ANALYSIS OF OBAMAS SPEECHES BY USING AMPLIFICATION OF APPRAISAL DEVICES

NIKI UTARI ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT LANCANG KUNING UNIVERSITY 2012 This research was done to identify the use of amplification in Obamas speeches which directly relates to Discourse Analysis. Type of the research was descriptive analytical study with the aim was to highlight about public speaking, in this case native speakers speech, that is President Barrack Obama, by describing and analyzing the amplification in his speeches. The number of the speech in this research was 5 speeches during his presidency which randomly selected one speech each year. Instrument used in this research was the speech transcription namely observation and observation checklist. In collecting the data, the researcher accessed the website with the keyword President Obamas speeches. The data gained was analyzed by using Appraisal Devices Systems offered by Martin and Rose (2003). The data analysis shown that the speaker, Barrack Obama, commonly used force than focus. It can be seen from the result that shown that the intensity of force is more than focus. Since this study is about public speaking, especially speech, the researcher hopes that this research could be useful for everybody who relates need to learn from Obamas speeches, such as Preachers, ustadz, other Presidents and other Politicians. Key words: Speech, amplification, appraisal devices

Background Communication has an important role for human life. Without communication, we will not be able to know and understand what someones feeling or thinking about. In communication, speakers do not only ask to consider about meaning of his conversation, but also he should consider about the context. It means that another person know well about meaning and context of language that we bring. Language has a magical property: when we speak, we have to say to fit the situation or context (Gee, 2005). Many people think that the primary purpose of language is for communication. However, language serves many great functions, for instance, giving and getting information, even in new information. There are two functions of language, first is to support the performance of social activities and social identities, and the second is to support humans affiliation within cultures, social groups and institutions (Gee, 2005). When produce a language, we should consider how language could offer a crucial understanding of wider aspects of power relations, what power does to people, groups or society, and how it could

be impact to the audience. One way that usually used to share the ideas and public information is speech. By using speech, speakers will be able to convey the message of his speech with his energy, charismatic appeal, gestures, or facial expression to grab audiences attention. Speech is one of way to serve public speaking. By speech, we may inform, demonstrate or introduce our self. So that the purpose of why we speak can be reach Public speaking is not an easy task, even for the language students. According to Lili Pan (2010: 923) public speaking is the subject that links all aspects of the process of learning language together, including the choice of words, connect the sentence and complexity of sentence and so on. It implies that public speaking needs the intelligence of the speaker to encourage and persuade the audiences and wisdom in the choice of words, cohesion and coherence and so on. The way that usually used to share all of the components is speech. Speech used to inform and to persuade the audience to be better for the future. Encyclopedia of knowledge states that human speech creates the expression and communication of thoughts, needs, and emotion through vocalization in form of words possibly (Grolier in Prasetyanti, 2011). The speech conveyed makes people carried away; they may cry, laugh or angry cause of content of the speech, in delivering speech, a speaker may use gestures, facial expression and body postures to send and strengthen his intended messages. Thus, those elements influence people whether they will listen to what he says, they feel interested in or probably ignore it. It means that not all speakers able to catch people attention to listen him to speech. In political case, speech used to inform and or to persuade the audiences to change their minds. As we know, politics is a struggle for power in order to put certain political, economic and social ideas into practice. In this process, language plays a crucial role, for every political action is prepared, accompanied, influenced and played by language (Horvath: 45). It means that language is the key how the politicians are able to influence his audiences by using language and attitude in their speech. As a result, positive exchange will happen in society area. For example, in president Obamas victory speech on November 6, 2008 he persuaded all American who voted him to support his ways during his presidency. Furthermore, he asked them to change and coordinate with each other to solve financial crisis problem and resist their idealism such as; democracy, liberty, opportunity, and unyielding hope. In line with above idea, the researcher is interested in investigating Obamas on-line speeches by using Appraisal devices systems offered by Martin and Rose (2003) which is the extensional of Systemic Functional Linguistics by Halliday (1994). Appraisal system is a tool of analysis in Discourse Analysis which focus on negotiating attitude in a text and divide into three areas analysis, that is 1) attitude, 2) amplification/graduation, 3) source/engagement. Each area of Appraisal Devices has the own field in analysis. Attitude relates to analysis of judgment and evaluating peoples character, amplification relates to how strongly we feel about someone or something, and source relates to source of writers evaluation. The focus of this study is to analyze types of amplification that used in Obamas political speech. This study expected to be able to describe how Obama amplifies his speeches and how he delivered them well. Based on the background above, the researcher would like to conduct a research entitled

Analysis of Obamas Speeches by Using Amplification of Appraisal Devices RELATED THEORIES Discourse Analysis The analysis of discourse is, necessarily, the analysis of language in use. As such, it cannot be restricted to the description of linguistics form independent of the purposes or functions, which those forms are designed to serves in human affairs (Brown & Yule, 1983: 1). The function of language which serves the expression of content that will be described known as transactional, while function that involved in expressing social relations and attitudes known as interpersonal. Discourse, both spoken and written, has an interactive nature, which means that it is negotiation. A term discourse is used in day-to-day language interchangeably with discussion or dialogue. The story of the discussion and the dialogue is the object of discourse analysis. Such analysis aims to expose pattern and hidden rules of how language is used and narratives are created thus, discourse analysis is a research method, which involves examining communication in order to gain new insights (Hewitt, 2009: 2). The term discourse can be refers to the complete process of social in teraction. The process divides into three elements namely text, interaction, and social interaction. For the text itself, the social interaction involves the process of text production and text interpretation, hence, the text analysis is a part of discourse analysis (Fairclough in Ahmadvand, 2009: 4 ). According to Gee (2005), discourse analysis considers how language, both spoken and written, enacts social and cultural perspectives and identities. Wodak (2008: 2) states that discourse means anything from a historical monument, a policy, a political strategy, narratives in a restricted or broad sense of term, talk, text, a speech, topic-related conversation, to language per se. Brown and Yule (1983: viii) state that the term discourse analysis has come to be used with a wide range of meanings which cover a wide range of activities. It is used to describe activities at the intersection of discipline as diverse as sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, philosophical linguistics and computational linguistics. Scholars working centrally in these different disciplines tend to create on different aspects of discourse. Sociolinguists are particularly concerned with the structure of social interaction manifested in conversation, and their description emphasise features of social context which are particulary amenable to sociological classification. They are concerned with generalising across real instances of language in use, and typically work with transcribed spoken data. Psycholinguists are particularly concerned with issues related to language comprehension. Philosophical linguists are particularly concerned with semantic relationship between constructed pairs of sentences and with their syntactic realisations. Computational linguists are particularly concerned with producing models of discourse processing and are constrained, by their methodology, to working with short texts constructed in highly limited context. In addition, discourse analysis is a broad and complex interdisciplinary field. It includes somewhat diverse theoretical and methodological approaches from linguistics, anthropology, and sociology. All approaches to discourse share a commitment to studying a language in context. But, context is notoriously indeterminate, and different approaches to discourse analysis emphasize

