KOC UNIVERSITY, FALL 2011, MATH 554 MANIFOLDS, MIDTERM 1 OCTOBER 27, INSTRUCTOR: BURAK OZBAGCI, 180 Minutes

s Solutions by Fatih Celik

PROBLEM 1 (20 points): Let N = (0, 0, 1) be the north pole in the sphere S2 R3 , and let S = (0, 0, 1) denote the south pole. Dene stereographic projection : S2 \ {N } R2 by (x, y, z) = Let (p) = (p) for p S2 \ {S}. (a) Show that is bijective by computing its inverse. (b) Show that the atlas consisting of the two charts (S2 \ {N }, ) and (S2 \ {S}, ) denes a smooth structure on S2 . (x, y) = (u1 , u2 ) = u. Let w = 1 z. Thus, (x, y) = (wu1 , wu2 ). Since, z 2 = 1 (x2 + y 2 ), 1z we have (1 w)2 = 1 w2 |u|2 . Then, 1 2w + w2 = 1 w2 |u|2 . We know that w = 0 because otherwise, z = 1 but 2 . As a result, (0, 0, 1) S2 \ {N }. Hence, w + w|u|2 = 2 w = / 1 + |u|2 SOLUTION: (a) Let x= 2u2 2 |u|2 1 2u1 , y= , and z = 1 = 1 + |u|2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u|2 1 (u1 , u2 ) = ( 2u1 2u2 |u|2 1 , , ). 2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u| (x, y) . 1z

(b) We will show that 1 and 1 are smooth: 2u1 2u2 2 2u2 |u| 1 u 2u1 u1 u2 1 + |u| 1 + |u|2 , , )=( 1 (u1 , u2 ) = ( , ) = ( 2, 2) = 2 2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u| |u| |u| |u|2 |u| 1 |u|2 1 1+ 1+ 1 + |u|2 1 + |u|2
2

is smooth because u = (u1 , u2 ) = (0, 0). Similarly, 1 (u1 , u2 ) = ( 2u1 2u2 |u|2 1 u , , )= is smooth as well. 2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u|2 1 + |u| |u|2

PROBLEM 2 (20 points): Let CP1 denote the set of 1-dimensional complex lines in C2 , with the quotient topology inherited from the natural projection : C2 \ {0} CP1 . (Assume without a proof that CP1 is Hausdorff and second countable.) (a) Show that CP1 is a compact 2-dimensional topological manifold. (b) Show how to give a smooth structure to CP1 . SOLUTION: (a) Set U1 = {[z1 : z2 ] : z1 = 0} CP1 and U2 = {[z1 : z2 ] : z2 = 0} CP1 with 1 : U1 U1 R2 and z1 z2 2 : U2 U2 R2 such that 1 ([z1 : z2 ]) = , 2 ([z1 : z2 ]) = . Inverse of these functions are 1 (x, y) = [1 : x + iy] 1 z1 z2 and 1 (x, y) = [x + iy : 1]. We claim that 1 and 2 are continuous and their inverses are also continuous: The function 2 f : C1 C2 dened by z (1, z) is smooth, and therefore continuous. Hence f (z) = [1 : z] = 1 (x, y) where 1 z = x + iy and since and f are continuous, f is also continuous, which implies that 1 is continuous. Similarly, we 1 can prove that 1 is continuous. Hence, 1 and 1 are homeomorphism. Moreover, restriction of to the unit sphere in C2 2
1

is a continuous map onto CP1 , which proves that CP1 is compact. (b) We observe that 2 1 (x, y) = 2 ([1 : x + iy]) = 1 and 1 1 (x, y) = 1 ([x + iy : 1]) = 2 x y 1 x iy =( 2 , ) = 2 z x + y2 x + y 2 x2 + y 2

x y x iy 1 =( 2 , ). = 2 2 2 x2 + y 2 z x +y x +y They are both smooth because z = 0. So the two charts covering CP1 are smoothly compatible with each other implying that A = {(U1 , 1 ), (U2 , 2 )} is a smooth atlas.

PROBLEM 3 (10 points): Let M be a nonempty smooth manifold of dimension n 1. Show that C (M ) is innitedimensional. (Hint: For a given positive integer n, pick n distinct points p1 , p2 , . . . , pn M , and nd pairwise disjoint open neighborhoods of these points. Then use smooth bump functions.) SOLUTION: Let p1 , p2 , . . . , pn be arbitrary distinct points in M where n is an arbitrary integer. Since M is Hausdorff, we claim that there exist open sets U1 , U2 , . . . , Un in M such that pi Ui and Ui Uj = if i = j. To prove this we observe 1 1 that we can nd open sets Ui1 , where i = 1, 2, . . . , n such that pi Ui1 and U1 Uj = for j = 1. Similarly we can nd 2 2 open sets Ui2 , where i = 1, 2, . . . , n such that pi Ui2 and U2 Uj = for j = 2. Inductively, we can nd open sets Uij as above, and we let
n

Ui =
j=1

Uij .

