MONTFORT SCHOOL QUARTERLY EXAMINATION 2012 XII PHYSICS

Marks: 70
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS i. ii. All questions are compulsory. There are 30 questions in total. Questions 1 to 8 carry one mark each, Questions 9 to 18 carry two marks each, Question 19 to 27 carry three marks each and Question 28 to 30 carry five marks each. There is no overall choice. However, an internal choice has been provided. Wherever necessary, the diagrams drawn should be neat and properly labelled. Use of calculators is not permitted.

Duration: 3 hrs

iii. iv. v.

1. Why should the material used for making permanent magnets have high coercivity? Solution: Materials having high coercivity are used to make permanent magnets because magnetisation of such materials does not get affected by stray magnetic fields or high temperature. 2. A plot of magnetic flux () versus current (I) is shown in the figure for two inductors A and . Which of the two has larger value of self inductance?

Solution: Inductor A has the larger value of self-inductance. 3. Give the direction in which the induced current flows in the coil mounted on an insulating stand when a bar magnet is quickly moved along the axis of the coil from one side to the other as shown in the figure. (1)

Solution: (i) When the South Pole of the bar magnet is moved towards the coil, the current flows clockwise as seen from the right hand side. (ii) When the North Pole of the bar magnet is moved away from the coil on the side, current flows anticlockwise as seen from the right hand side.

4. The power factor of an AC circuit is 0.5. What will be the phase difference between voltage and current in this circuit? Solution: Power factor,

Phase difference is 60.

5. Write the following radiations in ascending order with respect to their frequencies: Xrays, microwaves, UV rays and radio waves. Solution: The given radiations can be arranged in ascending order with respect to their frequencies as: Radio waves < Microwaves < UV rays < X-rays 6. Why is convex mirror used as drivers mirror? Solution: Convex mirror is used as drivers mirror because field of view of a convex mirror is large. 7. An electron, an alpha particle and a proton have the same kinetic energy. Which one of these particles has the largest de-Broglie wavelength? (1)

Solution:

De-Broglies wavelength is given as, = Where, h is Plancks constant, m is the mass of the particle, K is the kinetic energy of the particle The mass of the electron is least among an electron, an alpha particle, and a photon.

, therefore, the electron has the largest de-Broglie wavelength. 8. Write the expression for Bohrs radius in hydrogen atom. Solution: The expression for Bohrs radius in hydrogen atom is .

9. The electric field E due to a point charge at any point near it is defined as where q is the test charge and F is the force acting on it. What is the physical

significance of in this expression? Draw the electric field lines of a point charge Q when (i) Q > 0 and (ii) Q <0. OR Define electric flux. Write its S.I. Units. A spherical rubber balloon carries a charge that is uniformly distributed over its surface. As the balloon is blown up and increases in size, how does the total electric flux coming out of the surface change? Give reason. Solution: indicates that the test charge q is very small and therefore its presence does not disturb the distribution of source charge and hence its electric field. (i) Electric field due to the point charge Q > 0:

(ii) Electric field due to the point charge Q < 0:

OR Electric flux through a given surface is the total number of electric lines of force passing through the area in a direction normal to the surface.

Electric flux, E = [Where E is the electric field, S is the surface area, and Qenclosed is the charge enclosed inside the Gaussian surface] When a balloon is blown up, the total charge on the balloon surface remains unchanged. As Qenclosed remains unchanged, therefore, the total electric flux coming out of its surface remains unchanged. 10. A parallel plate capacitor, each with plate area A and separation d, is charged to a potential difference V. The battery used to charge it is then disconnected. A dielectric slab of thickness d and dielectric constant K is now placed between the plates. What change, if any, will take place in (i) charge on the plates (ii) electric field intensity between the plates (iii) capacitance of the capacitor Justify your answer in each case. 11. State Kirchhoffs rules of current distribution in an electrical network. Using these rules determine the value of the current I1 in the electric circuit given below.

