IX International Symposium on Lightning Protection

26th-30th November 2007 Foz do Iguau, Brazil

INVESTIGATION OF LIGHTNING SURGES ON LOW VOLTAGE AND CONTROL CIRCUIT

Toshihisa Funabashi
Meidensha Corporation funabashi-t@mb.meidensha.co.jp

Toshiaki Ueda
Chubu Electric Power Co. ueda.toshiaki@chuden.co.jp

Hideki Motoyama
CRIEPI motoyama@criepi.denken.or.jp

YohYasuda

Shozo Sekioka

Akihiro Ametani

Kansai University Doshisha University Shonan Institute of Technology yasuda@kansai-u.ac.jp aametani@mail.doshisha.ac.jp sekioka@elec.shonan-it.ac.jp 36-2 ThinkPark Tower, 2-1-1 Ohsaki, Shinagawa-Ku, Tokyo, 141-6029 Japan

Abstract - The study of surge voltage levels induced in lowvoltage control or monitoring circuit by lightning surges is very important for the rational design of those circuits in substation. In this paper, experiences of surge phenomena on low-voltage control circuit are presented. Then, some examples are shown to explain mechanism of induced voltages into low voltage control circuit and modeling of grounding mesh and low-voltage control circuit.

From the study, useful information has been gathered to develop counter measures for surges on low-voltage and control circuits. In this paper, experiences of surge phenomena on lowvoltage control circuit are presented. Then, some examples are shown to explain mechanism of induced voltages into low voltage control circuit and modeling of grounding mesh and low-voltage control circuit. 2 EXPERIENCES OF SURGE PHENOMENA ON LOW-VOLTAGE CONTROL CIRCUIT [3] Electric Technology Research Association has investigated on countermeasure technologies for surges in protection and control system. The report was published in 2002 [3]. 2.1 Surge Voltages Abnormal voltages to be considered in rational and reliable insulation design of low-voltage control circuit are surge voltages, which are categorized into lightning surge, main circuit switching surge, dc circuit switching surge, and others. (1) Lightning surge (a) Lightning surge current flows into buses and ground leads in electric power stations and substations. Then, induced voltage is generated in control cables. (b) Lightning surge voltage and current in the primary side of voltage transformer (VT) and current transformer (CT) induce voltage and current in secondary circuit of VT and CT. (c) Lightning surge current flows into grounding circuit of electric stations, then grounding voltage at the injection point rises and voltage is induced

1 INTRODUCTION In 1980 technical trends on surges in low-voltage and s control circuit have been investigated and some reports were published in Japan [1], [2]. However, in these reports, only qualitative assessment had been done and surge phenomena theory and modeling method have not been well developed. In 2004 a new investigating committee was started to study real state and modeling method of over-voltage in low-voltage and control circuits of power station, sub-station and other electricity facilities. The committee is investigating surges related problems on three categories. (1) Surges in real fields (2) Surge phenomena simulation models (3) Over-voltage simulation and assessment in various operation conditions. From April 2004, investigations have been done on these systems. (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) Power stations and sub-stations Houses Smart building Communication facilities Photo-voltaic and wind-power generations

on the core of control cables installed nearby the injection point. (2) Main circuit switching surge (a) Switching of circuit breaker (CB) and disconnecting switch (DS) causes switching surges in the main circuit. Then the induced voltage is generated in the secondary circuit of VT and CT. (b) Switching surges generated in GIS (Gas Insulated Substation) apparatus change the ground potential and induce voltage in the nearby control cables. (3) DC circuit switching surge It is generated when the contact opens the capacitive or inductive load in DC circuit. 2.2 Investigation for Surge Phenomena Troubles in protection and control systems due to surges were investigated. Results of investigation for surge troubles are presented here. Time interval for troubles investigated is from 1989 to 1999. Investigation was done for troubles in power stations, substations, switching stations and industry customersubstations. Total number s of troubles investigated is 330. Data number by system is shown in Table 1. Data number by kind of surges is shown in Table 2. 3 MECHANISM OF INDUCED VOLTAGES INTO LOW-VOLTAGE CONTROL CIRCUIT In this chapter, two examples are shown to explain the mechanism of induced voltages due to lightning surges. 3.1 An Example of Surge Voltages Induced in Secondary Circuit of CVT [3] Due to lightning two circuits of 66kV parallel transmission lines were tripped. Auto-reclosing for one circuit of the transmission line was not activated. Arc track was found in the protection gap at the transmission line side of the bus. It was found that diodes in the input part of the voltage detection circuit are destroyed (permanent fault). Two diodes were short-circuited and CVT (Capacitor Voltage Transformer) secondary side voltage was made lower than the voltage, which was desired when the transmission lines are opened (55 volts). Then, automatic recloser failed to start reclosing. Because the fault part was in the secondary circuit, it was considered that surge invaded through the control cable in the secondary circuit of line CVT. The control cable had no sheath and the length of cable was 55 meters. The nouse control wires were grounded at the both sides of the cable. The distance between the control cable and the grounding lead wire was one meter. The surge invasion mechanism was considered to be due to the change of

grounding voltage level or the induced voltage from surge current in the grounding lead.
Table 1: number of troubles by systems
Systems Protection system Control system Monitoring and control system Measuring system Automation system Centralized monitoring and control system Communication system Others Total Number of troubles 105 73 73 49 2 5 15 8 330

