BEST RIGGING PRACTICES IN LIFTING OPERATIONS Presented by Ted Wang

Risk Management and Lifting Requirements at the Load Hook Engineered Products and Design Requirements The fundamentals of Proper Use Inspection and Comprehensive Inspection Program

THE SPECIAL NATURE OF RIGGING AND LIFTING OPERATIONS

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BEST RIGGING PRACTICES IN LIFTING OPERATIONS

BEST RIGGING PRACTICES IN LIFTING OPERATIONS

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PLAN:
EVERY LIFT

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RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE LIFTING REQUIREMENTS AT THE LOAD HOOK

RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE LIFTING REQUIREMENTS AT THE LOAD HOOK

MY FOCUS TODAY IS ON THE LOAD HOOK RISK IS CREATED EACH TIME A LOAD IS MOVED BY LIFTING RISK MANAGEMENT REQUIRES THAT THESE RISKS BE IDENTIFIED AND A PLAN OF ACTION CREATED AND FOLLOWED TO CONTROL, MINIMIZE OR ELIMINATE THESE RISKS
(MOM-01) RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE LIFTING REQUIREMENTS AT THE LOAD HOOK

RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE LIFTING REQUIREMENTS AT THE LOAD HOOK

DETERMINE THE RISKS BY PROPER ANALYSIS OF RISKS: 1. PROBLEMS AT THE START 2. PROPLEMS AT THE HARDWARE 3. PROBLEMS WITH SLINGS

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RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE LIFTING REQUIREMENTS AT THE LOAD HOOK

DETERMINE THE RISKS: COMMON PROBLEMS AT THE START

COMPETENT (TRAINED) RIGGERS NOT ASSIGNED USE OF IMPROPER HAND SIGNALS NOT INSPECTING GEAR FREQUENTLY NOT KNOWING WHAT TO INSPECT FOR SLINGS MISSING TAGS OR TAGS NOT LEGIBLE CAPACITY OF RIGGING GEAR NOT KNOWN IMPROPERLY MADE BELOW THE HOOK DEVICES WIRE ROPE SLINGS FORMED WITH CLIPS
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DETERMINE THE RISKS: COMMON PROBLEMS WITH HARDWARE

TOO SMALL HARDWARE CONNECTED TO SLING EYE TOO LARGE HARDWARE CONNECTED TO SLING EYE BUNCHING OR PINCHING OF SYNTHETIC SLINGS LOOSE SHACKLE PINS OR OTHER CONNECTIONS MISSING LATCHES ON HOIST HOOKS PLACING TOO MANY SLINGS IN HOIST HOOK, SHACKLES OR OTHER HARDWARE IMPROPER SIDE LOADING OR MISALIGNMENT OF HARDWARE
(MOM-01) RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE LIFTING REQUIREMENTS AT THE LOAD HOOK

DETERMINE THE RISKS: COMMON PROBLEMS WITH SLINGS

BEATING DOWN CHOKER HITCH BASKET CAPACITY USED WHEN NOT VERTICAL BASKET HITCH (WIRE ROPE) OVER SMALL DIAMETER CAPACITY OF BRIDLE NOT ADJUSTED FOR ANGLE SLING LOADS NOT PROPERLY DISTRIBUTED USE OF HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLES SMALLER THAN 30 DEGREES CHOKER AND BASKET HITCHES AT SLING ANGLE SMALLER THAN 60 DEGREES
(MOM-01) RISK MANAGEMENT AND THE LIFTING REQUIREMENTS AT THE LOAD HOOK

BEST RIGGING PRACTICES IN LIFTING OPERATIONS

#2
USE:
PRODUCTS THAT ARE ENGINEERED TO MEET REQUIREMENTS OF LIFTING
ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

ALL LIFTING EQUIPMENT MUST BE ENGINEERED, DESIGNED TO THAT ENGINEERING AND MANUFACTURED TO THAT DESIGN LIFTING GEAR HAS SEVERE DEMANDS PLACED ON IT

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

OPERATING CONDITIONS IN LIFTING APPLICATIONS DEMAND PERFORMANCE OPERATING CONDITIONS FOR CRITICAL LOAD CARRYING COMPONENTS INCLUDE: DESIGN LOAD UNUSUAL LOADING SHOCK LOADS REPEATED CYCLE LOADS ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS, TEMPERATURE

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

OPERATING CONDITIONS IN LIFTING APPLICATIONS DEMAND PERFORMANCE ENGINEERING PRODUCTS FOR LIFTING APPLICATIONS MUST HAVE ALL OF THE PROPERTIES: STRENGTH DUCTILITY FATIGUE RESISTANCE TOUGHNESS TRACEABILITY

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

STRENGTH - THE ABILITY TO WITHSTAND THE LOAD APPLIED.

