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Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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Fields in fractional dual DB waveguides containing chiral nihility metamaterials

S. Gulistan , A.A. Syed & Q.A. Naqvi
a a a a

Electronics Department, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Version of record first published: 24 Sep 2012.

To cite this article: S. Gulistan, A.A. Syed & Q.A. Naqvi (2012): Fields in fractional dual DB waveguides containing chiral nihility metamaterials, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, DOI:10.1080/09205071.2012.728125 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2012.728125

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Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications 2012, 112, iFirst Article

Fields in fractional dual DB waveguides containing chiral nihility metamaterials

S. Gulistan, A.A. Syed and Q.A. Naqvi*
Electronics Department, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan (Received 24 May 2012; accepted 24 July 2012)

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A fractional curl operator is used to derive elds for guided waves in a three-layered fractional dual planar waveguide with DB boundary, i.e. the normal components of electric ux density D and magnetic ux density B become zero at the interface. The middle layer of the waveguide is lled with air and the other two layers are lled by chiral nihility metamaterial. For the purpose of solution, a general wave propagating inside the waveguide is assumed and decomposed into transverse electric and transverse magnetic modes. It is noted that elds do exist in chiral nihility material backed by DB. Moreover, it is noted that only co-polarized wave is reected back from DB interface of the waveguide. In the core of DB waveguide, lled with air, we get circular wave behavior of elds.

1. Introduction With ongoing progress related to research on articial composites, chiral materials assume great importance. Such materials exist in nature as optically active molecules which display circular birefringence at optical frequencies. A chiral medium is characterized by either a lefthandedness or a right-handedness in its microstructure. Such media are characterized by two intrinsic eigenwaves, with left-handed and right-handed circular polarizations, each having a different phase velocity and refraction index [18]. Two wavenumbers k associated with chiral medium can be expressed as p 1 k x l j; where j is the chirality parameter and + and correspond to the right-handed circularly polarized (RHCP) and left-handed circularly polarized (LHCP) waves, respectively. The chiral medium can be described by constitutive parameters (; l; j) using the following constitutive relations [5]: D E ijH; B lH ijE 2

Chiral nihility medium is a special kind of chiral medium for which the real parts of permittivity and permeability are simultaneously zero [915]. The wavenumbers of two eigenwaves for chiral nihility medium can be expressed as follows: k xj: 3

*Corresponding author. Email: nqaisar@yahoo.com, qaisar@qau.edu.pk

ISSN 0920-5071 print/ISSN 1569-3937 online 2012 Taylor & Francis http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09205071.2012.728125 http://www.tandfonline.com

S. Gulistan et al. When  l 0 and j 6 0 at the nihility frequency, the constitutive relations are reduced

to: D ijH; B ijE:

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Electromagnetic elds inside a waveguide can be studied by imposing appropriate boundary conditions. Many of the existing boundary conditions are generally imposed to the electric and magnetic eld vectors E and H. However, Lindel and Sihvola proposed a new interface, termed as DB interface, determined by the boundary conditions imposed on normal components of D and B. These types of boundary conditions are referred to as DB boundary conditions, and they state that [16]: ^ n D 0; ^ n B 0; 4

^ where n is a unit vector normal to the surface. It has been noted that the DB interface behaves as a perfect electric conductor (PEC) interface for transverse electric (TE) incident waves and behaves like a perfect magnetic conductor (PMC) interface for transverse magnetic (TM) incident waves [17]. The discussion of DB interface has been extended for chiral and chiral nihility metamaterial. It has been observed that DB interface behaves like a perfect reector for the RHCP and LHCP incident waves [18]. The aim of the present work is to compute the eld in a three-layered parallel plate DB waveguide. The middle layer of the waveguide is lled with air and the other two layers are lled by bi-isotropic metamaterial. Previously, for parallel plate PEC waveguides, it has been shown that elds exist in strong chiral medium backed by the PEC [19] in contrast to the case of chiral nihility metamaterial backed by PEC where the elds inside the nihility region become zero [20]. The existence of elds inside the chiral nihility metalmaterials backed by DB is established in the present work. When eld is reected from DB chiral nihility slab (slab lled with chiral nihility metamaterial and baked by DB), it gets a rotation in the plane of polarization, as shown in [21]. We observe that when eld is reected from the top and bottom of DB chiral nihility slabs, it keeps on rotating its plane of polarization and appears as a circular polarized eld inside the core of three-layered waveguide. By using the concept of fractional curl operator, eld expressions for fractional dual planar waveguide are derived. First, expressions for electric eld are derived by taking fractional parameter a 0, then the magnetic eld expressions can be obtained by changing fractional parameter a 1. We have shown that the fractional elds may exist in chiral nihility region. Moreover, the intensities of electric and magnetic elds inside the three-layered parallel plate waveguide are identical for a 0; 1 but different for the intermediate values, i.e. 0\a\1, which is in agreement with the work by Hussain et al. [22], where they showed that electric eld distribution in the fractional DB waveguides was similar to that of magnetic eld distribution for limiting integer values of the fractional parameter (a 0; 1), while it was different for the intermediate values, i.e. 0\a\1. 2. Waves in planar waveguides