different aspects of context as potentially relevant to understanding language use (Wortham, 2007). It means that discourse analysis is the way in which we analyze the language that relates to the context. Martin and Rose (2003: 1) state that discourse is more than an incidental manifestation of social activity, which focuses on the social as it is constructed through texts, on the constitutive role of meanings in social life. The focus of the discourse is meaning beyond the clause, on resources that lead from one clause to another as a text unfold. That common sense definition of discourse is not much help in clarifying what exactly discourse is, how it functions, or how to analyze it. As a result, many different approaches in discourse formulated by the expert, that especially design based on its function. Spoken Discourse As mentioned before, discourse is a collection of language that used to communicate in social context. The unity of language can be as sentences or utterances. In spoken discourse, it can be seen that discourse as a process of communication between speaker and hearer. While in written discourse, discourse looks as result of ideas or opinions of the speaker. Discipline that study about discourse called as discourse analysis. Discourse analysis is a field that used to analyze the use of language scientifically, both spoken and written. As Brown and Yule (1983: 4) said about the point of view of production, it is clear that spoken and written language make somewhat different demands on language producers. It means that the speaker should be able to control the production of communication. The speaker must monitor what it is that he has just said, and determine whether it matches or not. In contrary, the writer may look over what he has already written, pause between each word with no fear of his interlocutor interrupting him, choosing the particular word, and if necessary looking up into dictionary to find out the most appropriate word, check the progress, reorder what he has written and change his ideas. It can be say that in spoken activity, the speaker is under considerable pressure to keep on talking during the period allotted him, while the writer is characteristically under no such pressure. In longer stretches of discourse such as monologues of a couple minutes or considerably longer, the task of the students is not to process everything that was said, but rather to scan the material selectively for certain information. The purpose of such performance is not to look for global or general meanings, but to be able to find important information in a field of potentially distracting information. Example of such discourse including speeches, media broadcasts, stories and anecdotes, and conversation in which learners are cavesdroppers (Brown, 2000: 257). It means that, when produce the spoken discourse, we not only asked to select the most appropriate material but it is also to be able to highlight the important information for the audience. When someone tries to deliver a speech, he should consider about the introduction, body, and conclusion. We already know that spoken discourse, for instance speech, will not be able to repeat. Spoken language that has produced by the speaker will not be able to change or reorder. The speaker should be responsible of his speech contents. The preparation is one of the key successes in delivering speech; more practice will make the speaker feel more confidence

during his performance. In addition, good organization of outline speech is also help the speaker in organized the sequence of his speech.

Appraisal Devices Appraisal is a linguistic theory of subjectivity. Appraisal system would help us to categorize the opinions contained in a text, and whether they refer to objects, emotions, and behavior. By using Amplification and Engagement, people may be able to quantify the writers commitment to the opinion, and how focused that opinion is (Fadlillah: 2009). In addition, Appraisal has an important role to interpret peoples attitude. It relates the power of a text and makes the text meaningful. According to Martin and Rose (2003: 22) Appraisal is concerned with evaluation: the kinds of attitudes that are negotiated in a text, the strength of the feelings involved and the ways in which values are sourced and readers aligned. The choice of words or expression used in a text may reflect its speakers or writers towards the phenomenon being talked about. Appraisal, as Martin and Rose state above, has to do with kinds of attitude. Attitudes have to do with evaluating things, peoples character, and their feelings, and such evaluations, in their opinions, can be more or less intense, that is may be more or less amplified. And the attitude may be the writers (or the speakers) own or it may be attributed to some other source. According to Martin and Rose, there are three aspects of appraisal: attitudes, how they are amplified, and their sources. a. 1. Attitudes

Expressing Our Feelings (Affect) Affect deals with resources for expressing feeling. It concern with emotions, with positive and negative emotional response and dispositions. Martin and Rose (2003: 23) explain that firstly, people may have good feelings or bad feelings, thus affect may be positive or negative. Secondly, people can express their feelings directly or they can infer how people are feeling indirectly from their behavior. So, affect can be expressed directly or indirectly. Positive or negative choices have impact on the discourse of the text, whether the essence of a speech is happy or encouraging or it is about sadness. 2. Judging Peoples character (Judgment) Judgment refers to the act of judging peoples character in discourse. Judgments of peoples character can be positive or negative, and they may be judged explicitly or implicitly (Martin & Rose, 2003 : 28). Judgments can be divided into personal judgments and moral judgments, both of which can be positive or negative. Positive personal judgments are referred to as admiration, and negative ones as criticism. Positive moral judgments are referred to as praise, and negative ones as condemnation. 3. Appreciating the Value of Thing (Appreciation) Appreciation has something to do with aesthetic evaluation of human with appreciating the value of things in discourse. It deals with evaluation, which is concerned with positive and negative assessment of objects, artifacts, processes and states of affairs rather than with human behavior. Martin and Rose (2003) argued that appreciation is thought of as institutionalization of feelings,