DESIRABLE CHARACTERISTICS WITHSTAND RATED LOAD AND PROOF LOAD WITHOUT DEFORMATION AT LOAD BELOW ULTIMATE STRENGTH, DEFORM AND GIVE INDICATION OF IMPENDING FAILURE MATERIAL STRENGTH SAME MATERIAL DESIGNATION CAN BEHAVE DIFFERENTLY DUE TO PROCESSING MATERIAL HARDNESS AFFECTS STRENGTH HARDENABILITY IS DETERMINED BY CHEMICAL COMPOSITION, AND ALLOYING ELEMENTS

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

STRENGTH THE PROPER LEVEL MUST BE ASSURED

ACTUAL PRODUCT STRENGTH IS ATTAINED ONLY IF ALL STEPS TAKEN: DESIGN MATERIAL SELECTION MEASURED BY HARDNESS OR TENSILE TESTING PROCESSING HEAT TREATMENT DEFINES HARDNESS/STRENGTH ATTAINABLE ASSURANCE BY VERIFICATION ISO 9001 DESIGN VERIFICATION AND PRODUCT AUDITS

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

DUCTILITY - THE ABILITY TO DEFORM IN AN OVERLOADED CONDITION

ADVANTAGES OF A DUCTILE MATERIAL CATASTROPHIC BRITTLE FAILURE DOES NOT GIVE ANY INDICATION OF IMPENDING FAILURE DEFORMATION IS A VISUAL INDICATION OF OVERLOAD, AND A SIGNAL THAT OTHER COMPONENTS WITHIN THE SYSTEM MAY NEED INSPECTION DUCTILE MATERIALS ARE AFFECTED LESS BY GEOMETRIC IRREGULARITIES THAN BRITTLE MATERIALS

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

DUCTILITY - THE ABILITY TO DEFORM IN AN OVERLOADED CONDITION

TESTING TO DETERMINE DUCTILITY MATERIAL TENSILE TESTING PROVIDES ROA AND ELONGATION TESTING OF SHOULD TYPICALLY YIELD 17-20% EL, AND 40-60% ROA LOAD TESTING OF PRODUCT INDICATES AMOUNT OF DEFORMATION VISUALLY DUCTILITY IS EVIDENCED IN FRACTURE SURFACE
Ductile material and typical fracture appearance

Brittle material and typical fracture appearance

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ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

FATIGUE RESISTANCE- ABILITY OF PRODUCT TO WITHSTAND REPEATED APPLICATIONS OF LOAD

ADVANTAGES OF FATIGUE RESISTANT PRODUCT APPLICATIONS THAT ARE UNKNOWINGLY EXPOSED TO OTHER THAN STATIC LOADING RESISTANCE TO FATIGUE DAMAGE DUE TO CYCLIC LOADING STANDARDIZED TESTING PROTOCOL FOR FITTINGS ACCELERATED CYCLE TEST OF PRODUCT ATTAIN 20,000 CYCLES WITHOUT LOSS OF LOAD, WHEN CYCLED AT 1.5 X WLL UPPER LIMIT AND A LOWER LIMIT
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FATIGUE RESISTANCE REQUIRES MANY THINGS

PROPERTIES THAT AFFECT FATIGUE LIFE INCLUDE CHEMISTRY AND DESIGN OF THE PRODUCT ADDITION OF ELEMENTS SUCH AS ALUMINIUM, VANADIUM OR NIOBIUM USED AS GRAIN REFINERS, CONTROL GRAIN SIZE, IMPROVE TOUGHNESS, AND RESIST CRACK INITIATION AND GROWTH GEOMETRIC DISCONTINUITIES SURFACE FINISH RESIDUAL STRESS DESIGN FOR STRESSES BELOW FATIGUE STRENGTH OF MATERIAL
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TOUGHNESS - THE ABILITY OF THE PRODUCT TO RESIST FRACTURE

ADVANTAGE OF PRODUCTS THAT EXHIBIT GOOD TOUGHNESS TOUGH MATERIALS ARE SUPERIOR IF PRODUCTS ARE SUBJECTED TO ABUSE AND UNEXPECTED RAPID APPLICATION OF LOADS TOUGH MATERIALS ARE MORE LIKELY TO ABSORB INADVERTENT OVERLOADS WITHOUT FRACTURE STANDARDIZED TESTING FOR NOTCH TOUGHNESS 31 FT-LBS. (42 JOULES) ENERGY ABSORBED AT TEST TEMPERATURE OF 4 DEGREE F (-20 DEGREE C)
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TOUGHNESS REQUIRES MANY THINGS