Consider a parallel plate waveguide as shown in Figure 1. Two DB planes of innite extent forming parallel plate waveguide are located at z = d2 and z = d2. Region 0 d1 \z\d1 ) is

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

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Figure 1.

Three-layered planar waveguide.

lled with air with permittivity 0 and permeability l0, while Region 1 d2 \z\ d1 and Region 2 d1 \z\d2 are lled with chiral nihilty medium. A wave of general polarization propagating in the positive y-direction through parallel plate waveguide is considered. Such a wave can be decomposed as transverse electric (TEy) and transverse magnetic (TMy) modes. Let us rst consider that TEy mode is propagating in the waveguide. The electric and magnetic eld expressions in three layers of waveguide may be written in terms of unknown coefcients as [2326]: for d1 \z\d1 h E0 expiky y ^ expik0z jzj A N expik0z zB N expik0z z A N expik0z z x R L R i B N expik0z z L 1 i f^k0z expik0z jzj ^ky expik0z jzjg fA N expik0z z y z R k 0 g0 g0 ! B N expik0z z A N expik0z z B N expik0z z L R L

H0 expiky y

for d2\z\ d1 h E1 expiky y C M expikz z D M expikz zC M expikz z D M R R L L i expikz z

4 H1 expiky y

S. Gulistan et al. i h C MR expikz z D M expikz z C M expikz z D M L R L g i expikz z 8

for d1\z\d2 h E2 expiky y E M expikz z F M expikz z E M expikz z F M R L R L i expikz z

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H2 expiky y

i h E MR expikz z F M expikz z E M expikz z F M L R L g i expikz z 10

here,
iky x M ^ ^ k ^ y z L q p p In the above equations, k0 x l0 0 ; g0 l00 , and g l.   The wavenumbers k0z ; ky , kz , and k satisfy the following dispersion relations iky ^ k ^; y z

x M ^ R

N ^ ik0z ^ k0y ^; x k0 y z R
ik
ikz k

x k0 y N ^ ik0z ^ k0y ^ z L
ik
ikz k

11

ky ky 2

k0z kz 2

k0 k 2 :

It may be noted that kz kz for chiral nihility. Using boundary conditions at z = d1 and z = d2, we get equations in terms of unknown constants. By solving these equations, we get the following expressions for unknown coefcients

A B C D

exp2id1 k0z exp2id1 kz 1 rp exp2id2 kz 1 rp 2X exp2id1 k0z exp2id2 kz 1 rp exp2id1 kz 1 rp 2Y expid1 kz k0z X expi2d2 kz d1 kz k0z Y C exp2id2 kz ; D D exp2id2 kz A ; B B ; E C D ; E C ; F D

12

C A F

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications where X Y exp2id2 kz 1 rp exp2id1 kz k0z 1 rp exp2id1 kz 1 rp exp2id2 kz d1 k0z 1 rp exp2id1 kz 1 rp exp2id2 kz d1 k0z 1 rp exp2id2 kz 1 rp exp2id1 kz k0z 1 rp

and rp k0 kz =k0z k . Substitution of unknown coefcients in expressions (5)(10) yields the electromagnetic elds, i.e. E0, E1, E2, H0, H1, and H2. Numerical results and plots for these elds are discussed in Section 4.

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3.