Solution: Kirchhoffs rules for electrical networks are as follows: (i) Junction rule: The sum of the currents entering a junction is equal to the sum of the current leaving the junction. (ii) Loop rule: The algebraic sum of potential around any closed loop having resistors and cells is zero.

Applying junction rule at point F, I1 + I2 = I3 (i) Applying loop rule to the upper loop, 40 I3 + 20 I1 = 40 (ii) Applying loop rule to the lower loop, 40 I3 + 20 I2= 80 + 40 (iii) Adding equation (ii) and equation (iii), we obtain 80 I3 + 20 (I2 + I1) = 160 Using equation (i), 80 I3 + 20 I3 = 160 100 I3 = 160 I3 = 1.6 A

From equation (ii), 40 (1.6) + 20 I1 = 40 20 I1 = 40 64 = 24 I1 = 1.2 A Therefore, the value of I1 is 1.2 A. 12. A cell of emf E and internal resistance r is connected across a variable resistor R. Plot a graph showing the variation of terminal potential V with resistance R. Predict from the graph the condition under which V becomes equal to E. Solution: V becomes equal to E when no current flows through the circuit.

The condition under which V will be equal to E is when R =

13. Write the relation for the force

acting on a charge carrier q moving with a velocity

through a magnetic field in vector notation. Using this relation, deduce the conditions under which this force will be (i) maximum (ii) minimum Solution: Given, Force = F, Charge = q, Velocity = v, and Magnetic field = B

Or, F = qvB sin (i) When = 90, F is maximum. F = qvB sin 90 = qvB (ii) When = 0, F is minimum.

F = qvB sin 0 = 0 14. Draw magnetic field line when a (i) diamagnetic, (ii) paramagnetic substance is placed in an external magnetic field. Which magnetic property distinguishes this behaviour of the field line due to the substances? (i) The magnetic field lines, when a diamagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, can be diagrammatically represented as

15. (ii) The magnetic field lines, when a paramagnetic material is placed in an external magnetic field, can be diagrammatically represented as

Diamagnetic and paramagnetic materials are distinguished by the magnetic property called magnetic susceptibility. For diamagnetic materials, magnetic susceptibility is negative, whereas for paramagnetic materials, magnetic susceptibility is slightly positive. 16. Distinguish between the terms average value and rms value of an alternating current. The instantaneous current from an a.c. source is I = 5sin (314t) ampere. What are the average and rms values of the current? Solution: Average value of A.C: It is the value of direct current which sends the same charge in a circuit in the same time as is sent by the given ac in its half time period.

Rms value of A.C: It is the value of a direct current which produces the same heating effect in a given resistance as is produced by the given ac when passed for the same time.

Given, I = 5 sin (314)t A Peak value of current, I0 = 5 A

17. Define the term work function of a metal. The threshold frequency of a metal is f0. When the light of frequency 2f0 is incident on the metal plate, the maximum velocity of electrons emitted is V1. When the frequency of the incident radiation is increased to 5f0, the maximum velocity of electrons emitted is V2. Find the ratio of V1 to V2. Solution: The work function of a metal is the minimum energy required by an electron to just escape from the metal surface so as to overcome the restraining forces at the surface. As f0 is the threshold frequency, therefore, 0 = hf0 Using Einsteins photoelectric equation, we obtain

18. Find the minimum and maximum wavelengths of Balmer series. Take R = 1.097 x 107 m-1. (Ans)

19. Three identical capacitors C1, C2 and C3 of capacitance 6 F each are connected to a 12 V battery as shown.

Find (i) charge on each capacitor (ii) equivalent capacitance of the network (iii) energy stored in the network of capacitors Solution: The 12 V battery is in parallel with C1, C2, and C3. C1 and C2are in series with each other while C3 is in parallel with the combination formed by C1 and C2. Total voltage drop across C3 = 12 V q3 = CV Where, q = Charge on the capacitor C1, C2, C3 = 6 F (Given in the question) q3 = 6 12 = 72 C Voltage drop across C1 and C2 combined will be 12 V. Let the voltage drop at C1 = V1 Let the voltage drop at C2 = V2 Then, V = V1 + V2

