Psychology Fields & Topics

Learn more about various fields and topics in psychology... Popular Psychology Fields Art Therapy o Art Therapy for Children o Art Therapy for Adolescents o Techniques used in Art Therapy Career Counseling Child Counseling o Child Abuse Counseling Clinical Psychology o The Psychological Assessment o Research areas in Clinical Psychology Cognitive Psychology Community Counseling Community Psychology Consumer Psychology Counseling Psychology Creativity Depression o Depression counseling o Depression related articles... Depth Psychology Developmental Psychology o Developmental Stages: Infancy, Childhood, Adolescence, Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Older Adults o Cognitive Development in Childhood o Developmental Psychology Career Profile - Dr. Jeffrey Dolgan Disability Services Divorce Counseling Domestic Violence Services o Domestic Violence Counselor Career o Victim Advocate Career o Women's Shelters - What they offer... Educational Psychology Existential Psychology o Existential Therapy / Psychotherapy Forensic Psychology o Forensic Psychologist Profile o Malingering

Mental Health in the Military o Child Abuse in the Military o Domestic/Spousal Abuse o Domestic Violence in the Military o Mental health in the... Air Force, Army, Marines, and Navy o Military Counseling o Military Family Counseling o Military Psychology Careers o What is the Real Warriors program? Music Therapy o Music Therapy and Autism o Music Therapy for Children o Music Therapy Intervention Techniques Neuropsychology o Clinical Neuropsychology o Cognitive Neuropsychology o Experimental Neuropsychology o Neuroimaging o Neuropsychological Assessments o Additional Neuropsychology Topics... Neuroscience o Behavioral Neuroscience o Cognitive Neuroscience o Cognitive Neuroscientist career o Lateralization o Neuroplasticity o Somatosensation o Additional Neuroscience Topics... Psychometrics o Additional Psychometrics Topics... Rehabilitation Counseling Social Psychology o Racial Profiling and Social Pychology Social Work o Additional Social Work Topics Sociology o Political Sociology o Sociology of Religion

Popular Psychology Fields Geriatric Psychology Gerontology o Biogerontology o Gerontologist career o Additional gerontology and geropsychology articles and topics... Health Psychology o Clinical Health Psychology o Occupational Health Psychology o Public Health Psychology Industrial and Organizational Psychology o Industrial Psychology o Organizational Psychology o I/O Psychology Career Profile Life Coaching Marriage and Family Therapy o Brief Strategic Family Therapy (BSFT) o Christian Marriage Counseling o Family Systems Therapy o Premarital Counseling o Strategic Family Therapy o Structural Family Therapy Media Psychology o Media Psychologist Career Profiles Pamela Rutledge, Stuart Fischoff, and Jenny Fremlin o Media Psychologist Career Profile Jon Cabiria o Violence in the Media Mental Health Counseling o Mental Disorders o Mental Health Treatments o Types of Mental Health Professionals o Additional Mental Health Topics...

Sports Psychology o Guided Imagery o Improve Concentration o Performance Anxiety o Sports Psychologist Career Substance Abuse Counseling o Adolescent Substance Abuse o Substance Abuse Prevention o Treatments and Therapies o Treatment Centers o What is substance abuse, dependency, and addiction? What is alcoholism? What is drug addiction? o Additional substance abuse and addiction topics Suicide - The Tragedy o Additional articles about suicide... Teenagers o Counseling Teenagers o Depression in Teenagers o Additional articles/topics Transpersonal Psychology o Spiritual Psychology o Transpersonal Therapy o Additional transpersonal psychology related articles/topics Veterans Counseling

Trust between a counselor and client

Counselors must overcome barriers to trust in order to begin effective patient treatment

Searching for a new job often seems like being lost in the middle of a dense forest.

Career Counseling Links

In this Article... o Foundations of career development o Additional theories... o Helping others with career decisions Related Articles ... o Career as a Career Counselor o Counseling Licensure Requirements o Schools offering counseling degree programs

You know you managed to get yourself in there somehow, and now you're looking for a path, a sign, or anything to find the way back. In these situations, you wish you knew someone with a map a guide or expert with knowledge of the path and the resources to help you find the way out. Thankfully, career counselors are available to help those navigating the confusing and challenging period of career change and search. Foundations of career development Its no secret - most people need to work for a living. But the reality is that not everyone is satisfied with his or her career decisions. Sometimes the job is a poor fit, other times the stress levels might seem too high for anyone to manage, while still others are just looking to branch out and realize their unfulfilled career dreams. The process of career counseling is fairly straightforward, making use of assessments and personal insights to help direct a client to a new career while also providing interviewing and resume-building techniques. (see Career as a Career Counselor).

But in order to analyze and gain a truly holistic view of an individual's career aspirations, skills, and abilities, career counselors draw from various theories of career development. According to Career Counseling Practitioners: Reflections on Theory, Research, and Practice, published in The Journal of Career Development, researchers examined how theory affects the practices of career counselors. In the article, researcher Chris Brown asked a group of counselors and psychologists which degree theories influenced their career counseling practices, and which theories they used the most when consulting clients. Results from the group showed that counselors most used John Holland's theory of career development, Donald E. Super's theory of career development, and social learning theories of career development. The counselors indicated they used Holland's theory the most when working with clients. Holland's theory splits individuals into six different personality types and matching working environments. To facilitate this matching, clients take the Strong Interest Inventory, which is based on Holland's theory. For more information on this test, see Career Counseling - Strong Interest Inventory). Career counselors using Holland's theory and the Strong-Interest Inventory would analyze a client's personality type and skills to match them with an appropriate career environment. For example, someone who finds interest in working with computers would seek out an occupation in software development rather than construction. When dealing with students or those who recently graduated from high school or college, some counselors prefer to base their counseling methods off of Super's approach. This is because Super advocates a more complete view of someone's life ranging from his or her childhood interests, to the skills they developed in school, to how they adapt to new situations. Super's Theory of Vocational Choice Super maintains that there are six stages of vocational development:

Crystallization Stage (Ages 14-18) - At this stage, individuals develop concepts of selves and desires, studying a variety of subjects to establish their interests. Specification Stage (Ages 18-21) - At this stage, individuals have a better idea of what subjects and occupations they wish to study. They begin to concentrate on one or two subjects to decide what it is they wish to do for a career. Implementation Stage (Ages 21-24) - At this stage, individuals begin seeking employment in their careers of choice. Stabilization Stage (Ages 24-35) - At this stage, the individuals continue working, analyzing their choices to determine if the work is a good fit for them.

Consolidation Stage (Ages 35-55) - At this stage, individuals have decided that they enjoy their careers, and continue working, eventually leading to promotion and retirement.

Source: The Psychology of Careers by Donald E. Super In A Lifespan, Life-space Approach to Career Development, published in The Journal of Vocational Behavior, Super explains that experiences largely influence how an individual shapes his or her interests. Super indicates that career counselors must examine a person's education, hobbies, life aspirations, and past occupations in order to receive a better idea of what might be a good future career. Because people frequently change interests throughout their lives, counselors should help individuals see how these interests might fit together in a career setting. For example, consider a college-aged individual who is about to graduate with a degree in history. This student entered college without much of an idea of what he wanted to do, but enjoyed taking history classes in high school and thought it would make a good major. Now with graduation on the horizon, the young man is nervous about getting a job with a history degree. In order to gain a better understanding of what he should do with his degree, the man visits with the school's career counselor. Meeting with the student, the career counselor assembles a complete assessment of the individuals life. The career counselor looks at his past employment history, internships, and volunteer work, while asking about his hobbies and interests. The counselor discovers that the young man is passionate about writing, enjoys working with others, and advocating for political causes, having previously worked for a nonprofit group. Additionally, the boy's history degree provides him with a wide range of viewpoints of how certain governments have succeeded and failed. Working to combine the boy's passion for writing, politics, and history, the career counselor recommends the boy look into work as a consultant for a political campaign. In this position, the boy would write press releases, give advice and a historical perspective to the campaign, and maintain past connections he made while working for the nonprofit group. Additional theories Similar to Super's theory, social learning theories of career development take a holistic look at how one's entire life affects one's career decisions. Krumboltz's learning theory of career counseling holds that direct experiences and observations about an environment lead a client to make generalizations about the world and work. Krumboltz's four factors to consider

According to the book Career Theory and Practice: Learning Through Case Studies, by Jane L. Swanson and Nadya Fouad, there are four factors to consider in Krumboltz's learning theory:
Genetic factors

Some individuals might have innate genetic endowments and special abilities they inherit from their parents. Krumboltz believes that some individuals might be genetically predisposed to have musical, artistic, and athletic abilities.
Environmental conditions and events

Environmental factors are usually outside of the control of the individual, and include conditions like job opportunities, technological developments, community influence, social policies, and labor laws.
Learning experiences

Krumboltz believes that learning comes in the form of instrumental learning, and associative learning. Through instrumental learning, people learn through reinforcement or punishment. In associative learning, people learn to associate certain ideas with another stimulus. For example, someone who enjoys a show about police might find a career in police work interesting.
Task approach skills

These are the skills someone brings to a job. This includes experience, expectations, and general performance. Source: Career Theory and Practice: Learning Through Case Studies In addition, Krumboltz believes that people will choose careers based on the following factors: whether they've expressed confidence in completing tasks typical of that career; if others have reinforced their interest in the career; and if they know someone who has positive experiences in that career. Taking these factors into account, Krumboltz advocates clarifying potential career options through the Strong Interest Inventory and other career assessments. Helping others with career decisions If you're interested in a career using knowledge of theories and services to assist others with finding jobs and adjusting to new careers, request information from schools offering degrees in counseling. Using chaos theory in career counseling Traditional career counseling typically involves analyzing personality traits, interests, and skills to match someone to the perfect job.

But at least one theory of career counseling maintains that the traditional methods career counselors use are unrealistic in the constantly changing and unpredictable labor market. Those who follow the chaos theory of career counseling believe that parents, social and environmental context, gender, age, political and economic climate, interests, abilities, geography, and many other life events all influence choice of career and career direction. And all of these factors are naturally unpredictable and subject to change. In The Chaos Theory of Careers: A User's Guide, published in The Career Development Quarterly, authors Jim E.H. Bright and others write that counselors must take lifes complexities into account, encouraging clients to reflect on how they impact their lives. Career counseling from a chaos theory perspective allows clients to examine how these chance events affect their careers, and also how they might capitalize on these events. Because chaos theory acknowledges that nothing is completely predictable, counseling based on this theory focuses less on discovering the perfect career for a client, and more on finding ways to deal with change. Using chaos theory during career counseling essentially helps clients to understand how small, often unpredictable events often lead to possibilities in the big picture. Counselors working with clients help them to develop strategies for dealing with change and uncertainty at work. In Counseling Chaos: Techniques for Practitioners, published in The Journal of Employment Counseling, author Robert G.L. Pryor lists the principles of chaos that career counselors must understand to effectively work with clients:

Order and randomness are natural aspects of human experience; Careers have a tendency to become susceptible to unplanned outcomes; Humans have the capacity to a) recognize an unpredicted possibility b) create opportunities c) encourage good fortune d) take advantage of an unplanned outcome; The complexity of the human experience introduces unpredictability; This reduces knowledge of outcomes and control over outcomes; and This unpredictability can result in the total transformation of a career.

With an understanding of these concepts, career counselors adhering to chaos theory help those thrive in a constantly changing marketplace.

Child Counseling
2 Explore methodologies employed by counselors when counseling children

In the United States, one in five children has a diagnosable mental health disorder.

Child Counseling Links

In this Article... o Helping children find inner strength o Using strength-based counseling o Bibliotherapy for children o How can I help? o Integrating technology Related Articles ... o Child Counseling Career o Counseling Licensure Requirements o Schools offering counseling degree programs

According to a report from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, these mental health disorders seriously impact the ways children adjust at home, in the community, and at school. But thankfully, solutions exist for these troubled youth. With their vivid imaginations, wandering curiosities, and playful attitudes, children might not comprehend the traditional therapeutic methods of treating anxiety, depression, and other mental health disorders. To help these children overcome challenges and difficulties in their lives, the field of Child Counseling encourages children to bolster their existing strengths through different therapy techniques.