Fractional dual waveguides

Our interest is to nd elds which may be regarded as intermediate between the original and the dual to the original solutions of Maxwell equations and have been termed as fractional dual solutions. Fractional dual elds are obtained by fractionalizing the eigenvalues of the corresponding operator. In our case, the original solution is (E, gH) and the fractional cross operators are:   ky ^ kz^ y z ki ; i 1; 2: 13 k Fractional dual elds for the waveguide may be obtained as solution of the following equations [22]: a Efd k E; i a gHfd k gH: i 14

Fractional dual solutions must satisfy Maxwell equations, i.e. k Efd gHfd ; i k gHfd Efd : i 15

In order to deal with above equations, eigenvalues and eigenvector of operator (k ) are i required. Eigenvalues and eigenvector of operator k are: 1 U 11 ! 1 ikz iky p ^ ^ ^ MR ; x y z k k 2 u i 11

U 12

! 1 ikz iky p ^ ^ ^ ; x y z k k 2

u i 12

16

U 13

iky ikz ^ ^; y z k k

u 0: 13

S. Gulistan et al. Eigenvalues and eigenvector of operator k are: 2 U 21 ! 1 ikz iky p ^ ^ ^ ; x y z k k 2 u i 21

U 22

! 1 ikz iky p ^ ^ ^ MR ; x y z k k 2

u i 22

17

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U 23

iky ikz ^ ^; y z k k

u 0: 23

Eigenvalues and eigenvector of operator k are: 1 ! 1 ikz iky U p ^ ^ ^ ; y z x 11 k k 2 u i 11

! 1 ikz iky U p ^ ^ ^ ML ; x y z 12 k k 2

u i 12

18

U 13

iky ikz ^ ^; y z k k

u 0: 13

Eigenvalues and eigenvector of operator k are 2 ! 1 ikz iky x U p ^ ^ ^ ML ; y z 21 k k 2 u i 21

! 1 ikz iky U p ^ ^ ^ ; x y z 22 k k 2

u i 22

19

U 23

iky ikz ^ ^; y z k k

u 0 23

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

For the fractional planar waveguide containing chiral nihility metamaterial, fractional dual elds for TE mode between the original solution (E; gH) and the dual solution (gH; E) may be obtained as follows: & ' a 1 a 1 TE E0fd expiky y i p U11 i p U12 expik0z jzj ia A N expik0z z R 2 2 ! ia B N expik0z z ia A N expik0z z ia B N expik0z z L R L & 20

g0 HTE 0fd

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' 1 a1 1 expiky y i p U11 i p U12 expik0z jzj 2 2 a1 a1 i A N expik0z z i B N expik0z z R L !

a1

ia1 A N expik0z z ia1 B N expik0z z R L

21

h ETE expiky y ia C M expikz z ia D M expikz z ia C M expikz z 1fd R L R i 22 ia D M expikz z L h gHTE expiky y ia1 C M expikz z ia1 D M expikz z 1fd R L i a1 a1 i C MR expikz z i D ML expikz z h a a ETE expiky y i E M expikz z i F M expikz z 2fd R L i a a i E MR expikz z i F ML expikz z h a1 a1 gHTE expiky y i E M expikz z i F M expikz z 2fd R L i a1 a1 i E MR expikz z i F ML expikz z

23

24

25

Similar to the treatment as done for TE mode, we can write the elds for TM mode propagating through the DB waveguide as: & ' 1 a1 1 TM p U11 ia1 p U12 expik0z jzj E0fd expiky y i 2 2 a1 a1 i A N expik0z z i B N expik0z z ! R L i
a1

A N expik0z z i R

a1

B N expik0z z L

26

g0 HTM 0fd

& ' a 1 a 1 expiky y i p U11 i p U12 expik0z jzj 2 2 a a i A N expik0z z i B N expik0z z R L ! i A N expik0z z i B N expik0z z R L
a a

27

S. Gulistan et al. h ETM expiky y ia1 C M expikz z ia1 D M expikz z 1fd R L i a1 a1 i C M expikz z i D M expikz z R L h a a gHTM expiky y i C M expikz z i D M expikz z 1fd R L i a a i C MR expikz z i D ML expikz z h a1 a1 ETM expiky y i E M expikz z i F M expikz z 2fd R L i a1 a1 i E M expikz z i F M expikz z R L h a a gHTM expiky y i E M expikz z i F M expikz z 2fd R L i a a i E M expikz z i F M expikz z R L

28

29

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30

31

(a)
4 3.5 3 2.5

|Ex|

(b)
4 2 1.5 1 3.5 3 2.5 2 0.5 0 1. 5 1 -0.2 | Ex| 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0.2 -0.1 0 z 0.1 0.2
2

|Ex|

2 1. 5 1 -0.2 -0.1 0 z 0.1 0.2

20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 -0.1 0 z 0.1 0.2

(c)

1 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1

Figure 2. Effects of applied frequency on the electric eld intensity in planar waveguide. (a) f = 0.5 GHz. (b) f = 1 GHz. (c) f = 2 GHz.