Table 2: number of troubles by surges

Surges Lightning surge Main circuit switching surge DC circuit switching surge Others Total Number of troubles 220 47 21 19 307

3.2 A Measurement of Surge Voltages Induced in Secondary Circuit of CVT [4] To investigate the induction levels in low-voltage control and monitoring circuits, full-scale lightning impulse tests were carried out in a new 275kV full GIS substation. AN impulse generator (IG) was installed at about 180 m apart from the substation. The output of IG was applied to a power line. In order to grasp the surge voltages induced in low-voltage circuits when lightning impulses were applied upon a 275kV GIS main circuit, the voltage of about 500kV was applied to a power line of the bushing top from IG. Standard lightning impulse voltages were applied power line in which a CVT(PT in Fig.1) is installed. Fig.1 shows a structure of GIS main circuit to which lightning impulse voltages were applied.

ES: Earthing Switch, DS: Disconnector, CB: Circuit Breaker Fig.1 GIS main circuit [4]

Fig.2 shows examples of measured CVT secondary circuit voltage waveforms. Among the surges induced in lowvoltage control and monitoring circuits, only the surges of the CVT secondary circuit contained a comparatively low frequency component around 25kHz. From those tests, it turned out that test voltage levels of a related standard were in a higher level than the induced voltage levels. The standard is considered to have a sufficient level to secure the insulation reliability of low-voltage circuits of a substation in this voltage class.

Current Injection Line Resistance(300-2000 ) PG 00 Air E, E=rE*0, E= rE*0 d(m) Ground A Buried Bare Wire Ground Net

Fig.3 Experimental circuit [5]

4 MODELING OF GROUNDING MESH AND LOW-VOLTAGE CONTROL CIRCUIT In this chapter, two examples are shown to explain the modeling of grounding mesh and low-voltage control circuit. 4.1 Modeling of a Buried Bare Wire and Ground Net [5] The paper [5] describes experimental and analytical studies on electromagnetic transient response of a buried bare wire and ground net. The measurement of electromagnetic transient response of a buried bare wire and ground net was carried out in various conditions. The measured results were compared with the calculated results by Sunde theoretical formulas [6], and the s validity of the theoretical formulas is examined. Moreover, a calculation model based on the theoretical formulas and EMTP is proposed. When the step current waveform is impressed to a buried bare wire and ground net, the electromagnetic transient responses, which are ground potential rise (GPR) and current distributions along a buried bare wire and on ground net, are measured. Fig.3 shows the experimental circuit. The line constants of a buried bare wire are given in the frequency domain. The electromagnetic transient response of a buried bare wire was calculated by the theoretical formulas and the numerical Laplace transformation. The electromagnetic transient response of ground net is calculated by using the theoretical formulas and the J.Marti model, which is a frequency dependent line model of EMTP. Fig.4 shows an example of the compared results between experiment and calculation of a buried bare wire at the injection point. It shows clearly that the calculated results agree well with the experimental results, and the theoretical formulas can reproduce the electromagnetic transient characteristics of a buried bare wire. This calculation employs the estimated value of resistivity and

Fig.2 Voltage waveform in the VT secondary circuit [4]

relative permittivity of the ground from the experimental results.

100.0 80.0 60.0 40.0 20.0 0.0 -20.0 0.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 Time (microseconds) 4.0 Experiment Calculation

Voltages and currents observed on the control cable are given as a superposition of an well-known induced voltage due to the lightning current on the counterpoise, of a voltage transferred from the counterpoise to which the cable metallic sheath is grounded, and of a lightning current circulating in a closed loop composed of the metallic sheath and the counterpoise when the cable both ends are grounded. The induced voltage from the counterpoise is not necessarily dominant even in a long cable because the current along the counterpoise decreases rapidly as the distance from the sending end increases. Although the sheath grounding decreases the node voltage due to the induced voltage, but at the same time increases a voltage transferred from the counterpoise. The inductance of a grounding lead reduces a current flowing into the cable sheath during a high frequency transient, and thus a more current flows through the counterpoise. This results in a higher induced voltage to the control cable from the counterpoise.
2m 3D2V Vc2 C2 Rc1=Rc2=50 S2 Vs2 Rc2