Helping children find inner strength Children often deal with many of the same stressors that adults face. Meeting new people, learning new skills, facing school pressures, and trying to understand difficult situations like divorce and death are confusing and anxiety provoking for everyone. Characteristics of Resilient Children An active approach toward solving problems An ability to gain the attention of others An optimistic attitude even in the face of adversity Maintaining a positive view of the future An ability to be alert and autonomous source: Promoting Resilience in At-Risk Children But children are often unequipped to comprehend the complexities of these situations, and might shut down, react aggressively, or become anxious at the prospect of facing them. The article Promoting Resilience in At-Risk Children, published in The Journal of Counseling and Development, states that children are at high risk for mental health and behavioral problems because of family discord, poverty, abuse, and other environmental concerns. Authors Carl F. Rak and Lewis E. Patterson write that these conditions often affect a child's selfesteem and cognitive development. But still, many children grow up in these environments only to turn into productive and effective members of society. Understanding how children use resiliency to conquer adversity is integral in child counseling. In the article, resiliency is defined as the ability to overcome environmental conditions to avoid negative outcomes like behavioral problems, psychological maladjustment, and academic concerns. To foster this sense of resiliency, counselors work with children to examine their strengths, teaching them to draw on them to face challenges. Using strength-based counseling to help children The field of Child Counseling helps children examine their strengths through different counseling methods. One form of strength-based therapy is solution-focused counseling. Solution-focused counseling helps children to self-manage and cope with their problems, allowing them to live without feeling so overwhelmed. Solution-focused counseling is often very useful for children with conduct problems, struggling with a parental divorce, or social anxieties.

According to Solution-focused Therapy: Strength-Based Counseling for Children with Social Phobia published in The Journal of Humanistic Counseling, Education, and Development, solution-focused therapy is based on the fact that for every problem, there are moments called exceptions when that problem's outcome is not as severe as usual. Counselors using solution-focused therapy help children identify these exceptions to problems, teaching them to remember the thoughts that led to those exceptions or when outcomes did not seem so negative. Central to solution-focused therapy is the use of the miracle question. The miracle question, quite simply, is What if you woke up tomorrow and all of your problems were solved? How would your life be different? The miracle question is important because it harnesses a child's natural sense of imagination and curiosity. In the article, author Cindy M. George relates the story of Brad - a 12-year-old boy with significant social phobia. Social phobia, which affects 3% to 4% of children in the United States each year, is marked by crying, tantrums, clinging to parents, and freezing up in social situations. Additional Facts about Children Today

Childhood depression affects 1 in 33 children 50% of children with learning disabilities have ADHD Children are more likely to experience mental disorders if their parents also display signs of mental illness Signs of mental illness in children include: Decline in school performance Earning poor grades Throwing temper tantrums A constant feeling of anxiety Refusal to attend class Bad dreams and nightmares Repeated sadness or irritability Increase aggression

Source: Mental Health America At school, Brad felt so anxious and scared around others that he was unable to participate in class, and the teacher would often skip over him when asking students to read out loud. His anxiety was so severe that he had no friends, and believed that his peers thought he was stupid. When the counselor asked Brad how his life would be different if he woke up and his problems were solved, he said he would not be afraid to talk to others, and would easily handle social situations.

Now that Brad and the counselors had established a goal, the counselor asked Brad to think of the moments where there were exceptions to his problem. Unfortunately, Brad struggled to find a time when he wasnt fearful of social situations. To help Brad understand when his social anxiety was at its most severe and when it was lowest the counselor asked Brad to record moments where he noticed exceptions to his social phobias, and what emotions led to those exceptions. For each moment, Brad rated his anxiety on a 0-10 scale, with 0 denoting most anxious. The counselor then ended the session, and told Brad that the next time they met, they would discuss the exceptions he noticed. The first time Brad noticed an exception was when his teacher called on him to answer a question. Brad usually did not answer questions because he felt afraid he would get the answer wrong, and his classmates would laugh at him. This time, however, Brad answered correctly, and the teacher praised him. In his notebook, Brad recorded a 5 for anxiety. Drawing from the confidence he gained from answering the question, Brad decided to read out loud in class later in the day. He reported that it felt good to participate, and recorded a 6 for anxiety, indicating it was slowly becoming easier. Meeting with the counselor again, Brad reported his anxiety levels were lower, and his counselor noted that he had drawn on the previous moment to motivate himself to read. Brad said that it felt good to participate, and it made him feel less nervous around the others. The counselor recommended that Brad continue to draw on those experiences and feelings, and try to meet some of his other classmates. Brad began to feel more and more confident as he thought on the moment when he spoke in class. Usually Brad sat alone at lunch, but now he decided it was time to sit with others. Walking toward the group of boys at the lunch table, Brad reported that he felt his heart race and almost turned back. But then he remembered the exceptions to his problem, and how good he felt after reading in class. This feeling spurred him to sit with the others, and he began to make friends. Brad's experience with solution-focused therapy shows the strengths of this counseling technique. The therapy's focus on fostering a sense of accomplishment and drawing on personal strengths makes it an important learning tool for children, as well as an effective method of defeating anxieties and fears. For younger children who might not comprehend their strengths or even weaknesses other counseling methods have proven more effective, while still tapping into a child's imagination. Bibliotherapy for children When reading books or a good story, it's easy to feel lost in a world of fantasy.

People project themselves on the characters, seeing themselves facing adversity and conquering a significant challenge. Sometimes they find the strength to change themselves for the better, learning valuable lessons that have far-reaching effects. Bibliotherapy is a form of counseling that uses counselor-selected books to help guide discussions and instigate change in a client. For children, bibliotherapy is especially helpful because it taps into their sense of curiosity, and presents complex topics in interesting and digestible pieces. Books and stories help give children an internal reflection of their feelings, which is often especially helpful for children with aggression problems. According to Bibliotherapy: An Indirect Approach to Treatment of Childhood Aggression, published in Child Psychiatry and Human Development, bibliotherapy helps children understand aggressive behavior, its cause, and how it negatively affects others. The article, written by Zipora Shechtman, examines a group of 8-year-old boys with aggression problems, and matches up their problems to stories and books. For example, one of the boys related that he felt angry because his parents hit him, and he could do nothing to hit back. The counselor worked with this boy, reading a story about what leads to parents' abusive behaviors, and how helpless a child feels. The boys aggression was a way of attempting to gain power over others. The counselor helps the children to interpret each book, asking questions like How would you change what happened to the characters? and Has anything in this story happened to you? Given its efficacy of dealing with complex topics, bibliotherapy is also helpful for children trying to comprehend death or grief. In Helping Bereaved Children and Adolescents: Strategies and Implementations for Counselors, published in The Journal of Mental Health Counseling, the researchers explain that counselors must choose books based on their ability to provide comfort, explanation, and reassurance - while still being realistic. Authors James P. Morgan and Jesse E. Roberts wrote that children might not understand that a loved one won't come back, or they might feel guilty and responsible somehow for the death. Some younger children might believe death is reversible, and won't know how to deal with the resulting feelings of loss. To help the children through this difficult experience, the counselor must guide the child through the story, instigating discussion questions like, Are you like any of this story's characters? and What do you think will happen to the characters in this story tomorrow? In two weeks? The effectiveness of bibliotherapy largely lies with how a child reacts to stories. For some children, a more interactive method of counseling is more useful. For these children, play

therapy harnesses their imagination and allows them to accurately express their frustrations or grief. For more information on play therapy, see Child Counselor Career. A field based on helping children If you are interested in helping children solve their mental health issues and concerns, helping them become productive and healthy adolescents, consider the field of Child Counseling. Child counseling requires a master's degree in counseling or psychology. Request information from schools offering these programs to learn more about the process of entering the field of child counseling. Integrating technology with traditional therapies Games and technology give us insight into how we think, make decisions, and react to situations that require split-second judgments. Today, more and more kids are playing with video games and computer systems to pass the time. Not only are games fun and interesting distractions in life, but some researchers believe they have serious potential as educational and therapeutic techniques for children with mental and behavioral disabilities. In The Therapeutic Use of Video games in Childhood and Adolescence, published in The Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, researcher Mark Griffiths writes that video games can be integral for therapists to make behavioral observations about a child. For example, a counselor meeting with a child for the first time must gain a better understanding of that child's behavioral skills and abilities. Offering a video game to a child provides a good deal of insight into how the child reacts to certain situations, and could speed the counseling process. According to Griffiths, using video games gives the counselor a first look at:

A child's problem-solving skills A child's ability to perceive and recall subtle clues A child's ability to foresee consequences of past behavior A child's hand-eye coordination How the child reacts to aggression A child's ability to recall bits of basic information

Griffith states that children who display hesitance at following the traditional therapy methods, like play therapy or art therapy, tend to embrace technology readily. He states that using technology in therapy is also extremely useful for children on the autistic spectrum, including those with Asperger's syndrome. However, he warns that certain games like

shooters and other overly stimulating games might have the opposite effect on those children, increasing their inabilities to concentrate or communicate effectively with others In the 2011 article Playing on a Tablet as Therapy, published in The Wall Street Journal, author Shalini Ramachandran reported on a number of therapists using multitouch technologies, like iPads and other tablet computers, to help autistic children learn more effective social skills. Autism is marked by an inability to accurately understand social cues and communicate with others. For more information on autism, see Autism in Teenagers. Children often find software and games more fun to participate in than traditional therapies, Ramachandran writes. One mother speaking to Ramachandran said that her autistic child attends four hours of different therapy sessions a week, but the software session was by far his favorite. For example, to help learn facial expressions, a picture of a man's face is put on the tablet screen. As stated in the article, the instructor tells the child to make the man appear sad, so the boy manipulates the touch screen, pulling down the corners of the man's face to create a frown. Given that this technology is so new, few studies have thoroughly examined all of its benefits. In the future, scientists and therapists will likely devote more research to adapting these emerging technologies to traditional counseling methods.

The Clinical Psychology Field...

Clinical psychology is a field that attracts brilliant and highly talented individuals, individuals who have devoted their lives to understanding the brains complexity, to developing abstract and detailed theories on how thoughts affect emotions and behaviors, and how to apply those theories so that others benefit.

Clinical Psychology Links

How to become licensed in various psychology careers The Clinical Psychologist Career

Psychological Assessments Research areas in Clinical Psychology Psychology Schools o Master's programs in Clinical Psychology o PhD programs in Clinical Psychology

Stated simply, the overall goal of clinical psychology professionals is to help others. They desire to make lives more enjoyable by applying diverse forms of therapy, assessing and diagnosing clients in order to develop the most appropriate therapeutic interventions, techniques, and other diverse forms of therapy. As an individual researching the topic, you should be aware of the many areas and types of people who thrive within the field of clinical psychology. If you have ever taken a career compatibility test before and believe hard work to be one of your attributes, you were likely to find at least one aspect of clinical psychology to fit your career profile. A diversified field The field is incredibly broad, and has, in many ways, become its own industry, creating its own economy through the creation of many psychology-based occupations serving clinical psychologists. For example, research departments within corporations, nonprofits, the government and nonprofit organizations have developed across the country. These researchbased departments employ clinical psychology professional who enjoy think tank style work environments, environments that encourage professionals to investigate and study, empirically and qualitatively, the type of psychological theories that lead to more effective forms of psychotherapeutic applications. For those with a passion to share their research with others desiring to learn and expand the field, almost all universities and colleges employ clinical psychology professionals. Many of these positions, especially those hiring those with doctorate degrees, combine research and teaching, and some also permit clinical psychologists to continue in private practice as well. Two models of practice Universities and colleges train students in one of two models of clinical psychology practice:

The scientist-practitioner model, also called the Boulder model, emphasizes ongoing scientific research, and clinicians applying results from that research to solving clients psychological problems. Clinical psychology students studying this model and working toward a doctorate typically receive a PhD. The practitioner-scholar model, also called the Vail model, emphasizes preparing students first as practitioners, assessing clients and using the correct psychotherapeutic framework and techniques in private practice, and secondly, working as scientists. Clinical psychology students studying this model and working toward a doctorate typically receive a Psy.D.

