 0 ] = Watt, and the total average power in the frequency band !20 " f " 20 Hz 4 2 2 1 1 1 is " X [ k ] = + 2 2 + 2 = 0.3133 Watt.) 4 4! 16! 2 k=!2