Agent Peracetic acid, iodophors Ethylene oxide Surfactants (QAC) alcohols Gluteraldehyde, peracetic acid Alcohol, iodophors QAC

(quarternary ammonium compounds) Amphoteracin B Cytosine deaminase Allylamines Azoles Allylamines: Terbinafine Azoles: Imidazoles (Ketoconazole) Triazole (Fluconazole) Capsofungin Nikkomycin Z SMT (Sulfamethoxazole) TMP (Trimethoprim) Aminoglycosides not on anaerobes
(need ox phosphorylation for uptake)

Used for Disinfectant, antiseptic Heat sensitive materials/plastics (artificial heart valves) Disinfectant, antiseptic Invasive Surgery Contact w/ mucous membranes (laryngoscope) Contact w/ healthy skin (stethoscope) Antifungal Antifungal Antifungal

Mechanism Denature proteins (membrane) And nucleic acids

Examples Oxidation Hydrolysis Alkylation (Membranes) Membranes High level disinfectant Intermediate level disinfectant Low level disinfectant Polyenes (lipid loving) Nucleic Acid (DNA, RNA, protein) synthesis inhibitors (anti-metabolite) Ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors

Lipid disruption-membranes Everything + endospores Where endospores are not likely to be Non-sporulating bacteria and lipid-enveloped viruses Direct membrane damage Binds to ergosterol makes pores/channels in membrane = lysis Deamination 5-fluorocytosine 5-fluorouracil Allylamines inhibits squalene epoxide (squalene lanosterol) Azoles inhibits lanosterol 14--demethylase (lanosterol ergosterol) Cell wall targeted Blocks 1,3--D-glucan synthetase (plasma membrane) prevents synthesis of chitin? Competes w/ UDP-N-acetylglucosamine Folic acid synthesis blocked PABA dihydrofolic acid tetrafolic acid
SMT dihydropteroate synthetase TMP dihydrfolate reductase

Antifungal

Echinocandins-glucan synthesis inhibitor

Antibiotic

Combination antibiotic

Antibiotic Antibiotic Antibiotic

Tetracyclines Streptogramins Macrolides Lincosamides Beta lactams not on Mycobacterium (no cell wall) Mycoplasma (waxy) Glycopeptides (Vancomycin) not on gram (b/c it is too large) Bacitracin, Ethambutol, Isoniazid

Induces codon misreading Blocks aminoacylated tRNA binding to A site Inhibits peptide bond formation Inhibits transpeptidation & translocation Targets binding at A, P sites PBP (transpeptidases) blocked No cross linkages=cell wall weak Cytoplasmic contents keep being made = cidal

Protein synthesis inhibitor-30S ribosome Protein synthesis inhibitor-50S ribosome Cell wall inhibitors-only growing bacteria Clavulanic acid, Sulbactam-lactamase inhibitors Nitroimidazoles-not effective on aerobes (need flavodoxin)

Peracetic acid Iodophor Ethylene oxide QAC Amphoteracin B Terbainifine (allylamines) Ketoconazole (Imidazole) Fluoconazole (Triazole) Capsofungin Nikkomycin SMT TMP Aminoglycosides Tetraclycine Streptogramins Macrolides Lincoamides Beta lactams Glycopeptides Bacitracin Ethambutol Isoniazid Clavulanic acid Sulbactam

Beta lactams-uses altered target, decreased permeability, enzymatic inacticvation Glyocopeptide-altered target only Tetracylcine-enzymatic inactivation only Aminoglycoside-enzymatic inactivation, decreased permeability

Exotoxin Class I-surface acting Class II-membrane acting Class III-intracellular

Example Superantigen Phospholipases, pore formers ADP ribsoylation Zinc metalloendoprotease

Structure

A (catalytic) B (binding) disulfide bond light chain (enzymatically active) heavy chain (binding/translocation)

Toxins TSST-1 toxic shock syndrome Listeriolysin O (LLO)-Listeria monocytogenes Lecithinase-C. perfringens Diptheria (EF-2), Cholera Tetanus, Botulism neurotoxins

Prevents fusion of phagosome & lysosome-Legionella pneumophilas Escapes into cytosol-Listeria monocytogenes Inactivates lysosomal enzymes-Histoplasma capsulatum Inactivates ROS-Staph aureus Direct movement-Aspergillus Nerves-Rabies, Herpes virus CSF-H. influenzae Hematogenous-B. anthracis (plasma) Listeria sp. (mononuclear cells) Lymphatics-Yersinia pestis