Four psychological models Clinical psychology professionals select one psychological framework as their basis for treatment and research, or they integrate their approach by combining one or more of the following major theories:

Psychodynamic: A modernized type of psychoanalytic or Freudian approach. Through talk therapy, the clinical psychologist explores an individuals unconscious thoughts. The relationship between the therapist and patient is considered critical for healing. Humanistic: A person-centered, holistic approach that emphasizes a clients emotions and self-perceptions. Many orientations of humanistic psychology seek to focus on the healthy aspects of a clients life, rather than the pathological, helping the client selfactualize, and build a stronger, healthier sense of self. Humanistic orientations include: Gestalt therapy, depth therapies, encounter groups, existential therapy, and transpersonal therapy, among others. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (the most common): A solution-focused approach that relieves symptoms by focusing on thoughts or cognitions that lead to misguided behaviors. In this area, psychologists uncover links between mental distress and a particular thought process, or between a thought process and maladaptive behavior. Brief, focused techniques are used to change thoughts and behaviors, such as relaxation, distraction, exercise, and many other types of interventions. (see Cognitive Behavioral Therapy). Systems or Family Therapy: A couples, group, or family-focused approach that seeks to restore harmony and balance in relationships affected by a number of psychosocial issues. Clinical psychologists treat the entire unit as a system, rather than treat only one individual. Professionals working within this psychological framework require mediation techniques in addition to the vast amount of clinical psychology education necessary to positively identify problems and solutions to couple, family or group issues. (see Family Systems Therapy).

For more information about the possibilities for employment within the field of clinical psychology, the difference between a Psy.D or Ph.D, or other positions within the field, contact schools offering masters degree programs in clinical psychology or doctorate programs in clinical psychology. If you are not sure if clinical psychology is the right path for you, explore additional educational options available in different programs offered by the following psychology schools.

What is Counseling Psychology?

Learn about the field of counseling psychology ...

Life is moving too fast for most of us. Balancing the responsibilities of work and home is stressful. The demands on our time, the emotional investment of a house and family, the anxiety of debt, and the lack of direction or achievement in our lives contribute to stress (see Stress) and depression (see Depression).

Resource Links

In this Article... o Counseling psychologists' therapeutic approach o Parenting o Marital conflict o Getting along in the workplace o Decision making - removing the pressure o Working with students o A midlife career change o Learning styles & Life Related Articles ... o The counseling psychologist career o Additional psychology articles/topics o Schools offering various psychology programs

These stresses cause us sleepless, fear-filled nights, leaving us physically and mentally depleted, emotionally isolated, and unavailable to those we love. Nonetheless, most of us get up everyday and take care of as many of our responsibilities as we can - all the while wishing that we had a little help. Counseling psychology provides that help. It focuses on prevention, treating a broad range of human problems, and guides patients to solutions that maintain normal everyday functioning. Its purpose is to support mental health in areas such as parenting and marital concerns, constructive interactions in the workplace, satisfying emotional relationships, and the ability to make decisions that affect one's personal happiness and fulfillment. A visit to a counseling psychologist immediately starts to relieve pressure. Patients are often surprised at the supportive attention they receive as they talk about themselves because in the past they have felt voiceless and invisible. The fact that they are able to express their thoughts and fears, and discover that they are not alone in these feelings that everyone struggles with

many of the same concerns -- is reassuring. Learning that overwhelming problems can be resolved is empowering for patients and gives them hope. Counseling psychologist's therapeutic approach The underlying purpose of the counseling psychologist's therapeutic approach is to address common developmental issues as well as to observe and diagnose problems related to a wide range of emotional, mental, and behavioral disorders, such as stress, anxiety, depression, grief, anger, and addiction. By helping a patient recognize his own issues and by guiding him to find his own solutions, the counseling psychologist enables the patient to overcome childhood-based problems as well as the effects of burdens he may have picked up over the course of his life. Parenting Few parents would disagree that parenting is one of the most difficult of all jobs. Guiding a child through the stages of life requires patience, love and maturity - three elements that are sometimes difficult to assemble all at one time, especially when emotions are running high. Learning Styles & Life

Ask any counseling psychologist - humans are remarkable. Scientists once thought we were all alike, but now we know that there is a mind-boggling array of physiological and psychological variations that combine to create our distinct, individual personalities. Psychologists understand that each of us perceives the world differently that is, we see and interpret everything in our own, personal way. Additionally, we each have specific, unconscious preferences about how we receive and integrate that information a process that causes ripple effects in the way we interact with people, learn, form relationships, work, and plan our lives... Read more about Learning Styles here... Counseling psychologists understand these challenges, helping their patients identify and more successfully manage emotional confrontations with their children. As parents examine and perhaps adjust their perspectives, they are able to feel more calm and regain confidence. Because of the complex relationship between a child and a parent, therapy can be tricky. A parent who is insecure about his or her parenting skills may view the child's acting out as proof

of his or her own failure and inadequacy. A child's agitation may be exacerbated by the parent's suppressive attitude and continual anger. A counseling psychologist must untangle the two sets of behaviors by helping the parent understand his or her own feelings and offering techniques for neutralizing their affect on the child. The child also needs to be gently guided to understand his or her own feelings and learn new ways of communicating and solving problems. The counselor needs to win the child's trust, a step which can take several meetings. Often children won't talk because they're afraid of punishment or because they fear that the parent or parents won't love them anymore. They need to be reassured by both the counselor and their parents that they are safe, secure and loved. Depending on the severity of dysfunction, the therapeutic process may take many sessions. It must include the concentrated effort of the parent or parents in the home, and, ideally the efforts of teachers and other care-givers. Children can't change in isolation. Altering their behavior primarily (and depending upon their ages) is a result of their perceptions of the parents' new behaviors. Once this cascade of change begins, other underlying issues may surface that also need to be addressed. Parents often find their own behavior is a result of the parenting they received, or it may be a result of family, community, or religious expectations. In this therapeutic process, the parents are assumed to be acting in the best interest of their child and much of the burden of change is the parents' responsibility. This may require challenging adaptations in the parents' own perspectives and modifications in their response to their child's developing personality. Typically, this kind of therapy is successful not only in altering the parent/child dynamics, but also in viewing the counseling psychologist as an ongoing, trusted resource. Once the parents understand the change-the-behavior/change-the-response process, they find they will become more confident in their own parenting abilities. And, most importantly, the parents and the child will have forged new levels of love and trust. Marital conflict Maintaining a healthy marriage often gets lost in the stress and anxiety of kids, jobs and the complexity of other life issues. Counseling psychology helps couples refocus on what first attracted them to each other. A marriage where both partners work to support a home and children is a typical recipe for stress and anxiety. The wife may feel trapped by the expectations inherent in working, cooking, taking care of the kids, and keeping the house. The husband also feels trapped by financial limitations, a job that isn't challenging and the emotions exhibited by a harried, exhausted wife and unresponsive kids. This is a scenario where the available energy of the husband and wife is outpaced by the demands of their lives. Counselors help troubled couples understand the pressures and concerns placed on each partner. The process empowers partners to feel more comfortable addressing their

problems, and provides step-by-step solutions to help reduce stress, and move toward a healthier, more communicative relationship. Counseling psychologists are skilled at helping sort out the issues and resentments that have built up over the years of marriage, but progress can only be made if both participants are committed to making the changes necessary to resolve the problems. The significant investment of time and money should not be used as an excuse to discontinue counseling, but should be viewed as an investment in the long-term happiness of the whole family. Staying on track and following through with the changes enables the couple to come out a stronger, happier pair. Marriage rarely lives up to the fantasies we have when we first start out, but a healthy, functioning marriage gives birth to new goals, and a fulfilling life together. Getting along in the workplace Job satisfaction is at its lowest rate in 22 years -fewer than half of all Americans like their jobs according to The Conference Board Survey reported by CNN. In fact, nearly 19% of those polled weren't even interested in their work anymore, a clear indicator of a drop in attitudes, and the source of much job-based anxiety and depression. For most people, the office is a place where they have little or no power or control. They frequently spend their days performing repetitive tasks, doing what is asked of them - and nothing more. Often people feel like they're not valued. Occasionally, employees are bullied by supervisors or work in a toxic atmosphere where the morale is poor and everyone complains. Personality conflicts often turn workers into pawns, or office rules make employees feel like children. These are all situations that often cause reactive depression in people who are just trying to earn a reasonable living. In helping a patient learn to cope with circumstances over which he or she has no outward control, counseling psychologists often guide patients through a series of cognitive steps that teach them how to recognize stressors, feel their own discomfort, examine their reactive thoughts, and choose alternative ways of responding. Counseling psychologists may also ask patients to keep a work-related journal for the purpose of examining their own thoughts. A patient's inner dialogue is crucial. If meetings invoke fear in a patient and internally they are saying to themselves, Please don't ask me a question, I can't speak in front of everyone I don't have anything of value to say, the counselor gives the patient calming techniques. This involves giving the patient a list of comments they can make to appear supportive. Instead of being afraid to contribute, patients learn methods of preparation and presentation, and with practice, overcome their fears and to learn to speak with confidence. These practical business tools not only help relieve patients' stress, they help them to become better business people, and better employees.

The quality of our relational skills hurts us or helps us in situations where there are personality conflicts. Counseling psychologists teach patients to recognize different kinds of personalities, such as the aggressive bully, the passive aggressive guilt-tripper, the dishonest back-stabber, or the political predator. Patients are coached in how to defuse, deflect or avoid these kinds of behaviors with the goals of preserving the professional relationship, avoiding being a victim, and securing a respected position. If, on the other hand, patients are not well-suited for their jobs, their counseling psychologist will help them identify alternative careers or jobs. Examining past successes, thinking about interests and dreams, and analyzing failures give patients a better perspective of their skills and talents. Counseling psychologists also are trained at giving and interpreting various career and personality tests. Decision making - removing the pressure Decision-making is a paralyzing process for many people. A typical decision should solve a problem and be the result of the assessment of facts and priorities. But even this simple formula represents a complexity of variables. What will I be when I grow up.... a midlife career change

Changing career direction is scary at any age, but when half of your career is behind you, and you find yourself suddenly in the job market, it can be downright terrifying. Whether you're a victim of a bad economy or feeling discouraged, bored, underappreciated, or just plain unfulfilled by your current job, facing the process of finding a new, satisfying place for yourself is best undertaken with the help of a counseling psychologist who can provide guidance along the way. Read the rest of midlife career change... Decision-making takes place within specific contexts, such as business decisions, child-rearing situations, careers, and marriages. Each context has a factual, an emotional, and a perceptual element. To make it even more difficult, there is always an irrational element to be considered, such as fear, pressure, and insecurity. An article in The Journal of Counseling Psychology by HB Gelatt, PhD, tells us that neuroscientists once thought that decision-making was based solely on a left-brained, logical

frame of reference, gathering information from a known past, examining the ideas of the present and, with an understanding of a predictable future, making an appropriate decision. Now, with a greater understanding of the workings of the brain, and how our brains perceive information, psychologists know that the right brain is also an integral contributor in the decision making process. According to Gelatt, counseling psychologists must help patients not only use their left brain to delineate factual material, but also guide them in acknowledging the more intuitive, right-brained components. As patients learn to identify the different kinds of information from the different sides of the brain, they are able to more consciously weigh facts against feelings and come to more comfortable decisions. Because decisions concerning one's life are never completely objective, counseling psychologists find that helping patients set goals or even acknowledge hidden agendas provides a personal foundation and indicator of personal direction. With the clarity that changing the mind is no more than a simple course correction, one that may shift a goal or two, patients find decisionmaking to be less stressful. Working with students College students struggle with indecision about majors, or finding their correct path in life. After testing and assessing the student's interests, a counseling psychologist helps students sort through the variables: obvious interests, parental pressures to be a 'whatever' laden with the guilt of disappointing them, or the feeling that wanting to be a dancer or an artist isn't a viable choice. Counselors help students consider other goals such as wanting to live near family or work with children or selecting a career that they are passionate about - also directing students down a more goal-directed path. Sometimes, the counselor only has to help the student realize that a decision today doesn't mean a life sentence that shifting directions is normal, even a required survival skill in a world and job market that changes constantly. The therapeutic approaches of counseling psychologists discussed here are the result of treatment plans based solidly in psychological theory and research, as well as experience gained from years of practice. Treatments are either problem-specific solutions, or they are resolutions that are more focused on goals. In either case, the treatment is developed for the individual patient and includes a sensitivity to values, ethnicity and cross-cultural concerns, age and experience, and any other criteria that reflects the patient's individuality. If you desire to help individuals and families with many of lifes challenges, including workplace stressors, family life, career decisions, personal growth, and relationship issues, consider a career as counseling psychologist.

