ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING - II Module - I Content: 1.Materials for Sewer 2. Forms of Sewer 3. Laying & Testing of Sewer pipes 4.

Sewer Appurtenances

Course Faculty: Dr. S. Mathava Kumar

Circular Sewer Sections

Circular preferable for combined sections Preferred because - Easy & Convenient to manufacture - Maximum area for a given perimeter - Utilize minimum quantity of material - Uniform curvature all around - Advantageous when flow 1/2 Full - Best for Discharge doesnt vary much

Hydraulically Equivalent Sewer Sections

Combined sections High discharge variation Run-off 20 to 25 times more than sewage Other sewer forms - Egg shaped - Horse-shoe shaped - U-Shaped; Parabolic shaped - Rectangular shaped - Semi-elliptical shaped - Basket handle shaped

Egg-Shaped Sewer Sections

Egg Shaped Called as Ovoid sewers

Maintain hydraulic depth nearly uniform Gives higher velocities then circular sections Difficult to construct; Smaller base - Stability issues Require more material - Expensive

Egg-Shaped Sewer Sections

D

D/4 to D/2 Overall Height ~ 1.5 D

Egg-Shaped Sewer Sections

Egg-Shaped Sewer Sections

Calculation of A & P is complicated Calculate A for Circular constant D' = 0.84 D Where, D Width of egg-shaped section D diameter of circular section then multiply with a

Egg-Shaped Sewer Sections

Proportionate Depth Proportionate velocity in Circular Section Proportionate velocity in Egg-shaped Section

0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05

0.701 0.615 0.517 0.401 0.257

0.698 0.627 0.544 0.440 0.295

Application of Other Sewer Sections

Type of Sewer Horse-shoe shaped & Semi Elliptical Parabolic shaped sewers U-shaped sewers Application
Used for large sewers with heavy discharge . Example: Trunk and outfall sewers Used for carrying comparatively small quantities of sewage Used for large sewers and especially in open cuts.

Forces Acting on Sewer Pipes

1. Internal pressure of sewage Under pressure while pumping Tensile stresses will develop 2. Pressure due to external loads 3. Temperature stresses 4. Flexural stresses

Forces Acting on Sewer Pipes

2. Pressure due to external loads - Weight of the pipe - Weight of backfill ( W = C B) - Superimposed load (pt = 3 H3 P/ 2 Z5) - Compressive stresses load/unit length

Forces Acting on Sewer Pipes

3. Temperature Stresses - When pipe laid above the ground & Exposed to change in temperature - Longitudional stresses produced - Elongation, L T Stress = E. T Strain = T
E Modulus of Elasticity Co-eff. of expansion T Change in temperature

Forces Acting on Sewer Pipes

4. Flexural Stresses - Sewer pipes carried between trestles or piers like beams - Creates bending stresses - Calculated as per the method of structural analysis - Applicable for long spans

Sewer Materials
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Vitrified clay (or) stone ware Cement concrete Asbestos cement Cast iron Galvanized iron Brick Sewers Lead sewers Plastic sewers

Factors Considered in Selecting Sewer Material

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Resistance to corrosion Sewer gases & acids Resistance to abrasion wear & tear Strength and durability pressure & Ext. loads Light weight easy handling Imperviousness to control seepage Economy and cost Hydraulically efficient smooth inner surface

Laying and Testing of Sewer Pipes

o Alignment decided based on the contour o Population to be drained are marked o Size and gradient are worked out o L/S & C/S are marked o Steps: (1) Laying of sewer pipes, (2) Excavating trenches, (3) Timbering and sheeting trenches, (4) Dewatering of trenches

Steps in Laying Sewer Pipes

1. Marking the centre line, 2. Excavating trenches, 3. Timbering and sheeting trenches, 4. Dewatering of trenches 5. Shaping the trench bottom to correct level 6. Laying the sewer pipes 7. Backfilling of the trenches

Marking the Centre line

Laid from outfall sewer end Locate manholes to be constructed Off-set line used to find the centre line of the sewer

Excavating Trenches
Manually or pneumatically drilled Width of excavation depends on (1) width at bottom, (2) side slope and (3) timbering Trench excavated between two manholes

Timbering & Sheeting of Trenches

Soil curve-in from vertical or with sloping sides If depth > 2 m, timbering done including bracing Sheeting wooden planks contact with the sides Braces (or) Struts Cross wooden pieces extending from one side to other Entire assembly Timbering (or) Shoring of the trench

Dewatering of Trenches
Water table plays a major role Through open jointed drain Discharge into independent water course Dewatering problem in sandy soil (due

to quick sand condition) Solved by constructing wells

Shaping the Trench Bottom

L/S should be precisely transferred Two vertical posts with a sight rail (horizontal board) @ every 10 m interval Vertical pencil line marked on the board Small needle fixed on it to represent invert of the sewer Boning rod or a traveller is used to measure the height

Laying the Sewer Pipes

Laid on bedding concrete & from lowest end Socket end facing upstream Bigger pipes Lowered by ropes

Then, joints checked for leaking During joints, care must be taken to check the level & alignment