Now there exists a smooth bump function fi : M R such that fi (pi ) = 1 and suppfi Ui (since a point pi is closed in M .) Thus fi is zero on M \ suppfi . We claim that f1 , f2 , . . . , fn are linearly independent: Let c1 f1 + c2 f2 + . . . + cn fn = 0 for some real numbers c1 , c2 , . . . , cn . Then (c1 f1 + c2 f2 + . . . + cn fn )(pi ) = 0 implies that ci = 0 because fi (pi ) = 1 and fj (pi ) = 0 for j = i. Hence, we can nd n linearly independent smooth functions on M for arbitrary positive integer n which proves that C (M ) is not nite dimensional. PROBLEM 4 (10 points): Let M be a smooth manifold and let f : M R be a positive continuous function. Using a partition of unity, show that there is a positive smooth function g : M R such that g(x) < f (x) for all x M . (Hint: Take a countable cover {Vi } of M by precompact open sets.) i=1 SOLUTION: Let {Vi } be a countable open cover of M by precompact open sets, i.e., Vi is compact. i=1 Since M is smooth, there exists smooth partition of unity subordinate to {Vi } such that (1) 0 i (x) 1 for all x M (2) supp i Vi (3) {supp i } is locally nite, (4) i (x) = 1 for all x M Since Vi is compact and supp i is closed, supp i is also compact which implies that f |supp i : supp i R attains a mi minimum value mi . Let ci = . Then g(x) = ci i (x) < f (x)i (x) = f (x), where the sums are nite and therefore 2 g : M R is smooth.

Problem 5 (25 points): Let F : M N and G : N P be smooth maps between smooth manifolds and let p M . Then show that (a) F : Tp M TF (p) N is linear. (b) (G F ) = G F (c) (IdM ) = IdTp M (d) If F : M N is a diffeomorphism, then F : Tp M TF (p) N is an isomorphism. (e) If a nonempty smooth n-manifold is diffeomorphic to a smooth m-manifold, prove that n = m. SOLUTION: (a) Take aX + bY Tp M . Then for all f C (N ), F (aX + bY )(f ) = (aX + bY )(f F ) = aX(f F ) + bY (f F ) = (aF (X) + bF (Y ))(f ) which shows that F (aX + bY ) = aF (X) + bF (Y ). (b) For all f C (N ), (G F ) (X)(f ) = X(f (G F )) = X((f G) F ) = F (X)(f G) = G (F (X))(f ) which shows that (G F ) = G F . (c) (idM ) (X)(f ) = X(f idM ) = X(f ) = idM (X)(f ). So, (IdM ) = IdTp M . (d) Since F : M N is a diffeomorphism, F 1 : N M is a smooth map. Using the facts that F 1 F = idM and F F 1 = idN we conclude that (F 1 ) is an inverse for F implying that F is an isomorphism. (e) Let N be n-manifold, M be m-manifold. By d), F is isomorphism, so m = dim(Tp M ) = dim(TF (p)N ) = n and thus, m = n. PROBLEM 6 (10 points): Suppose that M and N are smooth manifolds with M connected and F : M N is a smooth map such that F : Tp M TF (p) N is the zero map for each p M . Show that F is a constant map. SOLUTION: Given a coordinate chart (U, ) around p for M . Let { F ( for all f C (N ) implies that constant on U . |p } be a basis for Tp M . The fact that xi

|p )(f ) = 0 xi

(f F 1 )(p) = 0. Thus, f F is constant on U for all f C (N ) and hence F is xi

We claim that F must be constant onM , since M is connected. Let A = {x M : F (x) = c}. It is nonempty because F (p) = c. Since {c} is closed and F is continuous, A = F 1 ({c}) must be closed. Also, it is open; given any point x A, there exists an open set U containing x such that U is the domain of a chart. Since F is constant on U and F (x) = c, U A. So A is open. We know that a subset A of a connected space which is both open and closed is either empty or equal to the space itself. But A is not empty, so it must be M . Hence, F is constant map.