in context of preposition. Thus, both judgment and appreciation refer to the object being evaluated. But the difference is judgment done toward people, whereas appreciation done toward things. Moreover, appreciation can be done towards thing positively or negatively. b. Amplifying Attitudes Amplifying or graduation describes the intensity of appraisal in terms of two independent dimensions of force (or intensity) and focus (or prototypicality). Graduation is largely expressed via modifiers such as very (increased force), slightly (decreased force), truly (sharpened focus), or sort of (softened focus), but may be also expressed lexically in a head of adjective, e.g., greatest vs. great vs. good (whitelaw, 2005). In addition, appraisal group comprises a head of adjective with defined attitude type, with an optional preceding list of appraisal modifiers. For example, not extremely brilliant, has head brilliant and modifiers not and extremely. The word extremely shows that the level of brilliant is high. It will has different meaning if we only say that not brilliant. Not extremely brilliant and not brilliant looks like similar but the sense is different. Another example, I highly recommend and I recommend, I highly recommend means that recommend is serious and it should be take, compare to I recommend which implies you may not take it if you mind. One of distinctive features of attitudes, according to Martin and Rose (2003: 37), is that they are gradable, which means we can say how strongly we feel about someone or something. For example, if we say that someone is intelligent, we may place his intelligence on a certain scale and rank it highly or lowly in relation to other choices we can make: Extremely intelligent high grading Sharply intelligent Really intelligent Quite intelligent Fairly intelligent Somewhat intelligent low grading (Martin and Rose, 2003: 38) From the scale above, we can see that some choices turn the volume up, extremely and sharply for instance, and others tone is down, for example fairly and somewhat. We will also see about two kinds of resources for amplification, the first one is for turning the volume up and down. These resources include words that intensify meanings, such as very/really/extremely, and vocabulary items that include degrees of intensity, such as happy/delighted/ecstatic. As mentioned before, there are two dimensions of amplification. First, amplifying which shown as intensity we can refer to as force. The second one is involves sharpening or softening categories of people and things, using words such as about/exactly or real/sort of/ kind of. This kind of amplifying is referred to as focus. 1. Amplifying the Force of Attitudes As mentioned before, words that amplify the force of attitudes are very/really/extremely. These kinds of words are known as intensifiers. Intensifiers make it possible for to compare things to say how strongly we feel about someone or something, by comparison to others. For instance, the word best may be implicitly compared with worst in a sentence such as: The white people become dissatisfied with the best they got. The word best may also be

compared with better in a sentence such as: The white had the best but they still wanted better. According to Martin and Rose (2003: 38) these comparison are possible, because the worth of things is gradable. We can divide it into best/better/good/bad/worse/worst. Then, they are three kind degrees of intensity that include in vocabulary items: happy/delighted/ecstatic, these kinds of words called attitudinal lexis (Martin and Rose, 2003: 39), i.e. lexis with attitude. As mentioned before, we have looked at the intensifiers, for instance better/best, all/several/some (show grading of quantity), and must/would/might (show grading of modality), are called grammatical items. That is their meaning depends on being combined with content words. By contrast, content words are technically referred to as lexical items, or simply lexis. Martin and Rose state that attitudinal lexis includes metaphor and swearing. Metaphor may effectively intensify the degree of felling involved. For example, about Helenas love story taken from Martin and Rose, she wrote He was ice cold in a sweltering night. The italic word tells us how cold the man was to Helena, just like an ice. She felt when they are dating; their relationship is not so beautiful. Swearing may also use to express a feeling of frustration. In this case, Helena frustration with the white South African leaders, she said that I understand if Mr. (F.W.) de Klerk says he didnt know, but dammit, there must be a clique, . . . . . . . .dammit! What else can be this abnormal life be than a cruel human rights violation?. 2. The Sharpening and Softening of Experiential: Focus Contrast to first kind of amplification, force, focus tells about resources for making something that is inherently non-gradable gradable. For instance, someone may be say that he is a teacher. Experientially, he sets him up as having one kind of job rather than another (lawyer, doctor, police, sailor, soldier, etc.). Classifications of this type are categorical distinctions he is a teacher as opposed to something else. However, a teacher may say: Im a real teacher, perhaps as opposed to one who never prepares himself to teach well in class, who always comes to class without any preparation, for whom the term a cheater may be more appropriate. This in effect turns a categorical boundary between types of professions into a graded one, allowing for various degrees of teacherhood. This implies that there are teachers who are not real teachers, who teach only half-heartedly, who are not really qualified to be teachers. In addition to things, types of qualities and even categorical concepts like numbers can also be sharpened or softened. For example, deep blue vs.light blue; about three years ago vs.exactly three years ago. In an expression I saw it with my own eyes, the word own sharpens the category my eyes, that is, they are my eyes and not someone elses eyes. In the expression This is not quite my first visit to this town, not quite is an example of softened focus. All of the resources for amplification, both force and focus, are technically referred to as graduation. c. Sources of Attitudes The last region of appraisal that has to be considered is the sources of attitudes who are the evaluations are coming from? In narrative, the evaluation

