-term environment has been dealt with by many thinkers and as its importance is recognized in anthropology, architecture, ecology,

feminism, globalism, literature, art and photography - environment does not only discuss the term location - to look at it from an only geographic point of view is too simplistic - environment not only a simple location upon the axes of analytical space - word might be used as a synonym for space, place, site or territory

- landscape seems the most popular genre in visual arts but also most recent - in much renaissance painting, (like Botticiellis paintings of Early Renaissance Period in Florence) landscape only backdrop of the scene

- landscape at this point just functions as a scene for a Biblical narratives like many of Da Vincis paintings - if not scenes from the Bible than display of ancient gods

- environment is not relevant as such but the importance is to represent the securely interior world - landscape art as we know it did not exist but not because landscape (mountains etc.) did not exist but those elements with which we are familiar within the landscape were not considered collectively as landscape

-The Dutch term landschap meant a collection of dwellings built within an area of cultivated land that is surrounded by the unknown - landschap described the term environment of systematic agriculture and sustained urbanisation and NOT for the term environment that we understand as landscape today - by 17th century landschap became represented in paintings specifically those of the Dutch/Flamish Old Master Paintings -landschap became recognised as broad, often elevated views of rural scenes in which one can see villages, fields, woods and roads - landscape (at this point in history) is the land transformed whether through the physical act of inhabitation or enclosure, clearance or cultivation

- concept of infinite space became the appropriate scientific work of Galileo (1564-1642) after Kopernikuss (1473-1543) initial investigations - both astronomers marking an interest in the notion of universal environment and immensities of the universe - before Galileo we subscribed to the geocentric view: the Earth is at the centre of the universe - after 1610, Galileo publicly supported the heliocentric view, which placed the Sun at the centre of the universe

- the new invention of photography came at time of great discoveries of new land - in England such exploration coincided with the Picturesque period - Picturesque is an aesthetic ideal introduced into English cultural debate in late 18th Century by William Gilpin - taming and shaping the landscape into a painting according to certain stylistic ideas, expressing the beauty of the landscape

-many photographers by late 19th Century were trained as painters and aware of Picturesque style - most photographers at this time produced picture perfect photographs

- at the same time America also explored its land with the camera specifically the American West - but the land was far harder to control because of the extreme scale of the land - so in that sense the picturesque style was not really appropriate - photographers such as Timothy OSullivan, William Henry Jackson and Carleton Watkins documented the massive rail expansions in the West

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- the camera is also perfect for urban spaces - at the invention of photography America, Britain, France and Germany were at their imperial power and cities grew fast - many photographers at the time photographed the ever-changing fabric of the city - Paris and New York were cities of bold and exciting changes, massive bolouvards and modern industrial building appeared in many imperially powerful countries

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