As both the capacitors are in series,

Then,

Or, q = 36 micro coulombs Thus, charge on each of C1 and C2 is 36 coulombs. 20. The figure shows experimental set up of a meter bridge. When the two unknown resistances X and Y are inserted, the null point D is obtained 40 cm from the end A. When a resistance of 10 is connected in series with X, the null point shifts by 10 cm. Find the position of the null point when the 10 resistance is instead connected in series with resistance Y. Determine the values of the resistances X and Y.

Solution: For a metre bridge:

(1) Where, it is given that l1 = 40 cm

(2) When 10 resistance is added in series to X, null point shifts by 10 cm.

Substituting the value of X from equation (2), we obtain

Substituting the value of Y in equation (3), we obtain X + 10 = 30 X = 20 Position of the null point when 10 resistance is put in series with Y,

21. Prove that the current density of a metallic conductor is directly proportional to the drift speed of electrons. OR A number of identical cells, n, each of emf E, internal resistance r connected in series are charged by a d.c. source of emf E, using a resistor R. (i) Draw the circuit arrangement. (ii) Deduce the expressions for (a) the changing current and (b) the potential difference across the combination of the cells.

Solution: Consider a conductor of length l and area of cross-section A, having n electrons per unit length, as shown in the following figure.

Volume of the conductor = Al Total number of electrons in the conductor = Volume Electron density = Aln Since e is the charge of an electron, the total charge contained in the conductor:

Let a potential difference V be applied across the conductor. The resulting electric field in the conductor is given by:

Hence, free electrons begin to drift in a direction opposite to that of the electric field E. The time taken by the free electrons to cross-over the conductor is given as:

Current flowing through the conductor is given by:

OR (i) The following figure shows a simple circuit diagram that consists of n identical cells connected in series, each having an emf E and internal resistance r. The cells are charged by a dc source of emf E using a load of resistance R.

Equivalent emf of n cells connected in series is given as: E = E + E + up to n terms = nE Equivalent internal resistance of n cells connected in series is given as: r = r + r + up to n terms = nr Total resistance of the resistance R is given by: R = r + R = nr + R (ii) (a) Current flowing through resistor R is given by:

(b) Potential difference across the combination of cells is given as:

22. Write the expression for the magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side l carrying a steady current I in a vector form. In the given figure this loop is placed in a horizontal plane near a long straight conductor carrying a steady current I1 at a distance l as shown. Give reason to explain that the loop will experience a net force but no torque. Write the expression for this force acting on the loop.

Solution: The expression for the magnetic moment due to a planar square loop of side l carrying a steady current I in a vector form is given as

Where,

is the unit vector along the normal to the surface of the loop.

The attractive force per unit length on the loop is

The repulsive force per unit length on the loop is

Since the attractive force is greater than the repulsive force, a net force acts on the loop. The torque on the loop is given as

= 0 (

Area vector is parallel to the magnetic field)

= IAB sin0 =0 The torque acting on the loop is zero. 23. Given below are two electric circuits A and B

Calculate the ratio of power factor of the circuit B to the power factor of circuit A. (3) Solution: Power factor of A =

Power factor of B =

24. In a series R C circuit, R = 30 , C = 0.25 F, V = 100 V and = 10,000 radian per second. Find the current in the circuit and calculate the voltage across the resistor and the capacitor. Is the algebraic sum of these voltages more than the source voltage? If yes, resolve the paradox. Solution: Here, R = 30 C = 0.25 F = 0.25 106 F Vrms = 100 V, = 10,000 rads1

Voltage across the resistor = IrmsR = 0.25 30 = 7.5 V Voltage across the capacitor = Irms C

= 100 V

Yes, the algebraic sum of voltages across R and C is more than the source voltage because the two voltages are out of phase with each other.

