Applied Linear Algebra (EE635)

Solutions: Quiz 1
1. For this type of problem the idea is to nd the number of independent variables. Value
of that will be dimension of the system.
(1) If f R
n
[X], then
f =
6

i=0
a
i
X
i
(a
i
R)
Now, there is no restriction on choosing the (a
0
, a
1
, . . . , a
6
). Hence all are inde-
pendent variable and dimension is 7.
(2) (a)
f(0) = a
0
f(1) = a
0
+a
1
+a
2
+a
3
+a
4
+a
5
+a
6
f(1) = a
0
a
1
+a
2
a
3
+a
4
a
5
+a
6
f(0) +f(1) f(1) = a
0
+ 2(a
1
+a
3
+a
5
)
Hence
a
0
= 2(a
1
+a
3
+a
5
) (1)
Thus here we can choose (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
6
) independently and a
0
will be a func-
tion of them. Hence dimension is 6.
Now how to compute the basis? The procedure is as follows:
Choose any one of (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
6
) to be ONE and rest zero. Say a
1
= 1, a
2
=
0, a
3
= 0, a
4
= 0, a
5
= 0, a
6
= 0 then a
0
= 2. Thus (-2,1,0,0,0,0,0) is a basis
vector.
Now repeat the procedure with choosing some other component to be one and
rest zero. For example: a
1
= 0, a
2
= 1, a
3
= 0, a
4
= 0, a
5
= 0, a
6
= 0. Then
a
0
= 0. Thus (0,0,1,0,0,0,0) is another basis element.
Thus the basis will be: (-2,1,0,0,0,0,0),(0,0,1,0,0,0,0),(-2,0,0,1,0, 0,0),(0,0,0,0,
1,0,0),(-2,0,0,0,0,1,0),(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)
(b) Compute the equation. Only single equation is there. Hence again one vari-
able can be expressed in terms of others. Hence dimension will be 6. Find
basis using similar construction method.
(c) For symmetric polynomial, coecients corresponding to odd power of X will
have to be zero. Hence no of independent elements will be no of even power
terms(a
0
, a
2
, a
4
, a
6
)
1
(d) similar to previous one.
(3) Any element from Z
m
p
is a m-tuple (a
1
, a
2
, . . . , a
m
) and all a
i
Z
p
, which is a
eld when p is prime. Thus these m variables can take any values from the eld.
Thus number of independent variable is m.
(4) The unconstrained F() has a natural basis (1, ,
2
,
3
, ...) which has an innite
dimension. But fortunately here the space is constrained and it is given that
7
=
+1. Thus if we try to rewrite the basis elements we get,
0
= 1,
1
,
2
, . . . ,
6
,
7
=
1 + ,
8
= (1 + ) = +
2
... Thus you will nd that beyond
6
, i.e. higher
degree terms can be written in terms of the lower degree terms. Thus the vectors
of
i
, i {0, 1, . . . , 6} are independent. Thus dimension is again 7.
Basis vector construction procedure is as previous.
(5) I am showing only for the symmetric matrix problem Let us consider a general
n n matrix.
A
n,n
=
_
_
_
_
_
a
1,1
a
1,2
a
1,n
a
2,1
a
2,2
a
2,n
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
a
n,1
a
n,2
a
n,n
_
_
_
_
_
Now as it is a symmetric matrix a
i,j
= a
j,i
. Thus in the rst row all n variables
are independent. In second row a
2,1
is same as a
1,2
. Hence rest (n 1) terms are
independent. Thus proceeding same way, in the last row only a
n,n
is independent.
Thus total no of independent entries are
n + (n 1) + (n 2) +. . . + 2 + 1 =
n(n + 1)
2
(2)
The basis construction is shown for a 2 2. The idea is similar as before: choose
one independent element to be one rest independent elements to be zero and
compute the dependent elements from them. Thus say a
1,1
= 1, a
1,2
= 0, a
2,1
=
0, a
2,2
= 0 is a basis. Similarly when a
1,2
= 1 then a
2,1
is also 1. Thus proceeding
same way, the basis vectors will be
_
1 0
0 0
_
,
_
0 1
1 0
_
,
_
0 0
0 1
_
2. The basis vector construction process has been explained above. Note that it is not
unique. Now the basis extension method is very laborious job. So I am explaining
the procedure. Suppose you have a basis v
1
= (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
), v
2
= (a
5
, a
6
, a
7
, a
8
) and
you have been told to extend it to the basis of R
4
. Clearly you have to nd two more
linearly independent vectors which will be L.I. to both of v
1
, v
2
. One of the many
procedures is:
(a) Construct the matrix:
_

_
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
a
5
a
6
a
7
a
8
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_

_
2
(b) See that the matrix has a rank 4. Now keep rst two rows intact and then
perform elementary row operations to make the as many of of the lower four
rows zero as possible. Example: Consider case of symmetric matrices. The basis
elements were {(1, 0, 0, 0), (0, 1, 1, 0), (0, 0, 0, 1)}. Now the matrix will look like:
_

_
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
_

_
R
4
R
1
,R
7
R
3

_
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
_

_
(R
6
,R
2
R
6
)

_
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
_

_
R
6
R
5

_
1 0 0 0
0 1 1 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
_

_
(c) The new vector combined with the previous ones will form the basis of extended
vector space.
3. Similar to 2.
4. trivial
5. trivial.
6. trivial.
7. Consider X to be a 2 2 matrix formed by (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
). Find the four equations
of (a
1
, a
2
, a
3
, a
4
). Thus construct the 4 4 matrix form those equations. Find the
null-space basis of this matrix. Arrange 4-tuples of each basis vectors in 2 2 matrix
form.
8. Compute the basis of X Y and X +Y
9. trivial
10. Concept of complementary subspace.
11. Let X be the subspace spanned by v
1
, v
2
. Now nd a basis of X. Let it be B
x
[note
that B
x
is a set of vectors]. Extend this basis to compute the basis of R
4
. Clearly they
will be of the form {B
x
, B
y
}. The subspace spanned by B
y
will be complementary
subspace to X. Thus will satisfy those two conditions
12. Let X = (0, 1), Y = (1, 0), Z = (1, 1) Now X and Y combined will span R
2
.
Similarly X and Z combined will span R
2
. Thus
X +Y = X +Z (3)
But Y and Z are not same. This exercise proves complementary subspaces are not
unique. Y and Z (in fact any line with certain non-zero angle with X axis) is a subspace
complementary to X axis.
3