(BONUS) Problem 7 (20 points): (a) Prove or disprove: S2 with its standard smooth structure is diffeomorphic to S2 with the smooth structure described in Problem 1(b). (b) Prove or disprove: S2 with its standard structure is diffeomorphic to CP1 with the smooth structure described in Problem 2(b). SOLUTION: (a) We will show that the standard smooth structure of S2 and the structure described in Problem 1(b) is the same. To do this, it is enough to show that all charts are compatible with each other. There are 6 charts for S2 in standard smooth structure:
+ U1 = {(x, y, z) : x > 0}, U1 = {(x, y, z) : x < 0}, + U2 = {(x, y, z) : y > 0}, U2 = {(x, y, z) : y < 0}, + U3 = {(x, y, z) : z > 0}, U3 = {(x, y, z) : z < 0},

(x, y, z) = (y, z), (x, y, z) = (x, z), (x, y, z) = (x, y) with their inverses 1 2 3 ( )1 (x, y) = ( 1 x2 y 2 , y, z), ( )1 (x, y) = (x, 1 x2 y 2 , y) and ( )1 (x, y) = (x, y, 2 3 1 We calculate that 1 (x, y) = ( 1 1 (x, y) = ( 3 x2 + y 2 1 2x x2 + y 2 1 2y , ) , 1 (x, y) = ( , ), 2 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2 2x 2y , ) , ( )1 (x, y) = ( 1 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2 x , 1y 1 x2 y 2 x , ), 1y 1y x 1 x2 y2 , y 1

1 x2 y 2 ).

( )1 (x, y) = ( 2 smooth.

1 x2 y 2 ) , and ( )1 (x, y) = ( 3 1y 1

1 x2 y 2

) are all

One can similarly calculate compositions using instead of . Hence, S2 with its standard smooth structure is diffeomor phic to S2 with the smooth structure described in Problem 1(b). (b) We claim that S 2 is indeed diffeomorphic to CP1 with the mentioned smooth structures. In the following we will identify R2 with the complex plane C as usual. Note that the solution of 1(b) in this exam implies that S 2 is precisely obtained by 1 gluing two copies, say U and V , of the standard R2 by the identication map z (except at the origin). On the other hand, z 1 the solution of 7(a) shows that CP1 is obtained by gluing U and V by an identication map z (except at the origin). z Hence one can write a diffeomorphism from S 2 to CP1 as follows: Let F : S 2 CP1 be the map dened by gluing together the diffeomorphisms IdU : U U and Conj: V V , where Conj is the complex conjugation. By the above discussion, F is a well dened smooth map with a smooth inverse.
An alternative solution: Let S2 = {(z, r) R3 : |z|2 +r2 = 1} where z = x+iy. Let f : S2 CP1 be dened by (z, r) [z : 1r] 1+r z if r = 1 and (z, r) [1 + r : z] if r = 1. Since |z|2 + r2 = 1, zz = 1 r2 = (1 r)(1 + r). Then, = . Thus, 1r z 2 |z1 | |z2 |2 z 1+r 2z1 z2 [z : 1 r] = [ : 1] = [ : 1] = [1 + r : z]. Let g : CP1 S2 be a map dened by [z1 : z2 ] ( , ). 2 + |z |2 |z |2 + |z |2 1r z |z1 | 2 1 2 Observe that the map g is well-dened: If C, then

g([z1 , z2 ]) = (

||2 (|z1 |2 |z2 |2 ) 2z1 z2 , 2 ) = g([z1 , z2 ]). ||2 |z1 |2 + ||2 |z2 |2 || (|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 )

Moreover we claim that f g = idCP1 and g f = idS2 . To see this we calculate that f g([z1 : z2 ]) = f ( |z1 |2 |z2 |2 |z1 |2 |z2 |2 2z1 z2 2z1 z2 2z1 z2 2z2 z2 , )=[ :1 ]=[ : ] = [z1 : z2 ], |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 g f (z, r) = g([z : 1 r]) = ( since |z|2 + r2 = 1. In order to prove that f is smooth we calculate that the maps 1 f 1 (x, y) = 1 f ( 1 ([ 2x 2y x2 + y 2 1 , , )= 2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2 1+x |z|2 2z(1 r) |z|2 (1 r)2 , ) = (z, r) 2 |z|2 + (1 r)2 + (1 r)

x2 + y 2 1 2z 2 1 2z :1 ]) = 1 ([ : ]) = , 1 + |z|2 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + |z|2 1 + x2 + y 2 z

2 f 1 (x, y) = z, 1 f 1 (x, y) = 1 f ( 1 ([ 2x 2y 1 x2 y 2 , , )= 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2 1 + x2 + y 2

2(x2 + y 2 ) x2 + y 2 2z : ]) = , 1 + |z|2 1 + |z|2 z

2 f 1 (x, y) = are all smooth. Similarly to show that f 1 is smooth we calculate that the maps f 1 1 (x, y) = f 1 ([1 : z]) = ( 1

z . x2 + y 2

1 |z|2 z 2z , )=( ), 2 1 + |z|2 1 + |z| 1 + |z|2

f 1 1 (x, y) = z 2 are also smooth. This is also true for . Hence, S with its standard structure is diffeomorphic to CP1 with the smooth structure described in Problem 2(b).
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