Counseling psychologists must have a PhD in most states to practice, and certain licensing requirements also apply. Contact schools offering psychology degree programs and entering the field of Counseling Psychology.

Developmental Psychology
2 Learn about Developmental Psychology and careers in this area...

People describing the birth of their first child often sound overly sentimental, using words like miraculous, life-changing and astounding. For those not enmeshed in child rearing, new parents appear overly melodramatic. But those working in the field of Developmental Psychology relate to the excitement of bringing a new life into the world and watching it develop.

Developmental Psychology Links

The American Psychological Association Careers in Developmental Psychology Developmental Psychology Salaries Developmental Stages o Infant Developmental Psychology o Childhood Developmental Psychology Learn about Cognitive Development in Childhood o Adolescence Developmental Psychology o Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood, and Older Adults Developmental Psychology Career Profile - Dr. Jeffrey Dolgan Psychology Schools o Master's in Clinical Psychology o Master's in Counseling Psychology o PhD programs in Clinical Psychology o PhD programs in Counseling Psychology

Developmental psychology professionals share new parents' astonishment, yet their excitement doesn't end with infancy or early childhood. Developmental psychology professionals are equally interested in what happens between a person's conception and last breath; the whole of life excites and fascinates. They want to know how and why people change, or why some don't change, over the course of time. Stages of Development The area breaks down the study of human development into the following stages and categories:

Infancy Childhood Adolescence Early Adulthood, Middle Adulthood and Older Adults Developmental Disabilities

Additionally, groups are delineated into sub-categories, such as preschool-aged and school-aged children, early and late adolescence, and early, middle and late adulthood. Karen Bartsch, a developmental psychologist and professor of psychology at the University of Wyoming in Laramie, Wyo., said that professionals often break down the field into age groups based on the research methods used to study the groups. For example, behavioral research methods are used to study infants (birth to age 2) because these children cant talk or tell a researcher how theyre feeling or what theyre thinking. While the 3 to 7 age group can talk, they have a short attention span, and researchers have to adjust their speech so that children understand. Also, some researchers study a topic like memory across every age category, Bartsch said, from infancy to old age . To understand the depth and scope of this field, consider how many changes a person actually undergoes in a lifetime. Imagine the photos on a memory board or in a scrapbook for a persons 75th birthday party, for instance, and think about the variations in physical appearance for this person from infancy onward. Some of the pictures might not even look at all like the person celebrating his or her birthday. Physical appearance changes, but photographs often give us a glimpse of other changes occurring simultaneously, such as emotional, cognitive, and social changes; developmental psychology professionals explore these changes as well. Where do developmental psychology professionals work? Developmentalists also study and research all the contextual influences that impact change, such as socioeconomic conditions, culture, and genetics. Family, parenting styles, divorce, friends, religion, poverty, physical and emotional abuse, and educational levels all play significant roles in influencing a person's development and behavior.

Because developmental psychology is so broad and encompasses such a large number of aspects, most professionals choose to focus on one life stage, and particularly on one topic within that category, such as moral development in school-aged children, or the potential decline of motor skills in the elderly. Bartsch credits the variety and broadness of the field as capturing her interests. This field covers anything I could possibly be interested in with regard to human beings. In deciding to specialize in developmental psychology, she said the concept of how and why people change fascinated her, and now having worked in the field for nearly three decades , Bartsch said she still finds it fascinating. Her current research focuses on conceptual development in children ages 3 to 7, and she teaches developmental psychology classes at UW. Numerous practical applications of the science of developmental psychology exist across several different careers, all aiming to help people realize their full potential. Teachers and counselors must have knowledge of developmental psychology theories and principles, as well as healthcare workers, those who work with elderly, and social workers. For those wanting to work with people directly as developmental psychology professionals, positions in hospitals, medical centers, educational institutions and preschools exist. These professionals can also find employment in assisted living centers for the elderly and as juvenile advocates for the court system, working for homeless programs, and educational toy companies. If you are interested in how and why people change, and using theories about change to help people realize their full potential, you should consider a career in developmental psychology. Most positions in developmental psychology require at least a masters degree in psychology. Internships in hospitals and fieldwork in social service agencies give students an opportunity to gain valuable work experience before graduation. Many positions require a PhD, especially teaching and research positions at universities. Teaching assistantships are available at some universities for those pursuing a PhD in psychology. Also, learn more about the psychology career licensing processes and what the requirements for licensure are: Psychology Career Licensure.

Forensic Psychology
3 Learn about Forensic Psychology and careers in this growing industry...

Stories of criminals and their motives always provide fascination and intrigue, and the proliferation in recent years of television shows dealing with crime scene investigators, profilers, and psychology experts in courtrooms has heightened interest among those wanting challenging and mentally stimulating careers.

Forensic Psychology Links

In this Article... o Assessing, evaluating, and consulting o Other ways to apply expertise o Expert witnesses o What does it take to enter this field? o Sex offenders and forensic psychology Related Articles ... o American Psychology and Law Society o How to become licensed in various psychology careers o Forensic Psychologist Career Profile o Malingering Psychology o Psychology Schools

Forensic psychology is an area that deals specifically with understanding human behavior within the context of legal issues. And while an interest in forensic psychology might have started from watching television, those working in the field today describe its wide applicability to careers that are in high demand in diverse organizations. In an April 2008 article in Monitor on Psychology, Psychologist and Criminal Justice Professor Alan M. Goldstein said that "forensic psychology is a booming area." He stated that practice areas within this specialty keep emerging, including assessing and managing workplace and school violence, assessing and evaluating clergy abuse, elder abuse (see Elder Abuse) and cases dealing with end-of-life issues. Assessing, evaluating, and consulting Forensic psychology professionals work in a variety of ways applying mental health expertise to the legal system.

One of the fields main areas is assessing and evaluating clients on behalf of lawyers, social service agencies, prisons, and judges. A number of psychological assessments exist for a wide variety of legal issues. For example, some tests determine if inmates or suspects are fit to stand trial. Others determine issues of a prisoners sanity or insanity, or if prisoners are too violent or dangerous to be released into the community. Attorneys especially rely on these psychological assessments and evaluations. For example, in civil suits or personal-injury cases, those working in forensic psychology use specialized assessments to determine the extent of injury or personal suffering. They also consult with attorneys on jury selection techniques, and help them develop their cases by teaching them persuasive arguments. In child abuse, rape, and domestic violence (see Domestic Violence) cases, those working in forensic psychology consult with attorneys, the courts, and those working for social service agencies on the extent of psychological harm or damage, and the truth of the allegations or testimony. Forensic psychology professionals might be employed by a social service agency, such as a rape crisis center or domestic violence organization, or hospital, to provide immediate mental health services and evaluation after a reported crime or abuse. Many of those working in forensic psychology develop specialties, such as working exclusively on issues of parental custody and visitation, or sex offender consulting and treatment. Or they consult in the area of domestic violence, or school violence, using the most up-to-date empirical research to support their conclusions and recommendations. Sane or Insane? Mistakenly most people believe that the plea of a defendants sanity is made at trial. In most situations, however, the court hires forensic psychology professionals to determine a defendants state of mind before going to trial. Forensic psychologists use a number of psychological assessments to evaluate the sanity of a defendant. However before testing begins, a subjective opinion on the defendants mental state is made leading either the attorney or the court to proceed with this type of testing. So what is considered abnormal behavior to the extent that sanity is questioned? Psychologists use a trait called behavioral maladaptiveness to signal an abnormal mental state. This means that individuals behaviors are destructive either personally or to others, such as a social group, family, friends or coworkers. Causing injury to ones self or to those close to one's self is universally accepted as indicating an abnormal mental or behavioral state. Other ways to apply expertise

In addition to providing assessment, evaluation, and consulting services to attorneys, judges, and other professionals, those working in forensic psychology also work with clients and victims. They also work as trainers for public servants and others who work directly with offenders and victims. When working in prisons or correctional facilities, for instance, forensic psychologists might work one-on-one with inmates or hold group therapy sessions. They also might hold special sessions on mental health topics, such as anger management, crisis management, self-esteem building, and goal setting. Those who work in correctional facilities might also consult and train prison staff members, attorneys, and community advocates. They also design programs for recently released juveniles or adults. In some cases, those working in forensic psychology provide training programs for law enforcement personnel on how to handle both perpetrators and victims. Expert witnesses Many who are trained in forensic psychology also become expert witnesses, or professionals hired by attorneys to give testimony at a trial. They must explain to the court the findings from empirically based studies on a wide range of psychological topics. This requires keeping up-todate with recent research, and an ability to articulate scientific findings in a clear, understandable manner. For example, Nicholas DiFonzo, PhD, professor of psychology at Rochester Institute of Technology, is an expert in rumor psychology. He has written books and journal articles on this topic, and is hired by attorneys as an expert witness. He instructs attorneys, judges and juries on the psychology of rumors, on how they spread, why they are believed, their effects, and how to manage them. Psychology professionals who become expert witnesses usually begin their careers working with mentors or supervisors in a variety of settings, including clinics, prisons, government agencies, and schools. What does it take to enter this field? Steven N. Shapse, a forensic psychologist from Lincoln, Mass., says that working in forensic psychology requires the ability to integrate knowledge from almost every field of psychology. It also involves keeping up with volumes of psychological research to stay current with new findings. Forensic psychology differs significantly from other areas of psychology, according to Shapse, a psychologist with over 20 years as a forensic expert, psychometrist and child custody evaluator. Similar to investigators trying to piece together a puzzle, those in forensic psychology gather a

complete psychological history of a client by questioning family members, relatives, and other therapists - which is what Shapse really enjoys about the field. "It's more fact-based; it's more concrete because you do psychological testing," he says. "It's also more of a challenge because the client sitting before you can actually distract you from finding out what's really going on. Shapse explains that, unlike those working in the Clinical Psychology field who usually don't question the client's veracity, those in forensic psychology must dig to get viewpoints from many people and other professionals. "When you get 360 degree feedback, the picture changes, it becomes more whole." And while doing this type of psychological investigative work, Shapse says, forensic psychology professionals must keep their own opinions and biases out of the analysis. One of the requirements for those interested in a forensic psychology career is to be a "life-long learner," Shapse says. He also says that those interested in the testing and assessing processes (see Psychometrics) will enjoy a career in forensic psychology. If you are intrigued with the criminal mind, and you enjoy learning about the intersection of law and psychology, you should consider a career in forensic psychology. Usually a master's degree or PhD is required to work in this field. Some institutions offer a forensic psychology degree. However, students majoring in clinical, social, cognitive, criminal investigative, and developmental psychology also can pursue a forensic psychology specialty. Find out how you can become involved, request information from schools offering Psychology degree programs. Also, learn more about the psychology career licensing processes and what the requirements for licensure are: Psychology Career Licensure. Sex Offenders and Forensic Psychology Many who work in the field of Forensic Psychology specialize in one area, and without a doubt, sex offender assessment has become an area that has experienced significant career growth. In addition, many career paths have opened up for those wanting to work in sex offender treatment programs offered in prisons, nonprofit organizations, and other social service and private agencies. Those specializing in sex offender assessment and treatment must know the current empirical research, and learn everything they can about the thoughts and behaviors of sex offenders and victims. They must know both the most effective assessments and the most effective interventions.