METALLURGICAL CONDITIONS THAT IMPROVE TOUGHNESS HEAT TREATING BY NORMALIZING, OR QUENCH AND TEMPERING (THE TEMPERED MARTENSITE MICROSTRUCTURE PRODUCED BY Q AND T GIVES GOOD TOUGHNESS) ADDITION OF ELEMENTS SUCH AS ALUMINUM, VANADIUM OR NIOBIUM USED AS GRAIN REFINERS, CONTROLS GRAIN SIZE, AND IMPROVE TOUGHNESS ADDITIONS OF NICKEL AND CHROMIUM CLEANLINESS OF STEEL, CONTROL OF RESIDUAL ELEMENTS
ENGINEERED PRODUCTS AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

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BEST RIGGING PRACTICES IN LIFTING OPERATIONS

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ALL INDIVIDUALS TRAIN: WHO USE HARDWARE AND SLINGS

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

USERS SHALL BE TRAINED IN THE SELECTION, INSPECTION, CAUTIONS TO PERSONNEL, EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT, AND RIGGING PRACTICES IDENTIFICATION SHOULD BE MAINTAINED BY THE USER SO AS TO BE LEGIBLE THROUGHOUT THE LIFE, THEY SHALL BE REMOVED FROM SERVICE IF MISSING OR ILLEGIBLE IDENTIFICATION

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

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DETERMINING IF THE WORKING LOAD LIMIT IS ADEQUATE

KNOW THE WEIGHT OF THE LOAD THE WEIGHT MUST INCLUDE ALL THAT IS SUPPORTED KNOW WHERE THE CENTER OF GRAVITY IS DYNAMIC LOADING WILL INCREASE THE LOADING OF THE RIGGING GEAR SHOCK LOADING WILL GREATLY INCREASE THE LOADS AND ADVERSELY AFFECT THE RIGGING GEAR
(MOM-01) THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

THE LOAD MULTIPLIER

AS HORIZONTAL SLING ANGLE BECOMES SMALLER, THE CRUSHING LOAD INCREASES

LIFTING

G N LI

LO

LO

AD

CRUSHING

CRUSHING

LIFTING

AD

SL

IN G

THE SLING SEES THE COMBINED EFFECTS OF LIFTING AND CRUSHING KNOWN AS THE RESULTANT LOAD

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

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LOAD UNDER CONTROL?

ETYR UY TY TR UTYU

SLINGS CAPTURE CENTER OF GRAVITY? LOAD LIFT LEVEL? LOAD STABLE? TAG LINE REQUIRED?
BEAM CAPACITY

ETYR UY TY TR UTYU

ETYR UY TY TR UTYU

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

RIG TO THE CENTER OF GRAVITY

ETYR UY TY TR UTYU

CENTER OF GRAVITY IS DIRECTLY BELOW THE LOAD HOOK & CONNECTION TO LOAD IS ABOVE CENTER OF GRAVITY

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

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THREE AND FOUR LEG BRIDLE AND LOAD CONTROL

EXCELLENT LOAD CONTROL IS ACHIEVED

THE LOAD ON EACH LEG WILL BE EQUAL ONLY IF THE C.O.G. IS IN THE MIDDLE OF THE PICK POINTS, THE LEGS EQUAL IN LENGTH AND THE LOAD FLEXIBLE
(MOM-01) THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

MULTIPLE LEG SLINGS LOAD DISTRIBUTION

THE LOADS CAN BE PROPERLY DISTRIBUTED IF THE SLING LENGTH CAN BE ADJUSTED.
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BASIC BEAMS
THERE ARE VARIOUS METHODS OF USING LIFTING BEAMS

SPREADER BEAM
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STIFF BACK BEAM

DUAL LIFT BEAM

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

CONNECTION OF SLINGS TO HOOKS

L L

DO NOT OPEN SLING EYE GREATER THAN 50% OF EYE LENGTH THICKNESS OF HOOK MUST BE LESS THAN 1/2 L
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HOOKS IMPROPER LOADING

DO NOT TIP LOAD, SIDE LOAD OR BACK LOAD HOIST HOOKS

(MOM-01) THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

THE INCLUDED ANGLE HOIST HOOKS

THE SLINGS MUST SIT IN THE BASE OF THE HOOK AND CLEAR OF THE LATCH THE WORKING LOAD LIMIT IS VALID FOR A SINGLE LEG OR MULTIPLE LEGS AS LONG AS INCLUDED ANGLE DOES NOT EXCEED 90 DEGREES 45 45 INCLUDED ANGLE 90 MAXIMUM