Fig.4 Comparison of GPR between experimental and analytical results at injection point [5]

4.2 Counterpoise Model [7] The paper [7] has investigated the effect of sheath grounding on a control cable based on EMTP simulations, when a lightning current flows into counterpoise representing a part of a grounding mesh. Fig.5 illustrates a model circuit for investigating transient voltages and currents on a control cable. A counterpoise representing a part of a grounding mesh is buried at the depth of hg=0.3m from the earth surface. The counterpoise is a cupper cylinder with the outer radius of rg=2.5cm, and the earth resistivity is 100 ohm-m. A counterpoise is represented by a model circuit illustrated in Fig.6. It is composed of a distributed line with the surge impedance Z0 and the propagation velocity v0 and a shunt admittance Yg. In this paper, m and n are set to be 1 and 5 respectively. Fig.7 shows a comparison of experimental results and EMTP simulation results by the model circuit of Fig.6 for transient voltages and currents along the counterpoise with the total length of 6m in Fig.6. The figure shows that the accuracy of the counterpoise model in Fig.6 is satisfactory in comparison with the measured results. In a simulation of an induced voltage to an overhead control cable from a counterpoise, the control cable and the counterpoise are represented as a distributed parameter line in the EMTP [8]. The parameters of the line models are evaluated by the EMTP Cable Parameters (CP) [9]. First, the model system is evaluated as an overhead line system by the CP with a negative sign of the depth of the counterpoise. By the input date, the CP gives self impedance/admittance of the overhead cable and the mutual impedance to the counterpoise. Then the selfimpedance and admittance of the counterpoise is calculated as an underground cable. Finally, the selfimpedance and self-admittance of the counterpoise in the first calculation are replaced by those in the second one.

Vc1 C1 Rc1 S1 Vs1

IS1

GSEN 2m

IG0 G0 GC1 V G1

IG1 G1 x[m]

IG 2 IS2 G2 G3 GC2 VG2

GRCV 2m

C1,C2,S1,S2,GSEN,G0,GC1,G1,G2,GC2,G3,GRCV:node names, V:voltage, I:current, R:resistance Fig.5 model circuit [7] A

Z0, 0

Yg 2

Yg 2

Z0: surge impedance, v0: propagation velocity, Yg: shunt admittance (a) A counterpoise model

R1

mR1 nC1

C1

R1: resistance, C1:capacitance, m,n:constants (b) Yg Fig.6 model circuit of a counterpoise [7] A

80

mea sured --- calculated

60

6 REFERENCES
[1] Surges in protection and control circuit, Electric Technology Research Association Report, vol.32, no.2, August 1976 (in Japanese) [2] IEEJ special committee, Insulation test for low-voltage and control circuit: standard on test voltage (JEC-210-1981), IEEJ, 1981. (in Japanese) [3] "Countermeasure Technologies For Surges In Protection And Control System", Electric Technology Research Association Report, vol.57, no.3, January 2002 (in Japanese) [4] HATANO, R., UEDA, T., NOJIMA, K., MOTOYAMA, H., "Surge Voltages Induced in Secondary Circuits of 275kV Full GIS", IEEJ Trans. PE, vol.123, no.11, November 2003 [5] MOTOYAMA, H., "Experimental and Analytical Study on Electromagnetic Transient Response of a Buried Bare Wire and Ground Net", ICLP'06 Proceedings, Kanazawa, Japan, September 2006 [6] E. D. Sunde, "Earth Conduction Effects In Transmission Systems", Dover Publications, Inc., New York, 1968 [7] AMETANI, A., TAKI, N., MIYAZAKI, D., NAGAOKA, N., OKABE, S., "Lightning Surges on a Control Cable Incoming through a Grounding Lead", IEEJ PE annual meeting Proceedings, Okinawa, Japan, September 2006 06 [8] AMETANI, A., Cable Parameters Rule Book, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, USA, April 1994 [9] AMETANI, A., Distributed-Parameter Circuit Theory, Corona Pub. Co., Tokyo 1990 (in Japanese)

Voltage [V]

40

20

0 -100 0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Time [ns]

(a) Voltage
1 0.8 Injected current B

Current [A]

0.6 0.4

C 0.2 0 -100 0

measured --- calculated

100 200 300 400 500 600

Time [ns]

(b) Current Fig.7 Comparison of measured and simulation results of counterpoise voltages and currents [7]

5 CONCLUSIONS This paper has presented experiences of surge phenomena on low-voltage control circuit. Then, some examples are shown to explain the mechanism of induced voltages into low-voltage control circuits and modeling of a grounding mesh and the low-voltage control circuits.