Their first hurdle is to dispel the myths held by the public about sex offenders. Many believe that most sexual assaults are committed by strangers; however the data show that most victims are assaulted by those they know family members, friends, and other adults or adolescents. Other myths surround the characteristics of sex offenders. Many believe that sex offenders all have a common set of personality traits or profiles that identify them as sex offenders. However, the experts warn that there is not a checklist of traits clearly identifying those most likely to commit this type of offense. Sex offenders are diverse, coming from a range of socioeconomic backgrounds, cultures, ages, male or female, young, old, and middle age. Forensic professionals usually start an evaluation with an objective test such as the Multiphasic Sex Inventory II (MSI II). The MSI II has versions for female and male offenders as well as adolescent offenders. It is a sexual inventory test, measuring the sexual characteristics of those who have committed a sex offense or sexual misconduct. It can also be used to do a sex deviance evaluation. It can be useful in evaluating a client who has been alleged to have engaged in sexual misconduct but who denies any such behavior. Additionally, specialists in sex crimes will also use some form of evaluation that measures subjective feelings and attitudes that clients might be experiencing. This allows clients to verbalize feelings about behaviors, and also about life experiences and conditions. Test and evaluations are also used for those in treatment programs to gauge progress, as well as those seeking the help of psychologists for sex-related problems and issues.

Health Psychology
2 Explore the field of health psychology ...

Thirty years ago, few health care professionals would have advised people suffering from migraines, low back pain, arthritis or even cancer to get more physical exercise, try deep breathing exercises, or seek out a counselor for effective coping techniques. Today, however,

with the growing field of health psychology, these important recommendations are essential steps to not only rehabilitation, but also overall public health and disease prevention.

Health Psychology Links

How to become licensed in various psychology careers Clinical Health Psychology Occupational Health Psychology Public Health Psychology Psychology Schools o Master's in Health Psychology o PhD in Health Psychology

Health psychologists flip the traditional model of health care on its side by giving people more control over their own health and well being. These psychology professionals educate people about the link between disease and behaviors such as lack of exercise, poor diet and extreme stress. They also consider the adverse effects of negative thoughts and attitudes on health, and try to understand how a person's social and cultural conditions ultimately lead to better or worse health. These three factors - behavior, attitudes, and social environment - form the basis of a model that health psychologists use to assess and recommend treatment plans for patients and consumers of healthcare. Many health psychologists work in medical clinics with physicians, physician assistants, nurses, and other professionals. They find personal satisfaction in helping patients learn how to cope, and even thrive, despite chronic disease. They also educate people on the importance of balance between work and leisure activities, and help investigate alternative approaches to pain, such as biofeedback and relaxation techniques. They also work in outpatient mental health and substance abuse clinics, acute care clinics, and universities. Because over 50 million Americans live with chronic pain and illness, and the number continues to expand, the job outlook in this area of psychology is expected to grow. Concerns over preventive care and keeping people healthy to reduce medical costs will also drive demand in this field. A 2003 study in the Journal of the American Medical Association reported employers lost over $61 billion annually in reduced worker productivity due to chronic pain. And this figure doesn't include the additional costs of lost wages for patients and their care givers, workers' compensation, disability payments or health care costs. These alarming costs and the continuing emphasis on preventive health care also suggest that schools and public and private social service agencies will start hiring more psychology professionals. A Bachelor's degree in health psychology qualifies individuals to assist psychologists and other professionals in a medical clinic or community health center and to work as patient education specialists, tobacco treatment coordinators and research assistants. Other facilities that hire professionals in this field include vocational rehabilitation offices, correctional programs or agencies that hire research technicians. Master's degrees provide opportunities for positions

with greater responsibility, and also positions that involve research, data collection and analysis at a university or corporation. To work as a licensed health psychologist, or to teach and conduct research at a university, most positions require a PhD in Health Psychology. If you enjoy inspiring other people to live rewarding, fulfilling lives, and believe in the importance of living healthily both physically and emotionally, you should consider a career in the Health Psychology field. Find out how you can become involved, request information from schools offering Psychology degree programs. Also, learn more about the psychology career licensing processes and what the requirements for licensure are: Psychology Career Licensure.

Careers in the Health Psychology Industry

Social Workers Substance Abuse Counselors and Therapists Health Psychologists Art Therapists Marriage and Family Therapists

Sub-fields in the Health Psychology Industry

Clinical Health Psychology

Media Psychology
1 Learn about Media Psychology fields and careers in this growing industry...

Some believe that the constant replaying of the World Trade Center collapse on television after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 caused stress (see Stress) and anxiety (see Anxiety) for viewers across the country. Many people blamed the medias graphic images for propagating widespread fear and depression beyond that attributed to news of the incident itself.

Media Psychology Links

Media Psychology Division of the APA Media Psychology Salaries Careers in Media Psychology Violence in the Media Media Psychologist Career Profiles o Pamela Rutledge, Stuart Fischoff, and Jenny Fremlin o Jon Cabiria Psychology Schools o Master's in Media Psychology o PhD programs in Psychology

Never before had a national disaster of this magnitude occurred on American soil, and technology's immediacy made the event a second-by-second spectator event. For those in media psychology, this tragic event generated research studies that continue to raise as many questions as answers. Professionals working in the field of Media Psychology use psychological theories, concepts and methods to study the impact of the mass media on individuals, groups and cultures.

In a recent article "Media Psychology: A Personal Essay in Definition and Purview," the author, Stuart Fischoff, says that irrespective of the subject matter being communicated, media psychology wants to know how a particular medium affects or influences how people think and relate, how it affects values or beliefs, and how it shapes leisure and work time. Can one mode of communication affect behavior differently than another mode? The purpose of media psychology "Only by understanding how and why mass media influence our lives can we better cope with them and only by coping with them can we change them so that they serve us rather than control us," states Fischoff, emeritus professor of media psychology at California State University, Los Angeles, and senior editor of the Journal of Media Psychology. Fischoff says that it's important to study how the media influence behavior especially since our culture is "media-centric." He points to a culture obsessed with celebrity, and news that centers more on entertainment and entertainers than newsworthy issues. He also notes that recent research shows that people between the ages of 14 and 35 now spend more time surfing the Internet than they do in front of the television. The rapid - almost daily- changes in technology and the resulting effects on culture makes this field of psychology one of the most dynamic and exciting areas today. And recent trends in social networking software such as Facebook, Twitter and MySpace have increased the importance for businesses and organizations to understand how the media impacts behavior. The case of 9/11 gave researchers an opportunity to study and recommend changes so that news organizations can inform the public during and after disasters without inflicting more damage. In a 2009 study titled "Emotional Stress and Coping in Response to Television News Coverage of the 9/11 Terrorist Attacks," researchers report that while the study did not definitively determine whether media viewing actually caused stress-related disorders, it did find a link between increased television viewing and stress after the first few days of news coverage. However the study also states that after the first week of coverage, viewership dropped significantly, and that those who curtailed their media viewing reported less stress than those who continued to watch. "The fact that people in this study reported deliberately moderating their viewing of stressful coverage by limiting what they watched or distracting themselves supports the idea that media viewing is an active process that does not occur in a vacuum, but rather is a choice made by individuals," the study states. The study raised important questions. Why did some people continue to watch the events while others did not? And did coping patterns or past traumatic experiences affect viewing patterns? What recommendations can media psychology professionals offer to media organizations to produce better content, and how can these professionals help viewers self-monitor their viewing behaviors?

These and other questions will have to be answered by those interested in pursuing a career in media psychology. Research and teaching positions will require a PhD, while a master's degree in media psychology provides entry to positions with media outlets such as news organizations, film studios, and independent filmmakers. If you are interested in understanding how the mass media influence behaviors and attitudes, and you would like to make a contribution to cultural health and well being, you should consider a career in media psychology. Find out how you can become involved, request information from schools offering Psychology degree programs. Also, learn more about the psychology career licensing processes and what the requirements for licensure are: Psychology Career Licensure.

Mental Health Counseling

Why you should consider the mental health counseling field ...

Coping in todays world is not easy. Lifes rapid pace, a tough economy, high divorce rates, unrealistic expectations on how people should look and dress, all contribute to a society that challenges even the most emotionally stable individuals.

Mental Health Resource Links

In this Article... o Mental health disorders o Chronic pain

Other life issues A career in mental health counseling Family involvement in treating anorexia Related Articles ... o What is Mental Health Counseling? o Mental Disorders o Mental Health Treatments o Mental Health Counselor Career o Mental Health Counseling Programs/Schools o Additional mental health topics...

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Community organizations, employers, schools, and religious organizations all recognize the complex, stressful environments that individuals of all ages live in today. They all try their best to support individuals in their lifes journey, but sometimes the problems get larger and more complex than non-professionals can handle. Were it not for the field of Mental Health Counseling, too many people would slip through the cracks, getting caught in problems that those without proper training would be unable to help. The field of Mental Health Counseling prepares professionals to understand - cognitively and behaviorally - the pressures that others face, preventing or hindering them from reaching their goals and dreams. The profession trains individuals to consider the effects of culture, socioeconomic status, gender, and a host of other factors such as increasing demands on time and energy - when counseling. These issues include mental health disorders in addition to a number of other difficulties that all people experience at some point in their lives. Mental health disorders Many people visit outpatient clinics and offices that specialize in mental health counseling for mental health disorders either their own or to get help for those close to them struggling with these disorders. According to the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), 26.2% of Americans ages 18 and older suffer from a diagnosable mental disorder in a given year, making these disorders the number one cause of disability in the U.S. These disorders include conditions such as depression (see Depression), bipolar disorder (see Bipolar Disorder), anxiety disorders (see Anxiety Disorder), panic disorder (see Panic Disorder), obsessive-compulsive disorder (see OCD), post traumatic stress disorder (see PTSD), phobias (see Specific Phobias), eating disorders (see Eating Disorders), and substance abuse disorders (see What is Substance Abuse?). Mental health counselors provide therapy and support for individuals and families trying to adapt to the changes these illnesses impose on lives. Sometimes mental health counseling requires that counselors refer clients to doctors, such as psychiatrists or psychologists. But in most cases,

mental health counseling helps the majority of individuals and families set goals, establish behaviors required to meet the goals, and monitors the sequence of behaviors that lead to successful goal attainment. However, mental health counseling today extends beyond simply setting goals for those with diagnosable disorders. Goal setting and revising is a part of everyones life, and sometimes the path one takes gets derailed, either in a career or in a relationship, due to a number of circumstances often beyond anyones control. Those seeking the expertise of mental health counselors might simply feel overwhelmed with stressful jobs, jobs that often require individuals to spread themselves between work and family responsibilities. Family responsibilities also cause insurmountable stress, especially those trying to raise children and care for their elderly parents at the same time. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the U.S. population of people 65 or older is expected to double by the year 2030. This rise is partly due to the aging of baby boomers, or those born between 1946 and 1964 - a time period that experienced a huge explosion of births. Besides baby boomers, however, people in general are expected to live longer thanks to better medical care and breakthroughs in technology. This of course not only necessitates counseling services for families taking care of the elderly, but also for the elderly themselves. They are living longer with chronic illnesses, such as cancers and heart conditions, yet research has shown that with exercise, staying active, and receiving the proper support, they live meaningful, enjoyable lives. In summation, mental health counseling helps the elderly and their families deal with the many issues of aging. Chronic pain In addition to those over age 65 living with chronic pain and illnesses, the entire U.S. population suffers at an alarmingly high rate from chronic pain: it is estimated at over 50 million Americans. The Journal of the American Medical Association published an article in 2003 reporting that employers lost approximately $61 billion annually from workers reduced productivity as a result of chronic pain issues. Mental health counseling helps individuals learn to live and cope with chronic pain. In addition, those in mental health counseling help employers and other organizations design and implement effective pain prevention programs. Other life issues... Basically, mental health counseling helps all people struggling through any type of difficulty. Simply by listening and supporting individuals, or the process of psychotherapy, many individuals receive invaluable help. It often only takes a caring, sensitive person not directly related to a person to provide fresh opinions and objective, informed feedback.