25. The oscillating magnetic field in a plane electromagnetic wave is given by

(i) Calculate the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave. (ii) Write down the expression for the oscillating electric field. Solution: The general equation of a magnetic field varying sinusoidally with x and t is given as:

The given equation is:

On comparing equations (1) and (2), we obtain

(i) Wavelength of the given electromagnetic wave is 0.0067 m. (ii) Electric field amplitude is given as:

The general equation for an oscillating electric field varying sinusoidally with x and t will be along the z-component. It is given as:

26. In a plot of photoelectric current versus anode potential, how does (i) the saturation current vary with anode potential for incident radiations of different frequencies but same intensity? (ii) the stopping potential vary for incident radiations of different intensities but same frequency? (iii) Photoelectric current vary for different intensities but same frequency of incident radiations? Justify your answer in each case. Solution: (i) The saturation current remains same for different incident radiations of different frequencies but of same intensities. It does not change with the increase in anode potential. If the intensity remains the same, then the number of photons incident per second does not change and hence the number of photoelectrons emitted also does not change. Therefore, the saturation current does not change. (ii) The stopping potential remains same for different incident radiations of different intensities but of same frequencies. Stopping potential depends upon the amount of work required to stop the most energetic photoelectron. Since the frequency of the incident radiation does not change, the KEmax does not change at all. Hence, the stopping potential remains the same. (iii) Photoelectric current increases linearly with the intensity of incident radiation of same frequency. As the intensity of incident radiation increases, the number of photons and hence the photoelectrons increases. Hence, the photolelectric current also increases.

27. (a) The energy levels of an atom are as shown below. Which of them will result in the transition of a photon of wavelength 275 nm?

(b) Which transition corresponds to emission of radiation of maximum wavelength? Solution: Energy transitions for A,B,C, and D are: A = 2 eV B = 4.5 eV C = 2.5 eV D = 8 eV

Where, E = Energy transition = Wavelength h = 6.63 1034 Js C = 3 108 m/s For B, we have

Thus, B will result in transition of a photon of wavelength of 275 nm. (b)

For maximum wavelength, energy transition should be minimum. A undergoes minimum energy transition. A = 2 eV Thus, photon in A will have the maximum wavelength. 28. a) Using Gauss law, derive an expression for the electric field intensity at any point outside a uniformly charged thin spherical shell of radius R and charge density C/m2. Draw the field lines when the charge density of the sphere is (i) positive, (ii) negative. (b) A uniformly charged conducting sphere of 2.5 m in diameter has a surface charge density of 100 C/m2. Calculate the (i) Charge on the sphere (ii) Total electric flux passing through the sphere OR (a) Derive an expression for the torque experienced by an electric dipole kept in a uniform electric field. (b) Calculate the work done to dissociate the system of three charges placed on the vertices of a triangle as shown. Here q = 1.6 1010C

Solution: (a)Electric field intensity at any point outside a uniformly charged spherical shell: Consider a thin spherical shell of radius R and with centre O. Let charge + q be uniformly distributed over the surface of the shell. Let P be any point on the Gaussian sphere S1 with centre O and radius r, as shown in the following figure.

According to Gausss law, we can write the flux through ds as:

At any point on the surface of the shell, r = R

For charge density , q = 4R2

When the charged density of the sphere is positive and negative, the respective electric field lines are shown as follows:

(b)Diameter of the sphere = 2.5 m

Radius of the sphere, Charge density, (i)

(ii) Total electric flux, OR (a) Dipole in Uniform External Field: Let an electric dipole of length 2a be placed in a uniform electric field at an angle , as shown in the following figure.

Dipole moment of the dipole is:

Force on charge (+ q) = + q E along the direction of Force on charge ( q) = q Since along the opposite direction of

is uniform, the net force on the dipole is zero.