quiet probably comes from the narrator. For example, when the narrator says, it was a beautiful relationship, it shows the narrators opinion. However, a text writer may give voice to other sources by quoting or reporting what other people said. Martin and Rose use term heterogloss where the source of attitude is other than the writer and monogloss (single voice) where the source is the author. Technically, sourcing resources are referred to as engagement. Public Speaking Public speaking is one of discipline that should students get when they are train to be a teacher. This discipline use to prepare the students to speak publicly. According to The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Nunberg et al; Suya Lin 2008: 4) public speaking is the act, art, or process of making effectives speeches before an audience. In America, public speaking is an integral part of higher education; many American colleges and universities offer public speaking as a required course at the undergraduate level. Lucas in Suya Lin (2008: 4) defines public speaking as a way of making ideas public of sharing them with other people and of influencing other people. Additionally, public speaking adds to the knowledge and wisdom of listeners and influences theirs attitudes and behavior. As a major form of communication, public speaking may be used to inform, to persuade, or to entertain. In addition, Suya Lin (2005) states that public speaking is a course that is specially design to help students develop their communicative competence; moreover, it fits nicely into the teaching mode of integrated skills training since it emphasizes all of the four major aspects of English learning: listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Based on the definition above, I conclude that public speaking is a place for the students to share their feelings, ideas, thoughts and opinions in a social interaction, but sometimes it could be as a place to measure how competence he in public speaking activity. Speech Public speaking is an act to reflect our feelings and attitudes. Speech is one of way to serve public speaking. By speech, we may inform, demonstrate or introduce our self. So that the purpose of why we speak can be reach. As we know, every speech should have an introduction to grab audiences attention and preview the main idea, a body of information to support the main idea, and a conclusion to summarize the main points and close the speech. In prosodic level, Kendon (1974) founds that the stroke phase of speech accompanying gestures tends to co-occur with or just before the phonologically most prominen syllable of the accompanying speech (cited in Cassell and Stone, 1999). Generally, in preparing speech we need an extraordinary work. We should choose the topic that we know well and design a simple outline to make it easier to understand. In speech, the ability to organize the ideas is a principal objective of education. Effective organization of ideas may help us to determine how much to say and make our topic is enough to interest and inform the audience. Good organization in delivering speech makes it easier to follow and increases the chances that the audience gets the point. The good organization of a speech is helped by an outline. Outline is a useful tool in planning for delivering the speech. An outline provides a speaker with a framework or main point for the

development of ideas. A planning outline helps in determining the organizational sequence that makes the topic that presenting to the audience clear. So, an outline can be said as an assistant of the speaker when he delivering his speech. Review Related Findings There are some findings in relation with Appraisal Devices System: Prasetyanti (2011) in her study entitle Appraisal devices used to realize attitude in Soekarnos speech founds that in that speech contain three kinds of attitudes, they are affect, judgment, and appreciation. She founds that Soekarno represented both positive and negative in his speech with negative attitudes more often that positive ones. Fadlillah (2009) with title Paul Barrells Attitude Toward The Royaisal Family In A Royal Duty View From Appraisal Devices. In this study, she also found the three kinds of attitude, affect, judgment, and appreciation. All items contains both positive and negative. Warsono (2009) with title Appraisal Devices As A Means To Disclose Ideological Stance. He found three kinds of appraisal devices, firstly, attitude, It can be seen that the writer, an expert of terrorism Rohan Gunaratna has strong negative feelings about the subject of the text he wrote, which is Al-Qaeda, and consequently he has strong negative judgment as well as strong negative appreciation about it. He used mostly affect system in presenting his attitude towards Al-Qaeda. Secondly, amplification system, the writer mostly used amplifying force instead of sharpening or softening focus in showing how strength he feels about subject he wrote. Finally, the source of this is Al-Qaeda, and he will responsible of it. It can be concluded that the writers stance or attitude towards Al-Qaeda, the subject his text, is strongly negative, that is, he believes that Al-Qaeda is an evil and dangerous organization. Valentina (2008) in her study entitled Analisis Sistem Appraisal dan Ideologi dalam Kolom Punk-Zine founds that the writer have different point of view relates to policy that have been made by President Reagan. They think that the goverment make so many rules that locked up their creativity. In Yasmiatis study on 2012 about Analysis of attitude using appraisal devices in Ruyati binti Satubis case the Jakarta post on-line news, she founds that affect that mostly used is negative affect. Based on the finding above, we can conclude that appraisal devices used to analyze the content discourse or texts, to know how far it can be influence the audiences, and concerned to analyze the emotion of the writer. METHOD OF THE RESEARCH Type of this research was descriptive analysis. This was used to analyze the amplification that used in Obamas political speeches. The analysis done by using Appraisal systems offered by Martin and Rose (2003). This qualitative-descriptive method of investigation is accomplished into two stages. First, the speechs transcript (text) was closely read to get a comprehensive understanding of its content. Second, the text was broken down into clauses, and then each clause analyzed by using the appraisal system offered by Martin and Rose (2003). In this way, the text is first approached from a

general point of view that, the text was treated as a whole, and then it was approached from a more specific one clause by clause, and finally to the smallest units words of appraisal devices that the text writer uses to realize interpersonal meanings. Participants As this study employs qualitative method of analysis, the analysis documents /text used for collecting the data. In data collection, process of analyzing the text is by closely reading text. This was done in order to have a comprehensive understanding of the content of the text which then form the basis for further analysis. Instrumentation Since the data is the speeches delivered by a famous leader, the type of data is document of the speech. According to Creswell (2005: 219) documents consist of public and private records that qualitative researchers obtain about a site or participants in a study and they can include newspapers, minutes of meetings, personal journals, and letters. These sources provide valuable information in helping researchers understand central phenomena in qualitative studies. The transcibe was analyzed more and was supported by the experts ideas. The title of the documentation describe on the table below: Table 3.1 Speeches of Mr. Obama Title of Speech Date of Published This is your victory. Thursday, 11/06/2008 Protecting our security and our values. Thursday, 05/21/2009 The battle we are waging against an oil Wednesday, 06/15/2010 spill that is assaulting our shores and our citizens. The death of bin Laden marks significant Sunday, 05/01/2011 achievement to date in our nations effort to defeat Al-Qaeda. The strength of our Nations special bond Sunday, 04/03/2012 with Israel.

NO 1. 2. 3.

4.

5.