From teens struggling with self-image issues, to those with anger management issues, to those who have recurring thoughts of suicide, mental health counseling employs psychotherapy and other interventions to help and treat individuals from all age groups. Some mental health professionals specialize in one area, such as substance abuse and addictions, rehabilitation, educational or career issues, or marital and relationship issues. Others in the field of Mental Health Counseling are generalists, trained to treat a variety of disorders or difficulties. In some instances and depending on the issue, some mental health counseling takes place in a group setting while others occur in more traditional one-on-one settings. Some conditions simply respond better to group or family counseling than others. (see Family Involvement in Treating Anorexia). A career in mental health counseling Most states require a masters degree in mental health counseling to work as a counselor. These degrees require classes in a number of psychology-based courses, plus additional supervised experience in a clinical setting. Almost all states also require a license to practice, requiring the taking of a state exam. Other requirements for licensing will depend on the mental health counseling specialty and work setting. Some organizations that hire mental counselors also require national certification, which differs from state licensing. If you are interested in working in the field of Mental Health Counseling, request information from the schools offering degree programs in mental health counseling or a related counseling degree program. Family Involvement in Treating Anorexia Recent research states that relying exclusively on individual counseling does not help patients suffering from anorexia nervosa, pointing to family involvement as critical in overcoming the disorder. The study published in the Archives of General Psychiatry in October 2010 supported a longheld yet controversial approach to treating anorexia nervosa in teens called the Maudsley approach. Twenty years ago, a model for treating the eating disorder stemmed from Maudsley Hospital in London, a model supporting the role of parents and other family members in helping patients overcome the disorder. The Maudsley approach mandates that family members accompany the patient during each meal, making it impossible for the patient not to eat something. It also supports mental health counseling for the entire family.

Researchers have long disagreed over this approach, stating that it ignores the need for teens to separate and become independent from parents. Yet the findings by researchers at the University of Chicago and Stanford University, showed that one year after treatment, approximately 42% of patients in a family-centered therapy group were in remission compared to 23% of those only receiving therapy from an individual counselor. **Anorexia nervosa patients refuse to eat because they fear getting heavy or gaining weight. The condition could be fatal if not successfully treated.

Social Psychology

What prompts a group of children to tease or bully another student? How can seemingly kind, non-dysfunctional individuals turn sadistic while working as prison guards? Or why do people working in management often make terrible decisions?

Social Psychology Links

Social Psychology Network Psychology Schools o Master's in Social Psychology o PhD programs in Psychology

Difficult questions - but important ones to ask. The answers give us a better understanding of how people interact, how decision-making affects others, and how social situations influence behavior. Finding psychological reasons for these behaviors also helps create solutions that, ultimately, make life more meaningful, peaceful and just for more people. Why Social Psychology?

The field of Social Psychology studies these tough social issues and the behaviors that contribute to them. For centuries people have tried to decode the puzzling influence of society on human behavior, but it wasn't until after the Holocaust that psychologists formalized a "social" field within psychology. Because of atrocities in Nazi Germany, psychology researchers needed to understand how conformity and obedience motivated people to commit such horrific acts. Using scientific research methods, social psychology professionals analyze underlying causes of how individuals influence other individuals' thoughts, emotions and actions. One method uses fMRIs (functional magnetic resonance imaging) to trace decision-making activity to specific areas of the brain while people answer challenging moral questions. Another method establishes experimental environments that imitate real-world scenarios, and researchers record observable behaviors that occur. Systematically observing people in their natural environments is yet another method. After analyzing results, researchers design intervention programs, such as the award-winning program of Ruth Hannon based on the Holocaust research of conformity and obedience. Hannon, a social psychology professor at Bridgewater State College in Massachusetts, directs her students in studying Holocaust research, and then has them apply the results to programs for middle schools struggling with incidences of hate crimes, prejudice and bullying (see Bullying). The college students implement the programs themselves. After developing a program for one school, one of Hannon's students reported: By the end of the second class, the child who, in the first class, kept thinking that bullying is 'no big deal' had turned his attitude to realize that it can be a big deal, and learned the importance of intervening if he sees another student being bullied. The schools also report positive feedback. "Middle school teachers report that their students remember the lessons taught by our students long afterward. Teachers use the power of these lessons to diffuse or avoid conflict as the school year progresses," according to Hannon. Social psychology professionals apply interventions in a variety of educational and organizational settings. Working as consultants, they advise employee assistance programs or social service agencies. They also work as marketing directors, managers and political strategists or they work for governmental agencies evaluating policy and designing programs in conflict resolution and environmental protection. Usually a master's degree or PhD is required for these positions. Research and university teaching positions are also available for those with advanced degrees in social psychology. If you have a passion for understanding and helping alleviate major social issues, and you are interested in how people interact and influence each other, you should consider a career in social psychology.

Find out how you can become involved, request information from schools offering Psychology degree programs. Also, learn more about the psychology career licensing processes and what the requirements for licensure are: Psychology Career Licensure.

Careers in the Social Psychology Field

Social Psycholgists Social Psychology Research positions Various types of social workers Public Health positions

Social Work
Explore the social work industry

Where does a homeless family go for help? How do they feed themselves? Who helps seniors who can't afford their medications, the unemployed with financial assistance, and the disabled with medical attention? Who cares for children who are sick, abused, or neglected?

In this Article... o What is social work? o Specializations o State social service agencies help children and families o Public service social work o Community social workers Related Articles ...

o o o

Articles related to Social Work Social Work schools Careers in social work

Social workers labor tirelessly to ease those burdens. They address the challenges of helping people secure the basics of survival and regain their dignity, self-sufficiency, and security. These professionals require extraordinary compassion, integrity, resilience, and a resourceful attitude. What is social work? Social work is committed to helping people all kinds of people in all walks of life. According to The National Association of Social Workers'(NASW) code of ethics, social workers' purpose is to enhance human well being and help meet the basic human needs of all people, with particular attention to the needs and empowerment of people who are vulnerable, oppressed, and living in poverty. This universal mandate is implemented in virtually every U.S. town and city. To be effective, most social work must happen locally. Social workers find positions in many areas of society, from state-run agencies to health care, and community centers. Each day they work to resolve both their clients' problems, and the social problems that plague their communities. Social workers' extensive training in social science and psychology uniquely equips them to connect people in crisis with needed solutions. Crises come in all shapes and sizes - a family who can't pay the electric bill or afford daycare, a father who needs expensive medication in order to work, a single mother whose 6-year-old has been sent home from school because of disruptive behavior, or an impoverished family needing guidance on the burial of a parent. Social workers are trained to deal with the full range of clients' problems. Specializations Social workers serve many different populations, developing competence in specific areas of specialization. In their graduate studies or through separate certificate programs, social workers often select areas of special interest, learning to work with populations such as children, families, elders, communities, or those with illnesses or addictions. Take, for example, a social worker who works in a geriatric medical center. This type of social work offers many opportunities to address the needs of an entire family struggling with an aging parent. Oftentimes this means understanding the emotional, physical, and financial strains on a family struggling with illnesses such as Alzheimers disease. She has chosen geriatric work because she feels that the needs of older people are often overlooked, and she wants to help families provide compassionate options for caring for elderly parents. Consider a middle-aged single, working mom whose aging mother has Alzheimer's disease. The woman works full-time supporting both her mother and her 5-year-old child.

The womans mother is increasingly agitated, exhibiting violent outbursts. She breaks dishes, tries to jump out of the moving car on trips to the store, and says inappropriate and embarrassing things in public. She occasionally wanders out of the house partially dressed. It's clear the woman can't leave her mother alone anymore, but she also can't afford to hire a caregiver. The geriatric social worker understands that this is a family in crisis, analyzing the situation and specific needs given the circumstances. The woman needs medical information about the stages of Alzheimer's and possibly anxiety (see Anxiety) medications. In addition, this woman needs information about inpatient and outpatient facilities that specialize in Alzheimer's. The woman needs financial information about her mother's Medicaid, as well as help filling out paperwork, and advice on obtaining legal and medical powers of attorney. The social worker considers having a child psychologist examine the 5-year-old to determine if the child needs help dealing with her grandmothers illness, and her mothers stress. And, most importantly, the woman needs personal counseling to help her deal with the stresses of her job, her daughter, and the sadness, anger, and guilt she feels about her mother. Being able to provide the specialized care each of these family members needs at this stressful juncture is gratifying for the social worker. But more importantly, helping the working mom become more self-sufficient and empowered will embolden her perspective on her future. State social service agencies help children and families Social work agencies are typically state-operated, such as social services agencies, or the health and human services agencies. Because family and child welfare are the largest areas of concern, state social service systems developed a wide safety net of resources, often partnering with other agencies, such as state workforce or public clinics to provide more resources. Many social workers work in their state's child welfare system, providing intervention and protection for at-risk minors. They are experienced with federal and state child abuse and neglect laws, criminal enforcement procedures, and with states' foster-care and adoption programs. These workers often provide out-of-home care, an array of foster services for children who have been placed in the custody of the state. They supervise and administer children's progress and well-being. To insure a higher quality of care, social service workers provide classes on parenting for foster and adoptive parents, including skills in the care of special needs children, such as those with HIV, or those with emotional conditions. When working with families, social service workers counsel clients, providing them with food stamps and access to food distribution centers. They locate shelters and safe houses, and provide

families with health care, bus passes, and counseling on school and career opportunities. Some help clients with rent, money for heat and electricity, and even furniture. In an effort to help the unemployed prepare for better jobs, social service workers also provide job interview advice, computer classes, and stipends for professional work attire and glasses. The state agencies also often provide important mental health counseling for those struggling with mental health illnesses and disabilities. Public service social work Public health social work (PHSW) is an epidemiological approach to identifying social problems. That is, public health social workers study the incidence, distribution, and control of social problems that affect the health and function of different population groups, such as those with diabetes or HIV. Public health social workers fill a variety of roles, from providing direct services and patient education, to consulting, planning, evaluating, and administrating care systems, such as free city clinics. These workers actively administer programs that help with suicide prevention, drug and alcohol abuse, immigration care, aging issues, disease incidences, and the achievement of better hospital-and-patient outcomes. (for more info, see Public Health Social Work) Community social workers Community social workers organize resources to resolve community problems. The nature of any community whether it is nurturing or threatening has a profound effect on its inhabitants' understanding of the world. In places where unemployment and homelessness is high, or where gangs are active, social scientists typically see a failure in social cohesion or social fiber. Social cohesion refers to the relationships that bond individuals with families, families with larger groups such as churches and schools, and groups with their larger communities. Often these relationships are deteriorating. Economic uncertainty and predatory environments cause individuals to become isolated, fearful, and unwilling to participate in their communities. Social workers understand that the cohesion of the surrounding community affects individuals' interpersonal skills. Neighborhood programs developed by social workers are designed to engage locals in community centers where they can become acquainted, and combine their efforts to bring change. Consider, a group of local businesses that meet with a community social worker to discuss an idea for engaging young teens after school. The objective is to teach teens the skills they will need to expand their sights beyond their immediate neighborhood. The group outlines a program with the help of the social worker. A nearby video studio will teach students about television production, helping them create and write programs, and develop their on-camera presences. A local boutique will direct the teens in putting together a fashion

show, and a dance coach will help them produce dance performances. All these elements will come together at a community event to raise scholarship money. The social worker arranges the performance venue and organizes parent volunteers. He might solicit financial or in-kind support from other businesses, and he might write a grant, seeking financial support for the programs continuation. The neighborhood teen celebration coalesces neighborhood morale. Everyone has a great time. The pride felt by both parents and teens is palpable and the scholarship offering restores a measure of self-worth to people who may have lost hope. For the social worker, it is a sign of cohesion, a rebuilding of social fiber that strengthens the community's sense of well-being. And the well-being of both people and communities is a prime directive in social work. To accomplish this, social work operates on two levels. First, it helps individual clients resolve their survival problems and re-engage their lives. And secondly, it provides information and resources to fight the larger social problems that contribute to the disintegration of communities. Social work is the ground zero of social change. And while most social workers spend their time helping people to merely survive, they all actively address the larger questions of social injustice, fighting to create systems that heal communities - albeit one family or individual at a time.