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

Fractional dual elds for the DB waveguide can be written as linear sum of the fractional dual elds of the above two cases i.e. Efd ETE ETM ; ifd ifd gHfd gHTE ifd i 0; 1; 2 i 0; 1; 2: 32

gHifdTM ;

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4. Results and discussion In order to analyze the results, numerical simulations for electric and magnetic eld equations are performed. Field intensity plots for different frequencies are obtained. We present 3D plots of eld intensity here, instead of 2D contour plots given by [22], in a related work. The values of parameters are set as d1 = 0.1 m, d2 = 0.15 m, and j 2:5 for chiral nihility waveguide. The eld intensity |Ex|2 has been plotted in Figure 2 for different frequencies, i.e. f = 0.5, GHz, f = 1, GHz, and f = 2, GHz. It is clear that the maximum eld intensity lies in the middle layer and the number of maximas vary by varying the frequency. Figure 2 also shows that elds do exist in chiral nihility region. In this respect, the DB waveguide shows a different behavior as compared to PEC waveguide, where elds only exist in the core of waveguide, and the elds in the chiral nihility region are zero [20]. These plots are for the

(a)
4 3 .5 3 2 .5
y

|Ex|

2 2 1.5

(b)
4 3.5 3 2.5 2 0.5 0 1. 5 1 -0.2 -0.1
y

|Ex|

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 0 z |Ex|

2

1 2 1 .5 1 -0 .2 - 0.1 0 z |Ex| 4
2

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2 x 10
14

(c)

(d)
0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 y

4 3.5 3 2.5 2

1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.1 0 z 0.1 0.2 0

3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1.5 1 -0.2 -0.1 0 z 0.1 0.2

y

1. 5 1

Figure 3. Effects of on the electric eld intensity in planar waveguide at f = 0.5 GHz and (a) = 0, (b) = 0.3, (c) = 0.7, and (d) = 1.

10

S. Gulistan et al.

(a)

|Exf d | 2 4 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 -0.1 0 z |Exf d | 2 0.4 0.1 0.2

(b)

|E xfd | 2 4 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25

3. 5 3 2. 5 2 1. 5 1 -0.2
y

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0.2 -0.1 0 z |E xf d | 2 4 0.1 0.2

13

0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0

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(c) 4
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0 .2 -0.1
y

(d)
0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05 0
y

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0.2 -0.1 0 z 0.1 0.2

2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0 z

0.1

0.2

(e) 4
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0.2 -0.1
y

|H xf d | 2 2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 z |Hxf d |
2

(f)

|H xf d | 2 4 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0 .2 -0.1 0 z |Hxf d| 4

2

4 3.5 3 2.5

2 1.5 1 0.5 0.1 0. 2

0.1

0.2

(g) 4
3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0.2 -0.1
y

4 3.5 3 2.5 2
14

(h)

3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 -0.2 -0.1 0 z 0.1 0.2

y

1.5 1 0.5

2.2 2 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2

0 z

0.1

0.2

Figure 4. Effects of on the electric and magnetic eld intensities in planar waveguide at f = 0.5, GHz and (a), (e) = 0; (b), (f) = 0.3; (c), (g) = 0.7; and (d), (h) = 1.

Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications

11

mode propagating through the guide at an angle p=4. For fractional elds, different values of a, i.e. a 0, a 0:3, a 0:7, and a 1 have been considered. In Figure 3, for parameter a 0, we have electric eld intensity behavior as noted earlier. For a 1, we get magnetic eld intensity and for a 0:3 and a 0:7; we get intermediate elds in the waveguide. In Figure 4, plots of fractional elds jExfd j2 and jHxfd j2 having general polarization are shown. It is noted that the intensities of electric and magnetic elds inside the three-layered parallel plate waveguide are identical for a 0 and a 1: However, they behave differently for intermediate values, i.e. 0\a\1. 5. Conclusions This study shows that nonzero elds propagate in chiral nihility layer of a three-layered DB waveguide. Moreover, elds in the core of DB waveguide exhibit circular polarization due to rotation induced by DB chiral nihility slabs from the top and bottom layers of the waveguide. References
[1] Pelet P, Engheta N. The theory of chirowaveguides. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation. 1990;38:908. [2] Lakhtakia A. Beltrami elds in chiral media. Singapore: World Scientic; 1994. [3] Jaggard DL, Mickelson AR, Papas CH. On electromagnetic waves in chiral media. Applied Physics. 1979;18:2116. [4] Bassiri, S, Papas CH, Engheta N. Electromagnetic wave propagation through a dielectric-chiral interface and through a chiral slab. Journal of Optical Society of America A. 1988;5:14509. [5] Lindell IV, Sihvola AH, Tretyakov SA, Viitanen AJ. Electromagnetic waves in chiral and bi-isotropic media. Boston: Artech House; 1994. [6] Lakhtakia A, Varadan VK, Varadan VV. Time harmonic electromagnetic elds in chiral media. Berlin: Springer; 1989. [7] Zari D, Abdolali A, Soleimani M, Nayyeri V. Inhomogeneous planar layered chiral media: Analysis of wave propagation and scattering using Taylors series expansion. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 2012;125:11935. [8] Zari D, Soleimani M, Nayyeri V. A novel dual-band chiral metamaterial structure with giant optical activity and negative refractive index. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications. 2012;26(23):25163. [9] Tretyakov S, Nefedov I, Sihvola A, Maslovski S, Simovski C. Waves and energy in chiral nihility. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Application. 2003;17(5):695706. [10] Lakhtakia A. An electromagnetic trinity from negative permittivity and negative permeability. International Journal of Infrared and Millimeter Waves. 2001;22:17314. [11] Dong JF, Li J, Yang FQ. Guided modes in the four layer slab waveguide containing chiral nihility core. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 2011;112:24155. [12] Rahim AA, Mughal MJ, Naqvi QA. Fractional rectangular waveguide internally coated with chiral nihility metamaterial. Progress In Electromagnetics Research M. 2011;17:197211. [13] Naqvi QA. Planar slab of chiral nihility metamaterial backed by fractional DUAL/PEMC interface. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 2009;85:38191. [14] Tuz VR, Qiu C-W. Semi-innite chiral nihility photonics: parametric dependence, wave tunneling and rejection. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 2010;103:13952. [15] Cheng XH, Chen X-M, Zhang B, Zhang, Wu B-I. Cloaking a perfectly conducting sphere with rotationally uniaxial nihility media in monostatic radarsystem. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 2010;100:28598. [16] Lindell IV, Sihvola A. Electromagnetic boundary and its realization with anisotropic metamaterial. Physical Review E. 2009;79(2):026604. [17] Lindell IV, Wallen H, Sihvola A. General electromagnetic boundary conditions involving normal eld component. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters. 2009;8:87780. [18] Naqvi A, Majeed F, Naqvi QA. Planar DB boundary placed in a chiral and chiral nihility metamaterial. Progress In Electromagnetics Research Letters. 2011;21:418.

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[19] Ali MM, Mughal MJ, Rahim AA. The guided waves in planar waveguide internally coated with strong chiral metamaterial. International Journal of Applied Electromagnetics and Mechanics. 2012;38:13949. [20] Naqvi A, Hussain A, Naqvi QA. Waves in fractional dual planar waveguides containing chiral nihility metamaterial. Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Application. 2001;24(1112):157586. [21] Abbas SS. Fractional electromagnetics for chiral and bi-isotropic media. Pakistan: Department of Electronics, Quaid-i-azam University; 2012. [22] Hussain A, Naqvi SA, Illahi A, Syed AA, Naqvi QA. Fields in fractional parallel plate DB waveguides. Progress In Electromagnetics Research. 2012;125:27394. [23] Cheng Q, Cui T, Zhang C. Waves in planar waveguide containing chiral nihility metamaterial. Optics Communications. 2007;276:31721. [24] Naqvi A. Comments on waves in planar waveguide containing chiral nihility metamaterial. Optics Communications. 2011;284:21516. [25] Chew WC. Waves and elds in inhomogenous media. New York (NY): Van Nostrand Rienhold; 1990. [26] Harrington RF. Time-harmonic electromagnetic elds. New York (NY): McGraw-Hill; 1961.