Technique of Collecting Data As mentioned before, since the data is the speeches delivered by a famous leader, the type of data is document of the speech. The document was collected by download the Obamas political speeches. Technique of Analyzing Data In analyzing the data, the researcher followed Martin and Rose analysis (2003). To come to the analysis of the types of amplification used in Obamas political speeches, some procedure should be carried out. Here are some procedures in analyzing qualitative data (Creswell, 2005: 232-240): 1. Organize the data At an early stage in qualitative analysis, organizing the data is very critical because tha large amount of information gathered during the

study. In this stage, the data organized based on the need of the researcher. 2. Transcribe the data Transcription is the process of converting audiotape recordings or fieldnotes into text data (Creswell, 2005: 233). In this stage, the researcher made the print out of the data transcription so that it was easy to be analyzed. 3. Analyzing the data The data was analyzed based on Appraisal system offered by Martin and Rose (2003). 4. Interpreting the data At the last, the researcher should interpret the result of data analysis. Throughout the process of data collection and analysis, the researcher need to make sure that his findings and interpretations are accurate. Validating findings means that the researcher determines the accuracy or credibility of the findings through strategies such as member checking or triangulation. Member checking is a process in which the researcher asks one or more participants in the study to check the accuracy of the account. This check involves taking the findings back to participants and asking them about the accuracy of the report. Triangulation is the process of corroborating evidence from different individuals (e.g., a principal and a student), types of data (e.g., observational fieldnotes and interviews), or methods of data collection (e.g., documents and interviews) in descriptions and themes in qualitative research. The inquirer examines each information source and finds evidence to support a theme. This ensures that the study will be accurate because the information draws on multiple sources of information, individuals, or processes. In this way, it encourages the researcher to develop a report that is both accurate and credible (Creswell, 2005: 252). FINDINGS This chapter aimed to answer the research questions affirmed in a previous chapter. It is to find out type of amplification used in Mr. Obamas political speeches. The analysis is conducted by observing which types of appraisal devices, mostly used and which used the least, which types belongs to force, which types belongs to focus. They are the analysis of social practice, discourse practice, and the texts. a. Amplifying the force of attitude Excerpt 1: A little bit earlier this evening, I received an extraordinarily gracious call from Sen. (see appendix I, p. 38, par. 7, line 1) This sentence shows that Mr. Obama could not be there without Mr. McCain. Mr. McCain is a person who became a weapon in Mr. Obamas campaign. He sets everything that might be used in Mr. Obamas campaign. Without him, it is possible that Mr. Obama would there to deliver his victory speech. excerpt 2: It drew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on doors of perfect strangers, and from the millions of Americans who volunteered and

organized and proved that more than two centuries later a government of the people, by the people, and for the people has not perished from the Earth. (see appendix I, P. 39, par. 20, line 1) The focus, in this sentence indicates metaphors lies on the utterance bitter cold and scorching heat. This utterances mean that during his campaign, his success team who very brave to persuade people and knock on the strangers house to make them to choose Mr. Obama. They do not care although the weather is cold or hot, their bravely campaign that Mr. Obama is suitable to change Mr. Bushs position, though he is only a black. The second speech entitled protecting our security and our values. It means that Mr. Obama needs the corporation from all elements of American to protect American secure and value. Excerpt 3: The engines of our economy are slowly beginning to turn, and we are working toward historic reform of health care and energy. (see appendix II, p. 44, par 2, line 4) The force in this sentence is lies on sentence slowly beginning to turn. It means that economy system of America is not in a good condition. The descent happen step by step and it is could be as a threatening for American economic. Excerpt 4: We know that al Qaeda is actively planning to attack us again. We know that this threat will be with us for a long time, and that we must use all elements of our power to defeat it. (see appendix II, p. 44, par 4, line 4) This assertion clearly declared by Mr. Obama because Al Qaeda is an organization that became American enemy after 9/11 attack. In sentence, actively planning means that Al Qaeda organization always sets the planning to attack and destroy America. Therefore, Mr. Obama persuades all American to unite to defeat Al Qaedas attack and its affiliate that day by day become serious. Excerpt 5: We are building new partnerships around the world to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al Qaeda and its affiliates. And we have renewed American diplomacy so that we once again have the strength and standing to truly lead the world. (see appendix II, p. 44, par 5, line 9) The italic sentence implies that the purpose of American Presidents plan is to get the space and beliefs in lead the world again. He needs beliefs and chance from another country in leading the world like usual in every aspects of life. In this case, he concerns in building a new partnership to defeat Al-Qaeda, so that he is able to lead another country to dismantle and defeat terrorism in the world including Al-Qaeda who become first enemy in America. Excerpt 6: Instead of strategically applying our power and our principles, we too often set those principles aside as luxuries that we could no longer afford. (see appendix II, p. 46, par 14, line 5) Strategically applying in this sentence implies that we have to know when we should used our power and principle as an effort, the application of the power and principle plan systematically to reach the target. Excerpt 7: Instead of building a durable framework for the struggle against Al Qaeda that drew upon our deeply held values and

traditions, our government was defending positions that undermined the rule of law. (see appendix II, p. 47, par 22, line 2) The sentence deeply held means Al Qaeda has attack America deep down to the American values and traditions. Al Qaeda thinks that America is a liberal country that should be destroys for religion value. Different faith and religion between Al Qaeda and almost American became a main reason why Al Qaeda should destroy this country, including its value and tradition that known free . Excerpt 8: For example, the court order to release seventeen Uighur detainees took place last fall when George Bush was President. The Supreme Court that invalidated the system of prosecution at Guantanamo in 2006 was overwhelmingly appointed by Republican Presidents. (see appendix II, p. 48, par 26, line 3) Overwhelmingly appointed here means that the system of prosecution at Guantanamo in 2006 is based on Republican Presidents. It is indicates that the government still not give enough chance for citizens to tell their opinion and aspiration. Excerpt 9: Let me begin by disposing of one argument as plainly as I can: we are not going to release anyone if it would endanger our national security, nor will we release detainees within the United States who endanger the American people. Where demanded by justice and national security, we will seek to transfer some detainees to the same type of facilities in which we hold all manner of dangerous and violent criminals within our borders highly secure prisons that ensure the public safety. (see appendix II, p. 48, par 30, line 1&6) The force lies in as plainly as I can, which means that Mr. Obama has planned to protect American security from Al Qaedas attack. He is also increase level of secure in America to ensure the public safety. The sentence highly secure prisons implies the assertions, which means Mr. Obama have provide the prisons with high level secure to protect and ensure the public safety. Excerpt 10: As we do so, we are acutely aware that under the last Administration, detainees were released only to return to the battlefield. That is why we are doing away with the poorly planned, haphazard approach that let those detainees go in the past. (see appendix II, p. 46-49, par 31, line 3&5) The sentence acutely aware indicates that Mr. Obama aware that detainees only used as weapon that return to the battlefield. While for poorly planned indicates that American are treating these cases with the care and attention that the law requires and the security demands. Going forward, these cases will fall into five distinct categories. Excerpt 11: In 2006, I did strongly oppose legislation proposed by the Bush Administration and passed by the Congress because it failed to establish a legitimate legal framework, with the kind of meaningful due process and rights for the accused that could stand up on appeal. (see appendix II, p. 49, par 35, line 2)