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

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FOULING OF LATCH

CORRECT! SLING IN BASE OF HOOK

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INCORRECT! SLING FOULED ON LATCH

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

SHACKLE AS A COLLECTOR RING

USE ONLY SCREW PIN AND BOLT-TYPE SHACKLES AS COLLECTOR ORIENTATE SHACKLE SO PIN IS UP AND BOW IS DOWN

INCLUDED ANGLE 120 MAXIMUM

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

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BOLT-TYPE SHACKLES

USE BOLT-TYPE SHACKLES WHEN A PERMANENT OR LONG TERM CONNECTION USE SCREW PIN SHACKLES WHEN IT WILL BE A TEMPORARY CONNECTION
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CONNECTION OF SLINGS TO SHACKLES

DIAMETER OF SHACKLE MUST BE GREATER THAN WIRE ROPE DIAMETER IF NO THIMBLE IN EYE SHACKLE MUST BE LARGE ENOUGH TO AVOID PINCHING OF SYNTHETIC SLINGS
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

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POINT LOADING OF SHACKLES

POINT LOADING OF CROSBY SHACKLE BOWS AND PINS IS ACCEPTABLE AS LONG AS LOAD IS REASONABLY CENTERED

DO NOT LOAD SHACKLE PIN TO SHACKLE PIN

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SPECIAL SHACKLES

SYNTHETIC SLING SAVER SHACKLES

WIDE BODY SHACKLES

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THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

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HINGE POINTS CHAIN SLINGS

SINGLE MASTER LINK IS REQUIRED FOR SINGLE AND TWO LEG CHAIN SLINGS
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A MASTER LINK WITH SUBLINKS ARE RECOMMENDED FOR THREE AND FOUR LEG CHAIN SLINGS
THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

HINGE POINTS WIRE ROPE AND SYNTHETIC SLINGS

IMPROVED PRACTICE OVER PLACING DIRECTLY IN HOOK

BEST PRACTICE WITH SUB-LINKS

SUB-LINKS ARE BEST PRACTICE FOR ALL TYPES OF THREE AND FOUR LEGS SLINGS
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HOIST RINGS

ENGINEERED

FORGED

SIDE PULL

BOLTED

STREET PLATE CHAIN

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WEB SLING

THE FUNDAMENTALS OF PROPER USE

BEST RIGGING PRACTICES IN LIFTING OPERATIONS

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ESTABLISH: INSPECTION
PROGRAM REGULAR

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INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

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INSPECTION OF RIGGING SLINGS AND HARDWARE - FREQUENCY

INITIAL: PRIOR TO INITIAL USE FREQUENT: EACH DAY BEFORE THE RIGGING HARDWARE IS USED, SEMI-PERMANENT AND INACCESSIBLE LOCATIONS WHERE FREQUENT INSPECTIONS ARE NOT FEASIBLE SHALL HAVE PERIODIC INSPECTIONS PERFORMED THE PERIODIC INSPECTION : NORMAL SERVICE YEARLY SEVERE SERVICE MONTHLY TO QUARTERLY SPECIAL SERVICE AS RECOMMENDED BY A QUALIFIED PERSON
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INSPECTION OF SHACKLES DEFORMATION

ANY SIGNIFICANT PERMANENT DEFORMATION, OR CHANGE IN SHAPE, INDICATES IT HAS BEEN OVERLOADED AND MUST BE REMOVED FROM SERVICE
INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

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DEFORMATION HOOKS
ANY VISIBLE APPARENT BEND OR TWIST FROM THE PLANE OF THE UNBENT HOOK ANY DISTORTION CAUSING AN INCREASE IN THROAT OPENING OF 5% OR MORE, NOT TO EXCEED OR AS RECOMMENDED BY THE MANUFACTURER

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INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

INSPECTION OF HARDWARE WEAR

10% OR MORE REDUCTION IN OF ANY SECTIONAL DIMENSION INDICATES IT HAS EXCESSIVE WEAR, MEASURE BY COMPARING TO A SECTION OF FITTING THAT HAS NO WEAR, OR TO THE CATALOG DIMENSIONS MAKE SURE IDENTIFICATION IS LEGIBLE
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INSPECTION OF HARDWARE CRACKS AND SHARP NICKS

ANY CRACK, SHARP NICK OR GOUGE IN THE SURFACE OF ANY FITTING CAN CAUSE STRESS CONCENTRATION AND IS CAUSE FOR REMOVAL FROM SERVICE
(MOM-01) INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

