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Chapter 1 (Biology: The study of life)

1. Recall the 5 characteristics of life Cells Growth & development Metabolism Respond to stimuli Reproduction 2) Different between two general cell types 1) Prokaryotic A) Bacteria and Orchea B) Single called organisms C) no membrane-bound organelles 2) Eukaryotic A) Organelles enclosed by membrane B) Nucleus contains DNA

3. Recognize, understand and be able to apply the definition of evolution Evolution: change in allele frequency through time, generation after generation, in groups of individuals called populations 4. Recall, understand and be able to apply your understanding of the 4 mechanisms of Evolution 1. Natural selection 2. Mutation 3. Migration 4. Genetic drift

 5. Understand that evolution by natural section *can* occur when there is selection on individuals Selection: demands placed on the organism by the environment with which the organism must cope to continue to survive & reproduce. Some organisms have greater total reproductive success than others. 6. Understand and apply knowledge of the three things necessary for evolution by Natural Selection to occur Selection Selection Evolutionary change Selection No Evolutionary change The three things necessary for evolution by Natural Selection to occur? 1) Variation in trait 2) Differential Reproduction -Environment can support unlimited population growth. -No individual can get to reproduce to their potential - In this example green beetles tend to get eaten by birds and survive to reproduce less often than beathles do . 3) Heredity

 7. Understand that evolution can lead to adaptation adaptation: 1. inherited characteristics that enhance an organisms survival in a particular environment 2. phenomenon of organism being well-suited to its environment 3. process by which organisms become well-suited to specific demands of the environment 8. Understand why evolution is not the same thing as natural selection: 1. selection will not always lead to evolutionary change if traits arent heritable (i.e. passed on from parent to offspring), selection wont lead to evolutionary change 2. there are other mechanisms of evolution mutation genetic drift migration 9. Recognize the hierarchical taxonomic classification system? Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species 10. Understand what causes phenotype

 Genes & environment interact to produce the phenotype phenotype = physical or chemical expression of an organisms genes + environment 11. what science is : Science is a way of thinking and a method of investigation the natural world in a systematic manner in which we generate testable hypothesis, and update and modify ideas. 12. Recognize the properties of a good hypothesis Hypothesis: Tenantable explanation that can be tested. Good hypothesis: Based on the previous research, repeatable and Falsiable (can be proven) 13. Understand what an experiment is Experiment: Involves some sorf of carefully controlled and randomized manipulation. 14. Be able to recognize the properties of a good experiment and be able to evaluate the design of an experiment 15. Be able to recognize a correlational study, recall the properties of a good correlational study, and be able to analyze and draw appropriate conclusions from a correlational study Chapter 2 The chemistry of life: atoms & molecules 1. Understand what a chemical reactions is
A process in which one or more substances (reactants) are chemically changed into one or more new substances (products).

2. Recall why ocean acidification is occurring

 humans are pumping massive amounts of fossil fuels into the atmosphere that CO2 has got to go somewhere a lot of its gone into the oceans this CO2 has caused chemical reactions that have lowered ocean pH this has caused an increase in acidity of about 30% since the start of the industrial revolution Chapter 3 The chemistry of life: Organic compounds 1. Recall why carbon is the central component of organic compounds unique properties make it able to form backbone of large, complex molecules essential to life can form 4 covalent bonds w/ up to 4 atoms single, double, or triple bonds can form straight or branched chains or join into rings carbon bonds are strong and not easily broken 2. what hydrocarbons are? organic compounds consisting only of carbon & hydrogen 3. Isomers: are compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures 4. Recognize common carbohydrates

 sugars, starches and cellulose monosaccharides simple sugars glucose, fructose & ribose glucose & fructose are isomers disaccharides 2 monosaccharides joined together maltose and sucrose polysaccharides most carbohydrates are polysaccharides long chains of repeating simple sugars starch, glycogen and cellulose 5. Recognize common lipids characterized by the fact that they are soluble in some solvents (e.g. ether and chloroform) and relatively insoluble in water biologically important lipids: fats phospholipids carotenoids steroids waxes 6. what a protein: is macromolecules composed of amino acids
amino acids = molecule containing amino group (--NH2) and a carboxyl group (--COOH) the most versatile cell component involved in almost all aspects of metabolism because most enzymes are proteins enzymes: molecules that accelerate chemical reactions in an organism

 7. Understand how protein function is determined & be able to apply your knowledge of how protein function is determined? the chains that make up a protein are twisted or folded to form a macromolecule with a specific conformation (3-D shape) the amino acid sequence of a protein determines its conformation protein conformation determines function a single protein can have more than one distinct structural region, called a domain each domain in a protein can have its own function 8. Recall what nucleic acids are, what theyre composed of and what makes up the nitrogenous base of DNA Chapter 4 Organization of the cell 1. Recall the basics of cell theory 1. basic units of organization and function in all living organisms 2. all cells come from other cells 3. all living cells have evolved from a common ancestor 2. Understand why cell size is limited WHY so small??? Consider what a cell must do to maintain homeostasis and grow Cells take in food and other materials & rid itself of waste Everything passes through plasma membrane Plasma membrane must be big enough to keep up with the demands of the cell critical factor limiting size is ratio of surface area (plasma membrane) to its volume

 as cell becomes larger, volume increases at greater rate than surface area above some critical size, # of molecules required could not be transported into & out of & around the cell fast enough 3. Be able to recall the basic functions of organelles Ribosomes manufacture proteins ribosomes = tiny particles found free in cytoplasm or attached to certain membranes contain enzyme necessary to form peptide bonds, which join amino acids to produce polypeptides Vesicles are involved in transporting materials Endoplasmic reticulum is a network of internal membranes maze of parallel internal membranes that encircle the nucleus and extend into many regions of the cytoplasm Smooth ER synthesizes lipids steroids, cholesterol, phospholipids important in breaking down glycogen Rough ER important in protein synthesis Golgi complex processes, sorts and modified proteins Lysosomes are compartments for digestion; know how exercise influences autophagy & lysosome activity. Vacuoles are large, fluid-filled sacs with many functions play a role in growth & development in plants Mitochondria and chloroplasts are energy-converting organelles Ch. 5 Biological Membranes 1. Recall what biological membranes are selectively permeable membranes that help maintain homeostasis in the cell

 proteins are embedded in the fluid bilayer of cell membranes 2. Recall that the evolution of biological membranes that separate the cell from its external environment was an essential step in the origin of life every cell is surrounded by a plasma membrane!! 3. Recall that these membranes allowed for the evolution of complex cells extensive internal membranes of eukaryotic cells form compartments with unique environments that allow specialized activity to occur 4. Recall the functions of biological membranes regulate passage of materials divide the cell into compartments serve as surfaces for chemical reactions adhere to and communicate with other cells transmit signals between the environment and interior of the cell also an essential part of energy transfer and storage systems