Being equal, unlike, and parallel, these forces form a couple, rotating the dipole in clockwise direction. Magnitude of torque = Force Arm length of couple

The direction of and .

is given by the right hand screw rule and is normal to vectors

(b) Let q1 = q, q2 = 4q, and q3 + 2q And, r = 10 cm = 0.10 m

Total work done

The negative sign indicates that the system is bounded and be required to dissociate the system.

of work will

29. (a) Using Biot-Savarts law, derive an expression for the magnetic field at the centre of a circular coil of radius R, number of turns N, carrying current i. (b) Two small identical circular coils marked 1, 2 carry equal currents and are placed with their geometric axes perpendicular to each other as shown in the figure. Derive an expression for the resultant magnetic field at O.

OR Draw a schematic diagram of a cyclotron. Explain its underlying principle and working, stating clearly the function of the electric and magnetic fields applied on charged particle. Deduce an expression for the period of revolution and show that it does not depend on the speed of the charged particle. Solution:

(a)According to Biot-Savarts law, the magnetic field due to a current element point with position vector is given by the relation:

at a

Where, 0 is the permeability of free space Consider a circular loop of wire having radius r and carrying a current I. Take a current element on the loop, as shown in the following figure.

The direction of element dl is along the tangent at a point on the loop. dlr According to Biot-Savarts law, the magnetic field at the centre O due to this current element is given as:

The magnetic field due to all such current elements will point onto the plane of paper at centre O. Hence, the total magnetic field at centre O is given by the integration:

For a coil having N turns, the magnetic field at centre, (b) Magnetic field at O due to loop 1 is given as:

, acting towards left

Magnetic field at O due to loop 2 is given as:

, acting vertically upwards Hence, the resultant field at point O will be:

The resultant field acts at an angle of 45 with the axis of loop 1. OR Cyclotron:It is a device using which positively-charged particles such as protons, deuterons, etc. are accelerated to high speeds. Principle of a cyclotron: A positively-charged particle can be accelerated by making it cross the same electric field repeatedly with the help of a strong magnetic field. Construction of a cyclotron: The construction of a simple cyclotron is shown in the following figure.

It consists of two semi-cylindrical boxes D1 and D2, called dees, enclosed in an evacuated chamber. The chamber is kept between the poles of a powerful magnet so that a uniform magnetic field acts perpendicular to the plane of the dees. An alternating voltage is applied in the gap between the dees by using a high-frequency oscillator. The electric field is zero inside the dees.

Working and theory of a cyclotron: At a certain instant, let D1 be positive and hence D2 is negative. A proton from an ion source initially present at the centre of the dees is accelerated towards D2. It describes a semi-circular path with a constant speed and is acted upon only by the magnetic field when it is inside either of the Ds. The function of electric field is to accelerate the charged particle. The function of magnetic field is to turn the accelerated particle in a circular motion such that it interacts with the electric field between the gaps again and again. The radius of the circular path is given by the relation:

Period of revolution of proton,

Frequency of revolution of proton, It is called cyclotron frequency. It can be inferred that cyclotron frequency is independent of both velocity v and radius r of the proton. It implies that even if the proton is accelerated in velocity and it increases its radius, the frequency with which it completes its path does not change. Hence, we are able to use a constant frequency oscillator to reverse the electric field at the time when the proton tries to cross the gap. If the frequency of applied ac is equal to cyclotron frequency, then every time the proton reaches the gap between the dees, the direction of electric field is reversed and the proton receives a push, finally gaining very high kinetic energy. The proton follows a spiral path between the dees and ejects from an appropriate opening.

30. Prove that for a mirror, the radius of curvature is twice the focal length. OR (a) Use mirror formula to show that for an object lying between the pole and focus of a concave mirror, the image formed is always virtual in nature. (b) Show the variation of u and v in case of a convex mirror.

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