INSPECTION OF RIGGING HARDWARE REMOVAL CRITERIA FOR THREADS

EXCESSIVE THREAD DAMAGE OR WEAR OF SCREW PINS, SHANK HOOKS AND TURNBUCKLES: REMOVE FROM SERVICE IF THREADS DAMAGED OR CORRODED FOR MORE THAN 20% OF THE LENGTH ENGAGED IN EAR OF SHACKLE OR NUT OF HOOK OR TURNBUCKLE ENGAGED LENGTH

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INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

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INSPECTION OF HARDWARE HEAT DAMAGE

HEAT DAMAGE CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO TEMPERATURES ABOVE 400F WELD SPLATTERS ARC STRIKES EXPOSURE TO EXCESSIVE TEMPERATURE WILL DAMAGE THE HEAT TREATMENT AND MATERIAL STRENGTH, SEVERE WELD SPLATTERS AND ARC STRIKES CAN CREATE STRESS CONCENTRATION AND ARE CAUSE FOR REMOVAL FROM SERVICE
(MOM-01) INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

INSPECTION OF HARDWARE PROPER FUNCTION

MISSING LATCHES WHEN REQUIRED DAMAGED LATCHES WHEN PRESENT SWIVEL BEARINGS THAT LACK THE ABILITY TO FREELY ROTATE WHEN NOT LOADED LOOSE OR MISSING NUTS, BOLTS, COTTER PINS, SNAP RINGS, OR OTHER FASTENERS AND RETAINING DEVICES MALFUNCTION OR MISSING LOCKING DEVICES IS CAUSE FOR REMOVAL FROM SERVICE
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INSPECTION OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS REMOVAL CRITERIA

EYE MISSING OR ILLEGIBLE SLING IDENTIFICATION EXCESSIVE BROKEN WIRES SEVERE LOCALIZED ABRASION OR SCRAPING KINKING, CRUSHING, BIRDCAGING, OR ANY OTHER DAMAGE RESULTING IN DAMAGE TO THE ROPE STRUCTURE
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BODY MECHANICAL SPLICE

INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

INSPECTION OF WIRE ROPE SLINGS REMOVAL CRITERIA

EVIDENCE OF HEAT DAMAGE END ATTACHMENTS THAT ARE CRACKED, DEFORMED, OR WORN SEVERE CORROSION OF THE ROPE, END ATTACHMENTS, OR FITTINGS OTHER CONDITIONS, INCLUDING VISIBLE DAMAGE, THAT CAUSE DOUBT AS TO THE CONTINUED USE OF THE SLING
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EYE

BODY MECHANICAL SPLICE

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INSPECTION OF CHAIN SLINGS REMOVAL CRITERIA

MISSING OR ILLEGIBLE SLING IDENTIFICATION CRACKS OR BREAKS EXCESSIVE WEAR, NICKS, OR GOUGES STRETCHED CHAIN LINKS OR COMPONENTS BENT, TWISTED, OR DEFORMED CHAIN LINKS OR COMPONENTS

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INSPECTION AND COMPREHESIVE INSPECION PROPGRAM

INSPECTION OF CHAIN SLINGS REMOVAL CRITERIA

EVIDENCE OF HEAT DAMAGE EXCESSIVE PITTING OR CORROSION LACK OF ABILITY OF CHAIN OR COMPONENTS TO HINGE FREELY WELD SPLATTER OTHER CONDITIONS, INCLUDING VISIBLE DAMAGE, THAT CAUSE DOUBT AS TO THE CONTINUED USE OF THE SLING
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INSPECTION OF WEB SLINGS CAUSE FOR REMOVAL

MISSING OR ILLEGIBLE SLING IDENTIFICATION ACID OR CAUSTIC BURNS MELTING OR CHARRING OF ANY PART OF THE SLING HOLES, TEARS, CUTS, OR SNAGS BROKEN OR WORN STITCHING IN BEARING SPLICES EXCESSIVE ABRASIVE WEAR
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INSPECTION OF WEB SLINGS CAUSE FOR REMOVAL

KNOTS IN ANY PART OF SLING DISCOLORATION AND BRITTLE OR STIFF AREAS ON ANY PART OF THE SLING, WHICH MAY MEAN CHEMICAL OR ULTRAVIOLET / SUNLIGHT DAMAGE FITTINGS THAT ARE PITTED, CORRODED, CRACKED, BENT, TWISTED, GOUGED, OR BROKEN OTHER CONDITIONS, INCLUDING VISIBLE DAMAGE, THAT CAUSE DOUBT AS TO THE CONTINUED USE OF THE SLINGS
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