Testing of the Sewer Pipes

1. Test for leakage - Water test - Tested between manhole to manhole - Test pressure ~ 1.5 m head of water 2. Test for straightness of alignment & obstruction - Mirror at one end and lamp at the other end - Smooth ball of diameter 13 mm less than inner diameter rolled from the end

Backfilling of the Trenches

Backfilled after laying and testing Earth filled in layer of 15 cm thick Each layer watered and rammed Earth fulfilling above crown done carefully Top layer gets fully settled pavements maybe constructed road

Sewer Appurtenances
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Manholes Drop manholes Lampholes Clean-outs Street inlets called Gullies Catch basins Flushing tanks Grease and Oil Traps Inverted Siphons Storm regulators
Visit : http://www.sewerhistory.org/

Manholes
Masonry or RCC chambers constructed at suitable intervals Mainly provide access cleaning and maintenance Constructed when (1) Bend, (2) Junction, (3) Change of gradient and (4) Change of sewer diameter inspection,

Manholes
Classification of manholes - Shallow manhole 0.7 to 0.9 m deep

also called inspection chamber - Normal manhole - Deep manhole 1.5 m deep > 1.5 m deep

Section change with depth (offset)

Component Parts of a Manhole

1. Access shaft Upper portion Lower portion 2. Working chamber 3. Benching 4. Side walls

bottom portion with PCC Brick or RCC with 9 inch tk. 20 cm wide & 30 cm ht. frame 20 to 25 cm

5. Steps or Ladders 6. Cover and Frame

Manhole

Manhole

Drop Manholes
Branch sewer enters manhole by more than 0.5 to 0.6 m above main sewer Allowed to fall through a down pipe Drop few meters Drop is more sloping pipe vertical pipe

Avoid falling sewage directly in manhole

Drop Manholes

Lamp Holes
Inspection device Small openings on sewers to permit inspection of a lamp Lamp light viewed from upstream Vertical CI or stone ware pipe (20-30 cm ) Obsolete these days

Clean-Outs
Inclined pipe extending from ground to the underground sewer Used for cleaning sewer pipes Provided at upper ends of lateral sewers Provided in place of manholes Water forced through for clean-out pipes

Street Inlets
Called as Gullies Openings on the road surface For draining rain water from roads Provided @ every 30 to 60 m intervals Mostly at intersection points Street inlets (1) Vertical or Curb inlet (2) Horizontal inlet

Vertical Inlets

Horizontal Inlets

Catch Basins or Catch Pits

Street inlets with additional settling basins Grit, sand and debris settle in basins Prevents escape of foul gases

Flushing Tanks
Chance of blockage when sewer laid on flat grounds No self-cleansing velocity

Flush stored water into the sewer Volume of water 1/10 cubical content of the sewer line served Either automatic or hand operated

Grease and Oil Traps

Located near the automobile repair shops, garages, kitchens of hotels etc.. G & O Creates problem in biological wastewater treatment system Submerged outlet for G & O removal Alternatively under baffle system

Inverted Siphon
Used when sewer pipe dropped below the hydraulic gradient line Passing it beneath a valley, a road, etc.. Called as depressed Sewer or a sag pipe Sewage flow through the pipe by pressure but flow is by gravity Laid between inlet and outlet chambers

Inverted Siphon

Storm Water Regulators

Constructed in the combined sewerage system Excess sewage diverted into nearby stream Types: (1) Leaping weir (2) Overflow weir (3) Siphon spillway

Siphon Spillway
Most effective type of storm relieving system Automatic process action Siphonic action starts when sewage flow rises above a fixed level Level of crest = Maximum dry-weather flow principle of siphonic

Siphon Spillway

Siphon Spillway
Sewage level above sealed Air contained removed by the flow mouth of air pipe gets

Suction thus developed starts siphonic action Head adjustment may increase the capacity No moving parts low maintenance

Maintenance & Cleaning of Sewers

Frequent inspection and supervision Measuring rate of flow Cleaning of sewers Small Medium Large Flushing with flexible fire hose Scraping, by Cane rodding Manual cleaning

Repairing the leaking joints

Precautions while Entering Sewers

Check for explosive gases Open manhole cover before 30 min of entry Test for gases Check for oxygen availability Smoking prohibited Warning signals should be erected

Methods of Ventilation of Sewers

1. Use of Ventilating Columns placed @ 150 to 300 m interval; Upper end of every branch sewer Provided with vertical shaft & cowl 2. Use of Ventilating Manhole Covers 3. Mechanical Device 4. Artificial Ventilation Forced drought Blowing air

Pumping Station
Building where pumps and pumping accessories are installed Components: Grit channel; Coarse and Fine screen; Sump well; Dry well or Pump room; Motor room; Rising mains; Emergency exit pipes; other accessories

Pumping Station

Pumping Station
Grit chamber Screen: Coarse screen 5 to 10 cm Fine screen 2.5 to 5 cm Wet well capacity 15 to 30 min of peak flow Rising main 0.75 m/sec (not greater than 3 m/sec) 0.15 to 0.30 m/sec

Asbestos Cement Sewer

o Mixture of asbestos fibre, silica and cement o Available in size 10~90 cm dia. & 4 m long o Assembled without any skilled labour o Ring Tie coupling or Simplex joint o Light in weight o Structurally not strong to bare comp. strength o Corrosion by H2SO4