The hydraulic jack has an input area of 10 mm2 and an output area of 40 mm2, and is used to move the

output piston against a constant 2kN load with different output speed values. The input cylinder is connected to the output cylinder with a 4 mm2 pipe of length L. The fluid used in the jack is water at 20 C (Density = 998 kg/m3 and viscosity is 1 x 10-3 Pa.s) Plot the force F needed on the input piston as a function of the steady output piston speed. Generate three different curves on the same plot corresponding to (i) L = 5 m, (ii) L = 10 m and (iii) L = 20 m. Identify all the critical inflection points on the plot. Under steady conditions, the acceleration of the weight is zero and using Newtons 2nd law we have Using Bernoulli principle on the pipe, [3] with ( )( But , and from continuity ( Where ) [4] [1] [2]

Using [2], [3] and [4], we have ( )( ) ( )) [5]

} ( turbulent solution , and , we have

Points of discontinuity, inflection occur at starts) and

(motion starts)

(laminar solution ends). Using

with

mm, the results in the table below are obtained:

L (m) 5 10 20

ReD 2300 4000 2300 4000 2300 4000

Vo (m/s) 0.1021 0.1776 0.1021 0.1776 0.1021 0.1776

Fi (Laminar) (kN) 500.3208 500.5579 500.6416 501.1159 501.2833 502.2318

Fi (Turbulent) (kN) 500.5261 501.3856 501.0522 502.7713 502.1044 505.5425

rho = 998; % water density at 20 deg C mu = 1e-3; % water viscosity at 20 deg C Ap = 4e-6; %pipe area Dp = sqrt(4*Ap/pi); %pipe diameter Ao = 40e-6; %output area Ai = 10e-6; %input area Wt = 2000; %Weight Lp = input('\n pipe length:'); % pipe length ReD = input('\n Reynolds number:'); % Reynolds Number Vp = ReD .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % pipe flow speed Vo = Vp .* (Ap/Ao); % output speed f_f_lam = 64 ./ ReD; % laminar friction factor f_f_trb = 0.316 ./ (ReD .^ 0.25); % turbulent friction factor Pl_lam = f_f_lam .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp .^ 2; Pl_trb = f_f_trb .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp .^ 2; Fi_lam = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam); %laminar force Fi_trb = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb); %turbulent force fprintf('Lp = %-2.2f \n', Lp); fprintf('ReD = %-5.1f \n',ReD); fprintf('Vo = %-2.4f \n',Vo); fprintf('Fi_lam = %-5.4f \n',Fi_lam); fprintf('Fi_trb = %-5.4f \n',Fi_trb);

rho = 998; % water density at 20 deg C mu = 1e-3; % water viscosity at 20 deg C Ap = 4e-6; %pipe area Dp = sqrt(4*Ap/pi); %pipe diameter Ao = 40e-6; %output area Ai = 10e-6; %input area Wt = 2000; %Weight ReD_lam = 0:2300; % Range of Reynolds for laminar flow ReD_crt = 2300:4000 ; %Range of Reynolds for critical flow ReD_trb = 4000:6000; % Range of Reynolds for turbulent flow Vp_lam = ReD_lam .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % laminar pipe speed Vp_crt = ReD_crt .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % critical pipe speed Vp_trb = ReD_trb .* mu ./ (rho * Dp); % turbulent pipe speed Vo_lam = Vp_lam .* (Ap/Ao); % laminar output speed Vo_crt = Vp_crt .* (Ap/Ao); % laminar output speed Vo_trb = Vp_trb .* (Ap/Ao); % turbulent output speed f_f_lam = 64 ./ ReD_lam; %laminar friction factor f_f_trb = 0.316 ./ (ReD_trb .^ 0.25); %turbulent friction factor f_f_lam_crt = 64 ./ ReD_crt; %laminar friction factor in critical region f_f_trb_crt = 0.316 ./ (ReD_crt .^ 0.25); %turbulent friction factor in critical region

hold on for Lp = [5, 10, 20]; %pipe lengths Pl_lam = f_f_lam .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_lam .^ 2; Pl_lam_crt = f_f_lam_crt .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_crt .^ 2; Pl_trb = f_f_trb .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_trb .^ 2; Pl_trb_crt = f_f_trb_crt .* (Lp/Dp) .* 0.5 .* rho .* Vp_crt .^ 2; Fi_lam = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam); %laminar force Fi_lam_crt = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_lam_crt); %laminar force in critical region Fi_trb = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb); %turbulent force Fi_trb_crt = Ai .* ( (Wt/Ao) + Pl_trb_crt); %turbulent force in critical region plot(Vo_lam, Fi_lam, Vo_crt, Fi_lam_crt, '--', Vo_crt, Fi_trb_crt, '-', Vo_trb, Fi_trb); end xlabel ('output speed (m/s)'); ylabel ('Input Force (N)');

512

510

508

Input Force (N)

506

504

502

500

0.05

0.1

0.15 0.2 output speed (m/s)

0.25

0.3

0.35

 For F = 1 kN and L = 20 m, derive an expression for the transient output speed, v, as a function of time, t, and find the time needed for the piston to reach 95% of the steady speed. Plot v(t) using appropriate scale.

Under transient conditions, we have [5] [6] Using Bernoulli principle on the pipe, [7] with and using the results of the plot in part (a) when Fi = 1 kN, the flow becomes fully ( )( ), where is

turbulent short time after motion starts. It can then be assumed that independent of . ( From continuity ( ( )( ))

[8]

) and the equation becomes ( ( )( ) ( )) [5]

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) and =

( )(

( )

[5]

Let

( )

, the equation may be written as: [5] [5]

[5]

[5] )

( )

[5]

2.5

output speed

1.5

0.5

0.5

1 time

1.5

To find the time needed for the output piston to reach a ratio, ( ) Solving for t ( (

, of the steady velocity, )

Given, ( )

( )( )

Using the values specified for the parameters above ( )( )

The steady speed is therefore, Assume ( ),

( s. m/s, and with )