OTHER

JC PHYSICS H2 PRELIM 2009

Topic: Thermal Physics

Solutions
[PJC]
7(a)(i) Specific latent heat of vaporization is the quantity of heat (thermal energy) required to convert a unit mass (1 kg) of the liquid, at its boiling point, into gas at the same temperature. [1] [1]

7(a)(ii)

U = Q + W Q = U W
During boiling, the work done on the system is negative as the volume increases. The internal energy increases as the intermolecular bonds are broken and the molecules move far apart, increasing the potential energy even though the kinetic energy is constant, and thus the temperature is constant. [1] [1]

7(a)(iii)1.

V1 I1 =

m1l +H t
m2l +H t
0.150l + H -----------equation (1) 15.0 60 0.150l + H ----------- equation (2) 8.0 60
[1]

8 200 103 =

V2 I 2 =

10 250 103 =

[1] [1] [1] [2]

Solving the equations, l = 6171 J kg-1. 7(a)(iii)2. 7(a)(iv)

Substituting the value of l into equation (1), H = 0.572 W. Splashing of boiling liquid out of the container/evaporation: the calculated value of the specific latent heat is lower than the actual value since the amount of water that vaporized off appeared to be larger. Condensed liquid falling back into the container: the calculated value of the specific latent heat is more than the actual value since the amount of water that vaporized off appeared to be smaller.

[2] [1]

7(b)(i)

pV = nRT
p pressure of gas V volume of gas n amount of substance R molar gas constant T thermodynamic temperature of gas

[1]

7(b)(ii)

One mole of any substance is the amount containing a number of particles equal to the Avogadro constant (the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12).

[1]

7(b)(iii)

n=

pV RT (2.60 105 )(1.60 102 ) = 8.31(30.0 + 273.15)

= 1.65 moles

[1]

FOR NJC INTERNAL USE ONLY

OTHER JC PHYSICS H2 PRELIM 2009

Topic: Thermal Physics

7(b)(iv)

Moles of gas in each stroke =

pV RT

[1]

(1.00 105 )(3.00 104 ) = 0.0119 moles 8.31(30.0 + 273.15)

Assuming V and T remain constant, n is proportional to p

n2 p2 = n1 p1 n2 3.1 = 1.65 2.6

n2 = 1.97 n2 n1 = 1.97 1.65 = 0.32 Hence number of strokes required = Number of strokes required = 27. 7(b)(v)

[1]

0.32 = 26.9 0.0119

[1] [1]

It is a minimum number of strokes required as it is assumed that the total volume of gas in each stroke of the pump is transferred completely to the car tyre. OR It is a minimum number of strokes required as it is assumed that the volume of the car tyre remains constant. Actually, the volume of tyre could increase, so more strokes would be needed.

[TPJC]

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OTHER JC PHYSICS H2 PRELIM 2009

Topic: Thermal Physics

[YJC]
5(a)(i) Internal energy of a gas is the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the atoms/molecules in the gas. (ii) p = B1 B1 C1

1 1M 2 c2 = c 3V 3 3 1 pV = M c 2 2 2 3 1 nRT = M c 2 = Total KE of gas 2 2

C1 M1 A0

Since internal energy, U = total KE of ideal gas UT

(b)(i) The intermolecular spacing between the molecules is greater in the gaseous state compared to the liquid state and solid state. B1 The difference in potential energies between the molecules in liquid and gaseous states is larger, as compared to that between solid and liquid states. B1 Also, when changing from liquid to gaseous state, the liquid molecules need to do work against the atmosphere, before escaping as gas molecules. B1

(ii) During evaporation, the most energetic molecules at the surface of the liquid escape into the surrounding air. This reduces the mean kinetic energy of the molecules that remain in the liquid. This results in a drop in temperature which causes the cooling effect. (1 mark to be deducted if mean KE is not mentioned) (c)(i) pV = nRT T = (6.0 105 5.0 105) (8.31 5.2 103) = 694 K (3 s.f.) (ii) 1. 2. cv pV p = 85 (5.2 103 800) = 20.4 J mol1 K1 (3 s.f.) = nRT = (8.31 5.2 103 (694 + 800)) (5.0 105) = 1.29 106 Pa (3 s.f.) C1

are able to B1 B1 B1

A1 C1 A1 C1 A1

(iii) 1. 2.

The increase in internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the thermal energy supplied to the system and the work done on the system. B1

U U U

=Q+W = 0 + (62) = -62 J

M1 A1

[VJC]
7(a)(i) Internal energy of a system is defined as the sum of the kinetic and potential energies of all the particles in the system. In an ideal gas, the internal energy is the total kinetic energy of all the molecules of the gas. (a)(ii) Two factors which determine the internal energy of an ideal gas are: the number of molecules of the gas (or the mass of the gas), and the temperature of the gas.
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OTHER JC PHYSICS H2 PRELIM 2009

Topic: Thermal Physics

(a)(iii) The internal energy of the gas does not change despite the increase in the bulk kinetic energy of the gas. This is because the temperature of the gas remains essentially constant while the gas is speeding up. (b)(i) Since only molecules which are very energetic can escape from the liquid, the evaporation process will cause the average total energy of the molecules remaining in the liquid to decrease. Hence, evaporation tends to cause cooling. (b)(ii) Power removed by sweating is

P = 0.90(300) = 270 W Ml Vl P= = t t V P Hence = t l

where and l are the density and specific latent heat of vaporization of water respectively

V 270 = t (1000)(2.41 x 10 6 )

= 1.12 x 10-7 m3 s-1 = 1.12 x 10-7 x 3600 4. 03 x 10-4 m3 h-1 (b)(iii) In a real life situation, the man will tend to lose a less amount of sweat because other than losing heat through the evaporation of sweat, the man also loses heat from the body through other mechanisms like radiation and convection. (c)(i) The pressure in the lungs must be equal to the pressure of the surrounding water. Taking 1 atmosphere to be 1.0 x 105 Pa, the pressure at a depth of 8.2 m is P = hg + 105 Pa 5 = (8.2)(1000)(9.81) + 10 Pa 1.80 x 105 Pa = 1. 8 atm (c)(ii) Using pV = NkT for an ideal gas, at surface of sea, PV = N1kT ..(1) 1 at depth 8.2 m, P2V = N 2 kT ..(2)

( 2) N P 1.8 gives 2 = 2 = = 1. 8 N 1 P1 1 (1)

(c)(iii) Assumption: Temperature is taken to be constant whether at the surface of the sea or at depth 8.2 m OR the air in the scuba diving tank behaves as an ideal gas. (c)(iv) At a depth of 8.2 m, nitrogen from the scuba diving tank goes into solution in the blood of the diver. If the diver ascends too quickly to the surface of the sea, nitrogen comes out of solution from the blood quickly producing bubbles in the process.

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