APUS Unit 2 Exam (Chapters 7-9) Study Guide:

*Bolded terms are terms on Study Guide and note packet

Chapter Seven-British victory in Seven Years War gave them control over vast territory- in addition to troops needed along American frontier- extremely costly wanted colonists to pay some of financial costs of empire - Revolution by no means inevitable, Americans were reluctant - Two ideas became prominent: Republicanism- common good over individual interests, and Radical Whigs- feared threat to liberty posed by monarch - Americans ran their own affairs- British distance weakened power Mercantilism and Grievances-Wealth was power- could be measured by amount of gold and silver a country has - Needed to export more than import - Colonies supplied raw materials and provided markets -Passed laws to regulate mercantilist system such as the Navigation Laws - All commerce flowing to and from colonies could be transported only in British vessels - Policy inflicted currency shortages; colonists began to print money which angered British creditors and caused inflation -Only loosely enforced so not large threat to colonists, (salutary neglect) - Some colonists prospered from system- colonial producers of ship parts paid liberal bounties, protected by strong army - Americans felt used by mercantile system Stamp Tax Uproar-Sugar Act of 1764- first law ever passed by Parliament for raising tax revenue in the colonies, increased duty on foreign sugar -Quartering Act of 1765-certain colonists had to provide food and quarters for British troops in need - Stamp Act- passed to raise revenues for new military force, mandated use of stamped paper on legal documents -British thought their measures were just as Americans were asking to pay a fraction of what the taxes were in Britain - Laws tried offenders in admiralty courts which had no juries and the defendants were guilty until proven innocent - No taxation without representation - Believed only colonial legislatures, not Parliament, could impose taxes on colonists - Virtual Representation- Grenville asserted that the Americans were represented in Parliament as every member of Parliament had colonial interests in mind

Repeal of Stamp Act-Formed Stamp Act Congress which drew up a statement of colonists rights and grievances to Parliament - Though Congress was not initially successful meeting began to erode sectional tensions -Began adopting nonimportation agreements which boycotted British goods united American people against British

-Sons and Daughters of Liberty- enforced nonimportation agreements, practiced tar and feathering, ransacked houses of unpopular officials and confiscated money -England hit hard from nonimportation agreements as America bought about of all British exports - Though not a popular decision found it necessary to repeal Stamp Act in 1766 - Led British to pass the Declaratory Act which reaffirmed Parliaments right to bind colonies in all cases; defined it would not yield absolute sovereignty to colonies Townshend Tea Tax-Townshend Acts enforced light import duty on glass, white lead, paper, paint, and tea - Though taxes were lighter colonists still wanted their state legislatures not Britains to pass any taxes -Revenues from Townshend acts meant to pay salaries of royal governors and judges; Americans felt enchained by British - British sent more troops to Boston to calm American rebelliousness which caused the Boston Massacre, when British officials fired at an American crowd, killing or wounding eleven citizens - The first to die was mulatto Crispus Attucks - Jon Adams served as defense attorney for soldiers in trial, only two redcoats found guilty of manslaughter Committees of Correspondence-Led by Sam Adams - Attempted to spread spirit of resistance by exchanging letters and keeping opposition to British alive - Led to intercolonial committees of correspondence (Virginia House of Burgesses), evolved into first American congress Tea Brewing in Boston-Period prior to 1773 rebellion not inevitable - Nonimportation weakened - Colonists paying taxes - British East India Company bankrupt (1773) - government gave them complete monopoly of American tea business - Sold tea for cheaper than ever before Americans thought they were being tricked by British - Tea Act- allowed tea to be sold for cheaper price to generate income for East India Company - Colonists would not purchase tea, not allowed to unload cargo - Thomas Hutchinson angered by mob ordered tea ships not to clear harbor until they unloaded cargo - Boston Tea Party-Bostonians disguised as Indians dumped contents of tea ships into Atlantic in broad daylight as an act of defiance to Britain Intolerable Acts- In response to Boston Tea Party Britain passed Boston Port Act closing harbor until damages were paid - Passed other Intolerable Acts taking away chartered rights of Massachusetts citizens - Quebec Act- guaranteed French their Catholic religion, permitted them to pertain old customs, boundaries of Quebec expanded colonists shocked at expansion of Catholicism Caused the first summoning of the Continental Congress to consider redressing colonial grievances, 12 of 13 colonies represented (all but Georgia) not legislative but consultative body - Created The Association- called for complete boycott of British goods

- British sent troops to Lexington and Concord to seize stores of gunpowder and capture patriot leaders John Hancock and Samuel Adams; Americans informed of British coming by Paul Revere and formed makeshift militia which killed many British soldiers and forced them to retreat British Weakness and StrengthWell trained army Had to deal with Ireland and France No strong leadership No strong sense for their cause Generals second-rate and soldiers brutally treated Little knowledge of American territory