Introduction to Sociology
2 Learn how sociology plays a part in our day to day lives ...

Humans are social creatures and live every moment under the influence of our society. How we think, how we act, what we say, what we wear everything is determined by our interactions

with others. We live our lives as a part of a group, and we assimilate ourselves based on the norms of the group. These groups can be anything from as big as American society to as small as a family.

Sociology Links

In this Article... o Major Fields of Study o Why is Sociology Important? o Careers in Sociology o Case Study... Related Articles... o Political Sociology o Sociology of Religion Educational options for career seekers o Schools offering Psychology Programs o Schools offering Counseling Programs

The American Sociological Association defines sociology as an overarching unification of all studies of humankind, including history, psychology, and economics. Studying sociology gives you the opportunity to study how almost anything affects society or groups. Because everything we do is determined by and affects a group, anything can be studied through the sociological lens. Major Fields of Study As indicated above, the sociological perspective can be used to investigate literally any and all groups, societies, or individuals. There are, however, a few major fields of study that have been traditional focuses of the discipline and can be used as broader classifications. Some of these include:

Social stratification and mobility Religion Deviance Culture Politics Economics

Why is Sociology Important Today? As a whole, the aim of sociology is to understand society in order to better social welfare. For a concrete example of how sociological knowledge has been important for American society, we can look at the study of social deviance and how it has influenced advancements in our prisons and social programs.

Social deviance is studied by identifying a counter-culture, and studying why they are different from the norm and how deviating from the norm affects them and the society at large. This information is vitally important if the society is interested in correcting the behavior that is considered deviant. For example, understanding why and how violent street gangs form is essential to preventing them from growing or even starting. Sociology has taught us that kids in unstable family situations or in dangerous neighborhoods turn to gangs in order to be a part of a family that can protect them. This has lead to the formation of institutions like The Boys and Girls Club and the construction of athletic spaces in at-risk areas where kids can find solid foundations and relationships without having to turn to gangs. In prisons, programs are often offered to teach inmates a skill or allow them to get an education. This comes from the knowledge that many inmates are in prison because a lack of skills or education leads them to commit crimes in order to make a living. If we give a drug dealer a high school education and a marketable skill to take into the work force, he will be less likely to offend again. Instead of simply punishing an offender, we can use sociology to take constructive steps to prevent crime in the future. Understanding the how and why of any part of society can offer similar benefits. Using the information from sociological studies can help us make informed decisions about our actions as a society. Sociology is also used in almost every political debate or campaign in the country. In the recent health care debates, both sides used information from studies and polls to bolster their claims. If you read any news article, or watched any program on TV discussing the 2008 presidential debate, you saw sociology at work. There was poll after poll about public opinion, studies about health care costs and how those costs affect families and hospitals. Researchers and pollsters used sociology to get this information, and our lawmakers and reporters used it to support their point of view. Additionally, sociological studies can be used to begin conversation about policy. In 2010, a study was released by the journal Pediatrics that indicated children of lesbian parents were better adjusted socially than their heterosexual parented peers. In a time when the rights of homosexuals are debated, studies such as these are very important to refute claims that children with homosexual parents somehow suffer psychologically. If more studies such as these are conducted, the results can have a huge impact on the publics perception of homosexuals, which will ultimately lead to changes in laws and policy concerning them. Careers in Sociology Sociologists interested in a career in conducting research become professional social scientists. In order to get funds to pay for their research and living expenses, they can earn grants from the government, universities, special interest groups, or philanthropies. Aside from conducting research on their own, studying sociology can also prepare you for careers in:

Human resources Social work Family therapy Public relations Marketing Market research Law Education

A case study: The Process of a Professional Sociologist As discussed earlier in on this webpage, studies of deviance have shed light on some of the best ways to handle inmates so they do not reoffend. But how do sociologists go about getting this information? Heres a quick overview of how you, as a sociologist, might conduct a study and get your findings published. Start with a theory All scientific research starts with a theory. In this case, it might be Inmates who leave prison with a marketable skill will be less likely to reoffend. Outline research techniques How are you going to gather your information? For this research, case studies may be most appropriate. Case studies are in-depth interviews and observations that take place over long periods of time. Using this technique, you will get the most detailed picture of an individuals life over time. Get funding There are several ways to get funding for your research. You may receive grants from the government, a university, or a special interest group. For all grants, you will need to present a grant proposal, which, among other information, will need to include your theory and research techniques. Conduct research You need to find individuals in prison who are willing to be interviewed over time for your research. You will put your subjects into two groups: one control group that will not receive work training, and one group who will. This will allow you to observe how those with training do outside prison in comparison to those who do not receive training. You can then interview them in prison and once they have left. Some questions you may want to ask are:

Why did you join a gang, start selling drugs etc..

Would you be willing to find legal employment if given the tools to do so? Why did you go back to selling drugs, joining the gang after your release? Analyze information

Once you have your information from interviews, you can use it to support or debunk your hypothesis. For example, if the subjects with work training had reoffended at a lower rate than those who didnt have work training, you have supported your theory. Additionally, the interviews you conducted may give more insight into why they did or did not reoffend. Publish your findings There are a number of ways to publish your findings; one way is in a sociological journal. Once you have analyzed your data and written an in-depth article you can submit your research to a journal. If they use it, your research will be read by the sociologists who subscribe to the journal and anyone interested in the topic who looks through a library or online. Your findings could also be picked up by news organizations or given to politicians to influence reform.

Sports Psychology
Learn why in some cases the difference between winning and losing can be in the hands of a Sports Psychology professional...

Uncontrolled frustration surfaced in Miami in 2009 when the world's top-ranked male tennis player smashed his tennis racket at the Sony Ericsson Open into a bent, unidentifiable object - an outburst characteristic of Roger Federer's tennis playing as a youth.

Sports Psychology Related Articles

How to become licensed in various psychology careers The Sports Psychologist Career Guided Imagery Improve Concentration Performance Anxiety Psychology Schools o Master's programs in Sports Psychology o PhD programs in Sports Psychology

Angry at himself, Federer's meltdown resulted after losing points to opponent Novak Djokovic, a behavior that Federer hadn't exhibited, at least publicly, for many years. Federer ended up losing the match. If Federer hadn't gotten help by a sports psychologist for these daily, repeated outbursts as a child, it is unlikely that he would have ever achieved the unparalleled achievements he holds today. Up until Miami, Federer had done a good job of using the skills taught by his sports psychologist to keep control of his emotions, skills that allowed him to perfect the game played in his mind as well as on the court, skills learned from a professional hired by his parents. They were horrified at his daily outbursts on the court, and repeated beatings of his racket against fences and other surfaces. As a boy, Federer couldn't understand his parents disapproval because he was mad only at himself and not at others. But as he learned how much these outbursts drained his energy, and took his focus away from his strategy and focus - contributing to poor performance - the advantage of employing a sports psychology professional became apparent. "As athletes get better and better, the mental game is the differentiator," according to Jeff Greenwald, a nationally recognized sport psychology consultant and licensed family counselor, located in the San Francisco Bay area. Greenwald said that the pressure to win - the preoccupation with it - for every athlete, is overwhelming. The field of sports psychology is focused on teaching college and professional athletes how to take this overwhelming pressure, even in the most adverse circumstances, and turn it into an advantage. It's a profession that combines the mental with the physical to achieve optimal performance - and has expanded to included working with recreational athletes, musicians, and performers in a variety of fields

As a sports psychology consultant, Greenwald uses cognitive behavioral strategies, based on solid psychological research, to help athletes apply proven interventions to remain relaxed, focused, and in control. These interventions aren't exclusive to "sports." They're specific to what scientists know on how the brain works, and they apply to all situations that place pressure on individuals. Sports psychology professionals want to help people see the connection of thoughts and feelings to their behaviors. Like other psychology professionals, these practitioners want to help people better manage their moods and thoughts, see things from a different perspective, try new things, and stop avoiding certain things, Greenwald said. The focus of all psychology professionals is on helping people, and sports psychology is no different. Mental skills consulting takes place with individual athletes, as well as sports teams. In addition, the American Psychological Association (APA), Division 47, states that the field of sports psychology is also interested in understanding how participation in sport, exercise, and physical activity affects an individual's psychological development, health, and well-being throughout the life span. In 1986, the APA formed Division 47, making it one of the newest psychology specialties. Many of the first practitioners - many who were athletes themselves - came from a variety of psychology fields, including developmental, educational, clinical, counseling, physiological, social, health psychology, and others. As the field has continued to grow and expand, many colleges have added academic programs and degrees in sports psychology. Professionals with degrees in the field work for sports teams and as personal consultants for individual athletes. Many are also interested in studying the application of psychology, sport, and exercise in noncompetitive settings; many are studying the effect of sports on motor development and learning, health prevention, and the aging process. As Federer's outburst in Miami in 2009 demonstrated, those who receive help at one point in their careers from sports psychology professionals often need to revisit and fine-tune the "mental" aspect of their game. And as new research gets published, athletes benefit from new mental strategies and interventions. Sports psychology professionals have either a master's degree or PhD in sports psychology. If you have a passion for helping people achieve their best through sports and exercise, request information from schools offering master's degree programs in sports psychology or PhD programs in sports psychology.

Substance Abuse Counseling

What is Substance Abuse Counseling?

Entering the field of substance abuse counseling is similar to entering the field of coaching, fields that provide the support, encouragement, and training needed to achieve a goal that an individual wants to achieve, but can't do it alone.

Abuse Counseling Resources

Additional substance abuse articles... o Adolescents and substance abuse o Substance Abuse Prevention o The substance abuse counselor career o Treatments and Therapies o Treatment Centers o What is substance abuse and addiction? What is alcoholism? What is drug addiction? o Additional substance abuse and addiction topics Educational options for career seekers o Counseling Schools

And just as many former athletes enter the field of coaching, so do a large number of former substance abusers enter the field of substance abuse counseling, according to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administrations (SAMHSA) document "What Is Substance Abuse Treatment?" This document states that about half of the licensed or certified substance abuse treatment counselors are individuals in recovery themselves. (Process of Addiction Recovery). Others who enter the field of substance abuse counseling are often individuals who had family members or close friends with a substance use disorder, experiencing firsthand the pain of addiction, but also the joy and rewards for those who recover. Still others are compassionate individuals, passionate about changing and empowering lives, and choose to enter the field of substance abuse counseling to make a difference.

