PERKEMBANGAN SOSIAL & KEPRIBADIAN

Psikologi Umum 2 Universitas Bunda Mulia

Social & Personality Development

Social development encompasses the ways in which a persons interactions and relationships wiht others change as that person grows older. Personality development describes the emergence of the distinctive styles of thought, feeling and behavior that make each human being a unique individual.

Social & Personality Development Perspectives

Psychoanalitic theory Psychosocial theory Social learning perspectives Cognitive development perspectives Biological perspectives

Biological Contribution
Babies appear to be biologically programmed to interact with other humans, responding especially to their voices and faces. An infants social smile, triggered by the sight of a human face, has survival value because it strenghtens the bond with the caregiver. Each baby is also born with his or her own temperament, or behavioral disposition. But biologically alone does not determine how we develop. Rather, what we inherit at birth is a range of developmental possibilities, a reaction range, which can be fulfilled or thwarted depending on experiences.

Emotional Attachment
The formation of emotional bonds with caregiver, or attachment, is a central factor in development during infancy. Depending on how responsive the caregiver is, a baby may form:
Secure attachment Anxious attachment

The kind of attachment, in turn, can affect later social and personality development.

Baumrind Parenting Style

Permissive Style Lacking of rules for appropriate behavior Harsh, inflexible, and unresponsive to childs wishes Warm, responsive, and flexible, but setting firm limits when needed Impact Impulsive and lacking iin self-reliance Moody and have problems with peers Friendly, independent, and in control of themselves

Authoritarian

Authoritative

Day Care
People have wondered if a secure attachment to the mother is jeopardized if a baby is placed in day care while the mother works. Research suggest that the answer is no, as long as the mother continues to be responsive to her baby and the day care is good.

Child Abuse
Various forms of child abuse can have devastating effects on children:
Apathy Blunted emotions Low self esteem

Parents can also negatively affect the children by marital conflict and divorce. But a strong, caring relationship with at least one of the parents can do much to overcome any adverse reactions.

Gender Roles
Gender roles are the patterns of behavior the males and females in general tend to have in common, despite their individual difference of personality. Although biology may contribute to the behavioral differences between the sexes, learning also plays an important part.

Socialization & Internalization

Socialization is the process of instilling societys values into children. The basic goal of socialization is internalization.
Internalization incorporating social values to such an extent that their violation produces guilt.

Socialization plays keyrole in the development of moral thought and behavior.

Internalization Process
Psychoanalitic a child internalizes the moral code of the same-sex parent during resolution of the oedipus conflict. Social learning theory children acquire morality gradually by observing good behavior in others, being rewarded for their own good deeds, and experiencing punishment when they are bad. Cognitive developmental theory children progress through stages of moral reasoning, each of which reflects their current cognitive level.

Adolescence: Transition Period

Adolescence, the transition from childhood to adulthood, involves several changes:
Physical Psychological Social

Adolescence is marked by the onset of puberty, the period of sexual maturation:

Primary maturation of sexual organs Secondary maturation of other physical traits

With their development of cognitive ability, adolescence are able to analyze the self more abstractly period to search personal identity.

Adult and Later Life

Social and personality development continues througout adulthood in the sense that people continue to face new challenges and new roles. The final years of life can be ones of pleasure and fulfillment, especially for people who have found satisfaction in their marriage, family and work and who to continue to be mentally active.

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Were developed by Erik Erikson, and describe eight developmental stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges. Each stage builds on the successful completion of earlier stages. The challenges of stages not successfully completed may be expected to reappear as problems in the future. Note: While Erikson first identified eight stages of development, later students of Erikson added two more to further refine Adolescence and Adulthood.

Infancy (Birth-12 Months)

Psychosocial Crisis: Trust vs. Mistrust Main question asked: "Is my world predictable and supportive?" Central Task: Receiving care Positive Outcome: Trust in people and the environment Ego Quality: Hope Definition: Enduring belief that one can attain ones deep and essential wishes Developmental Task: Social attachment; Maturation of sensory, perceptual, and motor functions; Primitive causality

Younger Years (1-2 Years)

Psychosocial Crisis: Autonomy vs. Shame & doubt Main question asked: "Can I do it by myself? Or will I always need assistance" This question becomes important with the child and toilet training and how the parents react to the childs newfound independence Central Task: Imitation Positive Outcome: Pride in self; Assertion of will in the face of danger Ego Quality: Will Definition: Determination to exercise free choice and self-control Developmental Task: Locomotion; Fantasy play; Language development; Self-control

Early Childhood (3-5 Years)

Psychosocial Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt Main question asked: "Am I good or am I bad?" Central Task: Identification Positive Outcome: Able to initiate activities and enjoy learning Ego Quality: Purpose Definition: Courage to imagine and pursue valued goals Developmental Task: Sex-role identification; Early moral development; Self-esteem; Group play; Egocentrism

Middle Childhood (6 years-Puberty)

Psychosocial Crisis: Industry vs. Inferiority Main question asked: "Am I successful at what I do or am I worthless?" How a child does at school becomes important in development Central Task: Education Positive Outcome: Acquire skills for and develop competence in work; Enjoy achievement Ego Quality: Competence Definition: Free exercise of skill and intelligence in completion of tasks Developmental Task: Friendship; Skill learning; Selfevaluation; Team play things.

Adolescence (12-18 Years)

Psychosocial Crisis: Identity vs. Role Confusion Main question asked: " Who am I? Where am I going in life?" An identity crisis generally happens at this stage because of the changes in an individual. Those changes are physical and cognitive Central Task: Peer group Positive Outcome: A strong group identity; Ready to plan for the future Ego Quality: Loyalty Definition: Ability to freely pledge and sustain loyalty to others Developmental Task: Physical maturation; Emotional development; Membership in peer group; Sexual relationships

Early Adulthood (20s to early 40s)

Psychosocial Crisis: Intimacy vs. Isolation Central Task: Caregiving Positive Outcome: Form close relationships and share with others Ego Quality: Love Definition: Capacity for mutuality that transcends childhood dependency Developmental Task: Stable relationships; Child rearing; Work etc.

Middle Adulthood (Early 40s-60 Years)

Psychosocial Crisis: Generativity vs. Stagnation Main question asked "Will I produce something of value with my life?" Central Task: Creativity Positive Outcome: Nurturing children or helping the next generation in other ways Ego Quality: Care Definition: Commitment to and concern for family and community Developmental Task: Nurture close relationships; Management of career and household; Parenting

Later Adulthood (60 years-Death)

Psychosocial Crisis: Ego integrity vs. despair Central Task: Introspection Positive Outcome: A sense of fulfillment about life; A sense of unity with self and others Ego Quality: Wisdom Definition: Detached yet active concern with life in the face of death Developmental Task: Promote intellectual vigor; Redirect energy to new roles and activities; Develop a point of view about death