American Weakness and Strength- Outstanding leadership: George Washington, Benjamin Franklin - Foreign aid eventually came from France - Fighting on own territory - Moral advantage of fighting for just cause - Lacked unity - Inflation skyrocketed prices Thin Line of Heroes- Low military supplies - Often without food, cold weather - Unreliable militiamen - Drillmasters such as Baron Von Steuben whipped militia into shape - Blacks also fought for cause on both sides- promised freedom if fought for British - Revolution was minority movement

Chapter EightSecond Continental Congress- All thirteen colonies represented - No defined sentiment for independence- only a desire to continue fighting in hope that the kind and Parliament would consent to redress grievances - Adopted measures to raise money for an army and navy - Selected George Washington as head of army- great moral force Bunker Hill and Hessians- Colonists seized a hill and menaced enemy in Boston - British blundered by launching frontal attack; sharpshooting Americans slaughtered British until supply of gunpowder ran low making Americans forced to abandon hill - Continental Congress then adopted Olive Branch Petition, begging king to prevent further hostilities, however King George III not willing to reconcile - Hired German troops to crush rebellious subjects- Hessians Conquest of Canada- Almost became fourteenth colony

Though fighting continued most were still unsure of declaring independence

Thomas Paine- Common Sense published in 1776 - Lawful states derive consent from governed - Convinced colonists that true cause was independence - Called not simply for independence but for creation of republic - Authority should be derived from popular consent - New Englanders already practiced republicanism in their governments - Some believed in natural aristocracy of talent that meant an end to hereditary aristocracy but not end to social hierarchy Declaration of Independence- Written by Thomas Jefferson - Natural rights of humankind - Inspired other revolutionary movements and documents such as French Declaration of the Rights of Man Patriots and Loyalists- Loyal to king= Loyalists - American rebels= Patriots - American Revolution was minority movement - Militiamen political education campaign - Loyalists were educated, wealthy, older generation, Anglicans - Patriots were younger generation, most numerous in New England - Patriots imprisoned, hanged, and confiscated property of Loyalists - Loyalists volunteered to bear arms for British General Washington- British concentrated on New York as base - Battle of Long Island- Washington escaped to Manhattan - At Trenton surprised and captured a thousand Hessians after Christmas celebration - Defeated at Princeton a week later - New Jersey campaign revealed him at military best British Blundering Invasion- Adopted scheme to sever New England from rest of states - Howe embarked on attack on Philadelphia, the rebel capital Burgoyne unable to advanced or retreat and was forced to surrender his entire command at Saratoga - Battle of Saratoga revived colonial cause and made possible foreign aid from France (money, munitions) Revolution in Diplomacy?- Americans wanted end to colonialism and mercantilism, supported free trade and freedoms of the seas - Continental Congress drafted a Model Treaty to guide American commissioners it was about to dispatch to the French court - Idea that mutual commercial interests would guarantee peaceful relations between states

When Benjamin Franklin visited Paris wanted his appearance to herald diplomatic revolution Americans wanted to achieve; dressed in homespun garments and fur cap Parisians was him as specimen of new democratic social order France became allied with United States

Colonial War Becomes Wider War- Spain and Holland entered war against Britain - Catherine the Great organized Armed Neutrality, lining up almost all remaining European neutrals in passive hostility toward Britain - War fought in North America, South America, Caribbean, Asia - French wanted to protect interests in West Indies Blow and Counterblow- General Benedict Arnold turned traitor, plotted with British to sell out key stronghold of West Point - General Nathanael Greene employed strategy of delay, standing and then retreating. By losing battles but winning campaigns he cleared the British troops away in most of Georgia, and South Carolina Land Frontier and Sea Frontier-Majority of Native Americans fought on British side (Oneidas and Tuscaroras with Americans) - Native Americans urged to convert to Anglicanism - American privateers-privately owned armed ships authorized by Congress to prey on enemy shipping -Though privateering diverted men from the main war effort it raised American morale by providing victories when victories were few Yorktown and Final Curtain-Inflation high from 1780-1781, much debt that colonies not able to pay -French helped Americans at battle of Yorktown, assault on Cornwallis - General Washington and French army cornered British, forcing them to surrender - Though defeated, Britain still had troops and energy to continue fighting- lasted for more than a year until fighting ended Peace at Paris- France wanted independent U.S. but wanted themselves to benefit also - Treaty of Paris 1783- British formally recognized the independence of the United States, granted generous territorial boundaries - Loyalists, however, not allowed to be further persecuted or have property confiscated - Taking eyes off America allowed Britain to rebuild army and navy - British wanted to end France and American alliance - Americans in perfect position to build a nation