The increasing emphasis was expressed in strongly oppose, which indicates that Mr. Obama incredible disagree to Mr. Bush. He strongly refused the legislation proposed by Mr. Bush because he thinks that policy will suffer the detainee. Excerpt 12: The third category of detainees includes those who we have been ordered released by the courts. Let me repeat what I said earlier: this has absolutely nothing to do with my decision to close Guantnamo. It has to do with the rule of law. (see appendix II, p. 50, par 37, line 1) Increased emphasis was expressed in a sentence absolutely nothing. This expression expressed that Mr. Obama incredible threat that nobody could stop him to close Guantanamo because it has to do with the rule of law. Everybody should obey the rule for American safety. Excerpt 13: That is why my Administration has begun to reshape these standards to ensure they are in line with the rule of law. We must have clear, defensible and lawful standards for those who fall in this category. We must have fair procedures so that we dont make mistakes. We must have a thorough process of periodic review, so that any prolonged detention is carefully evaluated and justified. (see appendix II, p. 50, par 41, line 8) The amplification in this sentence relies on so that any prolonge detention is carefully evaluated and justified. Carefully evaluated means that the Presidents administration should be really checked to ensure reduce the mistake that might be happen to the American. This statement shows us that the plan, even the Presidents plan need a process to reduce the mistakes, so that the administration that has been plan will be fair. Excerpt 14: I released the memos because the existence of that approach to interrogation was already widely known, the Bush Administration had acknowledged its existence, and I had already banned those methods. (see appendix II, p. 51, par 46, line 5) The force lies on widely known that indicates the approach to investigation already known for all American people. So, it is impossible that American does not know about that approach. Excerpt 15: I will never abandon I will vigorously defend the necessity of classification to defend our troops at war; to protect sources and methods; and to safeguard confidential actions that keep the American people safe. (see appendix II, p. 52, par 51, line 5) Vigorously defend here means that Mr. Obama will defend to protect sources and methods, also to safeguard the confidential actions that keep the American people safe from Al Qaedas attack. Excerpt 16: Along those same lines, my Administration is also confronting challenges to what is known as the State Secrets privilege. This is a doctrine that allows the government to challenge legal cases involving secret programs. It has been used by many past Presidents Republican and Democrat for many decades. and

while this principle is absolutely necessary to protect national security, I am concerned that it has been over-used. (see appendix II, p. 52, par 52, line 5) The amplification found here implies that altough President Obamas administration is confronting challenges and known as State Secrets privilege, he sure that this principle needs to American protection. This principle will increase the security level in America, so that the public safety that become one of crucial problem in America will be better. Excerpt 17: There is a core principle that we will apply to all of our actions: even as we clean up the mess at Guantnamo, we will constantly re-evaluate our approach, subject our decisions to review from the other branches of government, and seek the strongest and most sustainable legal framework for addressing these issues in the long-term. . By doing that, we can leave behind a legacy that outlasts my Administration, and that endures for the next President and the President after that; a legacy that protects the American people, and enjoys broad legitimacy at home and abroad. (see appendix II, p. 53, par 56, line 2) In this case, constantly re-evaluate expresses how the government will permanently revise the approach and make it perfect. They will always revise it so that the rules are suitable for the American people. In sentence we can leave behind a legacy that outlasts my Administration, Mr. Obama declares that the old legacy should be re-evaluated to make it stronger. A great legacy of a country will protect American people and enjoys broad legitimacy at home and abroad. In this speech, researcher found that the amplification, especially force used by Mr. Obama. The amplification found commonly imply the intensifiers and less imply about metaphor. In contrast, researcher found nothing that indicates attitudinal lexis and swearing. (see appendix VI) Excerpt 18: These servicemen and women are ready to help stop the oil from coming ashore, they're ready to help clean the beaches, train response workers, or even help with processing claims, and I urge the governors in the affected states to activate these troops as soon as possible. (see appendix III, p. 57, par 10, line 7) The sentence above implies that meny volunteer that ready to help to clean the oil in the beach to safe the ecosystem around the beach and help to activate the troops soon to keep the beach. Excerpt 19: A few months ago, I approved a proposal to consider new, limited offshore drilling under the assurance that it would be absolutely safe, that the proper technology would be in place and the necessary precautions would be taken. (see appendix III, p. 59, par 25, line 2) Absolutely safe here means that the limited offshore drilling is almost have no risk for human life, because it under assurance license that will be responsible if there is something bad happen. So, the citizens should afraid because it is very safe for the environment.