Outpatient and inpatient centers, hospitals, and prisons Substance abuse counseling in most facilities takes place within the context of a team of professionals, including doctors, nurses, social workers and psychologists, where the counselor stays involved with the client throughout the entire treatment process. The counselor provides the assessment of the client, asking questions that help the entire team plan appropriate interventions and counseling services. For more information on substance abuse counseling within a treatment facility, click here. The substance abuse counselor then focuses on getting the client to stop using drugs or alcohol, and helping him or her stay drug-free. They discuss how to identify triggers that cause clients to crave drugs or alcohol, such as a time or place where they used the drugs, people they used with, and stressful situations that contributed to the abuse. According to the SAMHSA document What Is Substance Abuse Treatment?, counselors help clients:

See the problem and become motivated to change Change his or her behavior Repair damaged relationships with family and friends Build new friendships with people who don't use alcohol or drugs Create a recovery lifestyle

Organizations for substance abuse counseling Locations Where Substance Use Treatment Was Received among Persons Aged 12 or Older: 2008*

Substance abuse treatment and counseling occurs in facilities dedicated to helping those with abuse and addiction disorders, or hospitals and doctor's offices where individuals seek help for the ravages of abuse on abusers' physical and mental health. Locations for acquiring help for those affected by substance abuse are many. The same goes for those exploring career options. * Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2009). Results from the 2008 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings (Office of Applied Studies, NSDUH Series H-36, HHS Publication No. SMA 09-4434). Rockville, MD. Self-Help Groups include twelve step programs, such as Alcoholics Anonymous, Narcotics Anonymous, Al-Anon, Naranon and many others. Group counseling Substance abuse counselors also conduct counseling sessions at facilities, and for independently run twelve-step programs. A number of self-help groups exist, but the most common are:

Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) Narcotics Anonymous (NA) Cocaine Anonymous (CA) Marijuana Anonymous (MA)

Self-help groups benefit those with substance use disorders, allowing participants to openly share their feelings in a safe, confidential environment with others who won't judge or criticize them. These groups also provide a support group for many who leave inpatient and outpatient treatment centers but still need the support to remain off of drugs and alcohol, and to identify triggers that might induce them to start using again. Preparing for a career in the field of substance abuse counseling If you are interested in working in the field of substance abuse and addiction counseling, receiving a psychology-based undergraduate degree is the first step. Most treatment facilities and other organizations require a master's degree and certification to work as a substance abuse counselor. To get started, request information from schools offering degrees in psychology, inquiring about certificates and licensure in the field of substance abuse and behavioral disorders.

SCHOLARSHIPS

The University of Sydney Merit Scholarships for Undergraduate Students, Australia 2012
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Career Based Education Seems to be Mandatory in Present Scenario Coursera Welcoming 17 Prominent Universities : A Boom in Online Education

The University of Sydney offers Merit Scholarships for School Leavers, Australia 2012 Study Subject(s):All subjects can be funded by Merit Scholarships.There is no quota by subject or preference for any particular course type. Course Level: There are two levels of University of Sydney Scholarships for School Leavers: Scholarship Provider: The University of Sydney Scholarship can be taken at: Australia Eligibility: You need to complete your secondary studies or equivalent qualification in 2012. You need to apply for admission to the University of Sydney through the Universities admissions centre (Uac). Scholarship Open for International Students: This scholarship is open for international students.

Scholarship Description: The University of Sydney Scholarships for School Leavers are awarded based on a combination of school examination results, Australian Tertiary Admission Rank (ATAR) and other achievements (leadership, creativity, self-motivation, communication skills etc). We want you to tell us about what makes you special, so spend some time writing your personal statement. The University of Sydney Merit Scholarship $6000 for the normal length

of your undergraduate degree plus an optional honours year (students must maintain an excellent academic record throughout the tenure of the scholarship). Objective of Scholarship:The University of Sydney aims to find the amazing young people of today who will be the leaders for tomorrow. Number of awards offered: Not known Tenure of award:1 year (Entry Scholarships) or duration of degree (Merit Scholarships). Value: $6000 per year Other benefits:Not known Important notes: Each student may only submit one application. Students who wish to study at Sydney College of the Arts or the Sydney Conservatorium of Music must achieve an ATAR of at least 90 and be amongst the top 5% of applicants, assessed by portfolio or performance. International and NZ students applying for admission through UAC are eligible to apply for these scholarships. The Faculty you nominate on your application will be the only Faculty to consider your application. A scholarship offer is made on behalf of that Faculty, allowing the student to pursue any degree for which they are eligible within that Faculty. As such you must choose your Faculty carefully. For combined degrees there is still only one Faculty nominated; the UAC guide will inform on the appropriate Faculty. Notification: 27 February 2013 How to Apply: Applications for these scholarships are now open. All students who submit an application will be sent an acknowledgement email. All offers for these scholarships will be made by the end of February 2013. 2013 Application Form Scholarship Application Deadline: 2 October 2012 . Further Scholarship Information and Application

Read more: The University of Sydney Merit Scholarships for Undergraduate Students, Australia 2012 : 2012 2013 College Scholarships, PhD Scholarships, Postdoctoral, Graduate International Scholarships Fellowships http://scholarship-positions.com

Sydney Achievers International Scholarships at University of Sydney, Australia 2013

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Sydney Achievers International Scholarships at the University of Sydney for new international undergraduate students,Australia 2013 Study Subject(s): Study subject offered by the university Course Level: This scholarship available for all undergraduates students. Scholarship Provider: University of Sydney

Scholarship can be taken at: Australia Eligibility: -Applicants must have completed an Australian Year 12 qualification or an international senior secondary qualification accepted by the University with an outstanding Australian Tertiary Admissions Rank (ATAR) or equivalent, as deemed by the University of Sydney. -Students completing Foundation Studies Programs offered by Australian or New Zealand universities are eligible. -Students who have already commenced tertiary studies, or students transferring with credit exemptions and/or advanced standing, are not eligible. Scholarship Open for International Students: This scholarship is open for students of all nationalities. Scholarship Description: The University of Sydney takes great pleasure in announcing an enhanced Scholarships scheme for new international students commencing at the University in 2013. Up to 100 of these prestigious Scholarships will be offered in 2013 to high achieving, academically meritorious, international students, inviting them to enjoy the Sydney experience at one of the finest institutions of higher education in the world.

Objective of Scholarship: Up to 100 of these prestigious Scholarships will be offered in 2013 to high achieving, academically meritorious, international students, inviting them to enjoy the Sydney experience at one of the finest institutions of higher education in the world. Number of awards offered: Up to 100 of these prestigious Scholarships will be offered in 2013. Tenure of award: Not Known Value: $10,000 each per annum Other benefits: -AUD$10,000 each per annum, available for the CRICOS registered duration of a recipients program of study, for any Undergraduate program offered at the University of Sydney (subject to the recipient maintaining satisfactory academic progress each year). No living allowance is payable. Selection Criteria: Selection will be based strictly on academic merit as per the Universitys admission requirements. Selection will be based on actual results (academic and English language proficiency). Predicted/forecast results will not be considered. Only applicants with firm, unconditional offers of admission will be considered. Selection will be made by the International Student Office, whose decision will be final. No appeals will be entertained. With the exception of UAC applicants, for whom Scholarship offers will be issued after 15 January 2013, all successful candidates will be offered a Scholarship along with the Offer of Admission to the University of Sydney. Notification: Not known How to Apply: No separate application for a Sydney Achievers International Scholarship is necessary. An Application for Admission to the University of Sydney in 2013 will constitute an application for a Scholarship. All applications meeting the selection and eligibility criteria resulting in unconditional Offers of Admission will be automatically considered. The deadline for receipt of applications and complete supporting documentation (academic and English language proficiency results) is 15 January 2013 for Semester 1, 2013, and 30 June 2013 for Semester 2, 2013. Successful candidates will receive an Offer of a Scholarship with the Offer of Admission. Applications received after these deadlines will not be considered. Candidates applying through the Universities Admissions Centre (UAC) will be considered in January 2013.

Scholarship Application Deadline: The deadline for receipt of applications and complete supporting documentation (academic and English language proficiency results) is 15 January 2013 for Semester 1, 2013, and 30 June 2013 for Semester 2, 2013.

Read more: Sydney Achievers International Scholarships at University of Sydney, Australia 2013 : 2012 2013 College Scholarships, PhD Scholarships, Postdoctoral, Graduate International Scholarships Fellowships http://scholarship-positions.com

Undergraduate Scholarships at University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 2012

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University of the Sunshine Coast offers Undergraduate Scholarships for Australian Citizens, Permanent Residents of Australia or New Zealand Citizens , Australia 2012 Study Subject(s):Courses offered by the university Course Level:Undergraduate Scholarship Provider: University of the Sunshine Coast Scholarship can be taken at: Australia Eligibility: Australian Citizens, Permanent Residents of Australia or New Zealand citizens. Students commencing their first undergraduate degree in semester 2, 2012 or semester 1, 2013 Scholarship Open for International Students: No Scholarship Description: Scholarships at the University of the Sunshine Coast are awarded on more than just academic merit. Factors such as relocating to study, community leadership or financial hardship are also taken into consideration. The financial support of a scholarship aims to help our students focus on their studies.

How to Apply: By Electronically Scholarship Application Deadline: 31 October 2012

Read more: Undergraduate Scholarships at University of the Sunshine Coast, Australia 2012 : 2012 2013 College Scholarships, PhD Scholarships, Postdoctoral, Graduate International Scholarships Fellowships http://scholarship-positions.com

Wu Opportunity Scholarships at University of Western Sydney, Australia 2013

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University of Western Sydney offers Wu Opportunity Scholarships for Undergraduate Students in the field of Social Science, Australia 2013 Study Subject(s):Social Science Course Level:Undergraduate Scholarship Provider: University of Western Sydney Scholarship can be taken at: Australia Eligibility: - Receive an offer to study full-time in the Bachelor of Social Science at UWS. - Demonstrate financial or other hardship, based on the UWS Opportunity and Equity criteria. - Be Australian citizens or permanent residents. Scholarship Open for International Students: No Scholarship Description: Professor Chung-Tong Wu was appointed to the position of Deputy Vice-Chancellor Development and International at the University of Western Sydney from April 2002 to June 2007. Prior to this appointment, Professor Wu was the Dean of the Faculty of Built Environment and Pro Vice-Chancellor (International) at the University of New South Wales. A

specialist in regional development planning, Professor Wu has extensive research and professional involvement with international planning projects especially in China, Indonesia, Malaysia, South Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. In Australia, he has conducted research on regional development in NSW and Queensland. Professor Wu is a long serving member of the University of Western Sydney Foundation Board. Professor Wu provides this scholarship to ensure more students can access and make the most of their university studies, and to particularly support and encourage students in the field of Social Science. Value: $f,000 Duration : 3 Years How to Apply: Online Scholarship Application Deadline: 7 January 2013

Read more: Wu Opportunity Scholarships at University of Western Sydney, Australia 2013 : 2012 2013 College Scholarships, PhD Scholarships, Postdoctoral, Graduate International Scholarships Fellowships http://scholarship-positions.com

International Scholarship for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Student at Bond University, Australia 2013
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2013 Undergraduate and Postgraduate Scholarship for International Student at Bond University, Australia Study Subject(s):Courses offer by the university Course Level:Undergraduate and Postgraduate Scholarship Provider: Bond University Scholarship can be taken at: Australia

Eligibility: - Available for international students only, for undergraduate or postgraduate study. - Applicants must currently be or have previously been in the top 5% of their high school or university class. - Students will be selected for scholarships based on outstanding academic ability. - In addition, demonstrated strong leadership skills and extensive involvement in extracurricular activities will also be considered. - Students whose first language is not English must refer to and meet Bond Universitys standard. - English entry requirements for undergraduate applicants. - English entry requirements for postgraduate applicants. Scholarship Open for International Students: Yes Scholarship Description: The International Student Scholarships are a testament to Bond Universitys commitment to quality and outstanding international students. These scholarships are available to international students who have demonstrated outstanding academic ability (academic merit based scholarships). Value : 25% to 50% of tuition fees of any undergraduate or postgraduate degree (excluding Bond Universitys Medical Program, Master of Psychology, Doctor of Physiotherapy) How to Apply: Online Scholarship Application Deadline: Semester Scholarship Application Closing Date September 2012 May 14, 2012 January 2013 September 21, 2012 May 2013 January 25, 2013 September 2013 May 31, 2013

Read more: International Scholarship for Undergraduate and Postgraduate Student at Bond University, Australia 2013 : 2012 2013 College Scholarships, PhD Scholarships, Postdoctoral, Graduate International Scholarships Fellowships http://scholarship-positions.com