Chapter NinePost-Revolutionary War- Exodus of Loyalists: robbed conservative feelings, weakened aristocratic feelings and allowed for new Patriot supporters to emerge, created more egalitarian society Pursuit of Equality- States reduced voting property qualifications - Americans ridiculed Continental Army officers who formed a hereditary order- The Society of the Cincinnati - Inheritance laws such as primogeniture abolished - Disestablished Anglican Church - Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom- victory for Thomas Jefferson and co-reformers, involved struggle for separation of religion and government - Northern states either outlawed slavery or provided for gradual emancipation of slaves - Women allowed to vote for short period in New Jersey - Idea of republican motherhood women acted as special keepers of nations conscience, educational opportunities for women expanded Constitution Making in the States- At Continental Congress decided for states to devise own constitutions - Some states only retouched old ones (Rhode Island, Connecticut), while other states created new innovative constitutions (Massachusetts) - Constitutions had many similarities, making it easier to agree on provisions o Included Bills of Rights o Created weak executive and judicial branches o Legislatures given greatest powers Economic Crosscurrents - Loyalists holdings confiscated and divided up into small farms - Goods were no longer imported from Britain- left on their own - American ships barred from British harbors and British West Indies harbors - New rich class of profiteers Shaky Start Toward Union- British manufacturers flooded American market - American industries suffered from competition Creating a Confederation- Creation of the Articles of Confederation o Issues over Western lands- guaranteed land in previous charters o Unanimous approval required o No executive or judicial branch o Unicameral o Each state had single vote, regardless of size o No power to regulate commerce o Could not impose tax-collection program

o Model for what a loose confederation would be needed tight knit confederation o Kept states together Land Ordinance of 1785- provided that acreage of Old Northwest should be sold and proceeds should go to pay off national debt, area divided into townships, orderly northwest in sharp contrast with chaotic south of Ohio River Northwest Ordinance of 1787- two step process for becoming a state- first subordinate to federal government, then have at least sixty thousand inhabitants, if qualifications met Congress could appoint as a state, also forbade slavery in Northwest

Worlds Ugly Duckling- Redcoats still had trading posts in U.S. (wanted to remain favorable relations with Indians in case if American attack on their holdings in Canada) - Were not able to control commerce, therefore unable to eliminate British - Spain began to control more American territories - France demanded repayment of money loaned during war - Pirates ravaging commerce Horrid Specter of Economy- Quarrels between states over boundaries - Shays Rebellion- impoverished back country farmers losing land due to mortgage foreclosures, led by Captain Daniel Shays, debtors demanded the government issue paper money, lighten taxes, and suspend property take-overs raised an army attempting to stop Shaysites, three killed, movement collapsed after deaths - Passed debtor-relief laws, upper class feared revolution created monster of mobocracy - Some felt strong central government was solution to instability Convention of Demigods- Held convention with sole purpose of revising Articles of Confederation, did not think of rewriting completely - States elected representatives state (except Rhode Island, did not wish to attend), George Washington elected chairman, convention in secrecy ( not yet a public matter, did not want public views to change outcome) Patriots in Philadelphia- Delegates were conservative body, none were debtors, came from propertied classes - Wanted firm, dignified and respected government - Believed in republicanism, but no excesses - Wanted central authority to have power Bundle of Compromises- Virginia Plan- representation in both houses dependent on population (large-state plan) - New Jersey Plan- all states receive equal representation regardless of size of population (smallstate plan) - Led to Great Compromise- Representation by population was granted in the House of Representatives, equal representation in the Senate - Conflict over whether or not slaves should be counted in population resulted in three fifths compromise where slaves were considered three fifths of a person

Conservatism- erected safeguards against excesses of the mob - stood on principles of republicanism - we the people, people played major role in government - 42/55 signed constitution Federalists vs. Antifederalists- Public astonished that entirely new document was created - Antifederalists- opposed strong federal government - Federalists- favored federal government - Anti: Patrick Henry, Sam Adams, states rights devotees, back country dwellers - Fed: George Washington, Ben Franklin, lived in sea board areas - Antifederalists argued constitution had too much aristocratic influence Great Debate- States voted for or against constitution - First four small states accepted, then Massachusetts, then three more(ending with New Hampshire), in the end nine states (all but Rhode Island, North Carolina, and Virginia) Laggard States- Virginia extremely antifederalist - New York- Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, James Madison created essays in The Federalists propaganda as support for federalist cause - Violent disturbances in Pennsylvania and North Carolina Conservative Triumph- Federalist victory- believed order could be restored, still conserved republican elements - Conservatives and radicals have championed republicanism Chronological Order of Events1763- Proclamation of 1763 1764- Sugar Act, Currency Act 1765- Stamp Act 1766- Stamp Act repealed, Declaratory Act passed 1767- Townshend duties 1773- Tea Act 1774- Quartering Act, Intolerable Act 1775- Lexington and Concord Second Continental Congress Battle of Bunker Hill 1777- Articles of Confederation adopted 1781- Battle of Yorktown Articles of Confederation put into effect 1783- Treaty of Paris, Revolutionary War considered over 1785- Land Ordinance of 1785 1787- Northwest Ordinance 1788- Nine states ratify Constitution