Excerpt 20: And while I urge the commission to complete its work as quickly as possible, I expect them to do that work thoroughly and impartially. (see appendix III, p. 59, par 29, line 1) In this sentence, the amplification expression lies on as quickly as possible which means that Mr. Obama as a President should complete his work very quickly to protect American secure. He expects that they do the work thoroughly and impartially. Excerpt 21: Oil companies showered regulators with gifts and favors and were essentially allowed to conduct their own safety inspections and write their own regulations. (see appendix III, p. 60, par 29, line 2) The amplification in this sentence implies in essentially allowed. Essentially allowed here means that oil companies approve to us to conduct our own safety inspection and write our own regulations. They let us to do that suitable to our environment and our safety standard. Excerpt 22: For decades, we have known the days of cheap and easily accessible oil were numbered. For decades, we've talked and talked about the need to end America's century-long addiction to fossil fuels. And for decades, we have failed to act with the sense of urgency that this challenge requires. (see appendix III, p. 60, par, line 1) Easily accessible means that cheap oil that will we get is limited. The limitation of numbered of oil that we get it because the increasingly of oil consume in the world. Therefore, oil companies give the cheap oil in limited quantity. For decades, we have talked and talked about the need to end America's century-long addiction to fossil fuels. In addition, for decades, we have failed to act with the sense of urgency that this challenge requires. Excerpt 23: So I'm happy to look at other ideas and approaches from either party, as long as they seriously tackle our addiction to fossil fuels. Some have suggested raising efficiency standards in our buildings, like we did in our cars and trucks. Some believe we should set standards to ensure that more of our electricity comes from wind and solar power. Others wonder why the energy industry only spends a fraction of what the high-tech industry does on research and development, and want to rapidly boost our investments in such research and development. (see appendix III, p. 61, par 43, line 1&2) This sentence indicates two amplifications. The first is as long as they seriously which means how serious their ideas and their approaches in decrease our addict to fossil oil. The second one is seriously tackle which means they are incredible serious to help to descent the using of fossil fuels and try to press the addict of our country from it. The last one, implies that another country strongly support the america especially in the investment of their research and development. Excerpt 24: The one answer I will not settle for is the idea that this challenge is somehow too big and too difficult to meet. (see appendix III, p. 62, par 44, line 2)

In this amplification, Mr. Obama compare the idea as a challenge in his presidency. He claims that the idea and approaches is very large and seems very hard to apply. Excerpt 25: Instead, what has defined us as a nation since our founding is the capacity to shape our destiny, our determination to fight for the America we want for our children. Even if we don't yet precisely know how we're going to get there, we know we'll get there. (see apendix III, p. 62, par 47, line 3) Expressions precisely know shows the uncertainty of Mr. Obama about the shape of determination to fight for America, to safe our children, women and old women. Excerpt 26: The oil spill is not the last crisis America will face. This nation has known hard times before, and we will surely know them again. What see us through -- what has always seen us through -- is our strength, our resilience, and our unyielding faith that something better awaits us if we summon the courage to reach for it. (see appendix III, p. 62, par 53, line 1) The sentence above implies that many problems that faced by American people which make it dissapear. But, they plan to raise up because they believes that one day they will widely known just like long time ago, and they believes that there is something better awaits them in the future. Excerpt 27: We quickly learned that the 9/11 attacks were carried out by al-Qaeda an organization headed by Osama Bin Laden, which had openly declared war on the United States and was committed to killing innocents in our country and around the globe. (see appendix IV, p. 64, par 5, line 2&4) 9/11 attacked gives the most important learning for American people, obviously for President of America. They learn very quickly to improve their secure system to protect American people and to plan the strategy to defeat Al Qaeda. As we know, 9/11 attack is an international tragedy, Osama bin Laden as a leader incredible declare that he and his organization will destroy America. Excerpt 28: The reality that Israel faces from shifting demographics, to emerging technologies, to an extremely difficult international environment demands a resolution of this issue. (see appendix V, p. 71, par 19, line 1) Extremely difficult indicates that the condition is incredible difficult Almost no chance. This utterance shows the increasing expression because extremely is a low grading. Excerpt 29: A nuclear-armed Iran is completely counter to Israels security interests. But it is also counter the national security interests of the United States. (see appendix V, p. 72, par 25, line 1) Completely counter shows that counter to the national security interests of the United States is now available.

Excerpt 30: A nuclear-armed Iran would thoroughly undermine the nonpoliferation regime that we have done so much to build. (see appendix V, p. 72, par 26, line 1) In this result, Mr. Obama plans to limit the using of nuclear weapon. The limitation aims to safe the security not only in America but also in another country who disagree to the uses of nuclear weapon. Excerpt 31: In the region, Iran was ascendant increasingly popular, and extending its reach. In other words, the Iranian leadership was united and on the move, and the international community was divided about how to go forward. (see appendix V, p. 72, par 28, line 3) Increasingly popular means that Iran become worldwide trending topic because of its nuclear weapon. Iranian regimes incredible refused American policy of engagement. Excerpt 32: In fact, our policy of engagement quickly rebuffed by the Iranian regime allowed us to rally the international community as never before. (see appendix V, p.72, par 29, line 4) Quickly rebuffed means that Iranian denied to stop the use of weapon and do not care about policy and engagemnet from America. Excerpt 33: Security council overwhelmingly supported a comprehensive sanctions efforts. Few thought that sanctions could have an immediate bite on the Iranian regime. (see appendix V, p. 73, par 30, line 4) Overwhelmingly supported means that Security Council agrees with comprehensive sanctions effort. Few thought that sanctions could have an immediate bite on the Iranian regime. Excerpt 34: The United States and Israel both assess that Iran does not yet have a nuclear weapon, and we are exceedingly vigilant in monitoring their program. (see appendix V, p. 73, par 33, line 2) The expression exceedingly vigilant means that The United States and Israel both assess that Iran does not yet have a nuclear weapon should incredible alert to Iran regimes to monitoring their program in using nuclear weapon. b. The sharpening and softening of experiential: focus Excerpt 1: It drew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on doors of perfect strangers. (see appendix I, p. 39, par 20, line 1) It means that the people with age not too old and not young soften by using not so young, so we can imagine that his age in range 25-30 years old. Excerpt 2: I stand here today as someone whose own life was made possible by these documents. My father came to our shores in search of the promise that they offered. My mother made me rise before dawn to learn of their truth when I lived as a child in a foreign land. My own American journey was paved by generations of citizens who gave meaning to those simple words to form a more perfect union. I have studied the Constitution as a student; I have taught it

as a teacher; I have been bound by it as a lawyer and legislator. (see appendix II, p. 45, par 6, line 1) In this section, Mr. Obama sees himself as having one kind of job rather than another. First number indicates that his sets himself as a student, which means that he is really a student. For the second, Mr. Obama sees himself as a teacher that taught the students. The last, Mr. Obama sets himself in two kinds of job that is a lawyer and legislator. This finding indicates that Mr. Obama usually sharpen his feeling when he deliver his speech. But rarely, he also used soften idea to express his feeling.
Excerpt 3: And so I've established a national commission to understand the

causes of this disaster and offer recommendations on what additional safety and environmental standards we need to put in place. Already I've issued a six-month moratorium on deep-water drilling. (see appendix III, p. 59, par 27, line 3) Because of oil spill accident, the President should think the way to clean the beach to keep the life aroud beach safe. Deep water drilling needs to absorb the oil ashore and reduce the soiled that happened in the beach. Excerpt 4: We cannot consign our children to this future. The tragedy unfolding on our coast is the most painful and powerful reminder yet that the time to embrace a clean-energy future is now. Now is the moment for this generation to embark on a national mission to unleash America's innovation and seize control of our own destiny. (see appendix III, p. 60, par 39, line 1) The tragedy that was happened in America is the most painful event ever American faced, because of that spill, the fishermen could not work and get the money to survive. A clean-energy future expects to be able to help to safe the energy so that all people could use it as a tool for survive. Excerpt 5: As we speak, old factories are reopening to produce wind turbines, people are going back to work installing energy-efficient windows, and small businesses are making solar panels. (see appendix III, p. 61, par 41, line 1) Energy-efficient windows means that American should think about the efficiency of using energy. By that, all people are able to live better. DISCUSSION From the data analysis above, the researcher inferred the research into some discussions. Firstly, the speech conveyed can make people carried away: they may cry, laugh or angry, since as a means of human communication, in delivering speech, a speaker uses his gestures, facial expression and body posture to send his intended messages (Prasetyanti, 2011). Those elements influence people whether they will listen to what he say. Secondly, The force of amplification implies in the some sample analysis below: In excerpt 1, A little bit earlier this evening, I received an extraordinarily gracious call from Sen, Mr. Obama sent his thankfulness to Mr. Sen because he

had gave the oppurtunity to Mr. Obama to follow the President election in 2008. Surprisingly, he won the election and became a new President of America. Also, he sent his thankfulness to the succes team and volunteer which implied in excerpt 2, It drew strength from the not-so-young people who braved the bitter cold and scorching heat to knock on doors of perfect strangers, and from the millions of Americans who volunteered and organized and proved that more than two centuries later a government of the people, by the people, and for the people has not perished from the Earth. Mr. Obamas speeches almost contain about two problems, that is security and value. In excerpt 4, We know that al Qaeda is actively planning to attack us again. We know that this threat will be with us for a long time, and that we must use all elements of our power to defeat it. In this case, the assertion clearly declared by Mr. Obama that the Al Qaeda is an organization that become the enemy after the 9/11 attack. It was the traumatic event that ever done in America. Until now, the Al Qaeda still set the plan to once again destroy the America. Talking about Al Qaeda, Mr. Obama always puts the negative judgement because that tragic event had killed 2000 innocent women and children. So that, when he delivers his speech, he always remind his society to be aware of Al Qaeda and increase the national security. In line with excerpt 4, in excerpt 5, We are building new partnerships around the world to disrupt, dismantle, and defeat al Qaeda and its affiliates. And we have renewed American diplomacy so that we once again have the strength and standing to truly lead the world. It means that Mr. Obama also searching for another help to defeat Al Qaeda and its affiliation. He also persuades all Americans to keep the value so that their country will be stronger. It lies on the excerpt 6, Instead of strategically applying our power and our principles, we too often set those principles aside as luxuries that we could no longer afford. Here, Mr. Obama
persuades his audience to set the systematically plan to protect the values and the princiles of America, so that another contries could not be able to destroy the America.

The result of text analysis based on system amplification offered by Martin and Rose (2003: 37) shows that the speaker, Mr. Obama, mostly uses amplifying force instead of sharpening or softening focus in showing the strength of his feelings towards the subject he is talking. This result was supported by the audiovisual of Obamas speeches taken from youtube. Finding in this research in line with Valentina (2008) and Warsono (2009) which found that the writer mostly uses force than focus to show the strength of his feelings. Conclusions Based on the data analysis explained in chapter IV, the researcher will describe some conclusions as in the following: 1. There are five Obamas on-line speeches became the data of this research. Whole speeches employ two kinds of amplification; force and focus. The use of force dominates the percentage of amplification used. It is reasonable because the texts aim to giving information and persuade people to re-building American legacy and to against Al Qaeda. However, the speaker, Mr. Obama, used force in higher proportion comparing the focus. 2. Dealing with five speeches, Mr. Obama represents his speeches by using force and focus. He uses force more often than focus. The usage

of intensifiers, metaphor, sharpening and soften stronger his speeches message to the audiences. 3. The researcher concludes that findings on amplification in five on-line speeches of Obama using appraisal devices.

Suggestions Concerning the above conclusions, it was requirement for the researcher to give some suggestion as in the following: 1. In religious context, the Missionaries, Preachers or Ustadz should be able to amplify language in delivering speech to avoid misunderstanding to another faith. 2. The other Presidents should be able to learn how to conduct and deliver the speech well by amplifying good language and attitude as President Obama did, to grab the peoples attention. 3. The Politicians should be able to convey the speech in order to send strength of his/her intended messages by using Appraisal devices that is amplification.

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