IBP 2153_12 OIL SPILL PREPAREDNESS FOR OPERATIONS IN ENVIRONMENTALLY SENSITIVE AREAS IN BRAZIL STATOILS BM-CAL-10 (CAMAMU BASIN)

) CASE STUDY Leonardo Ribeiro1, Flavio P. Andrade 2, Gustavo Lutz Petry3, Julio Pellegrini4, Leonardo Marques da Cruz5, Ana Paula Lopes C. C. Lyra6
Copyright 2012, Instituto Brasileiro de Petrleo, Gs e Biocombustveis - IBP Este Trabalho Tcnico foi preparado para apresentao na Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012, realizado no perodo de 17 a 20 de setembro de 2012, no Rio de Janeiro. Este Trabalho Tcnico foi selecionado para apresentao pelo Comit Tcnico do evento, seguindo as informaes contidas no trabalho completo submetido pelo(s) autor(es). Os organizadores no iro traduzir ou corrigir os textos recebidos. O material conforme, apresentado, no necessariamente reflete as opinies do Instituto Brasileiro de Petrleo, Gs e Biocombustveis, Scios e Representantes. de conhecimento e aprovao do(s) autor(es) que este Trabalho Tcnico seja publicado nos Anais da Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012.

Resumo
O vazamento de leo de Macondo ocorrido em 2010 no Golfo do Mxico mudou a forma como a indstria e as agncias reguladoras lidam com a prontido e resposta a derramamento. Este artigo descreve como a Statoil Brasil projetou e implementou sua estrutura de resposta, a fim de operar em uma rea com limitaes de infraestrutura e sensvel ao leo: Bacia de Camamu, Bloco BM-CAL-10, Poo de Ilha Grande, regio offshore ao Estado da Bahia, nordeste do Brasil. A fim de cumprir os requisitos legais estabelecidos pelo rgo ambiental federal (IBAMA), pela Resoluo Conama N 398/08, e s melhores prticas internacionais, buscou-se alinhar os diferentes atores envolvidos, dentre eles a empresa contratada para resposta a derramamento, os departamentos de logstica, HSE, e de perfurao e a gerncia da empresa, visando elaborao de uma estrutura bem coordenada.

Abstract
The 2010 Macondos oil spill in Gulf of Mexico, changed the way the industry and regulators deal with oil spill response and preparedness. This paper describes how Statoil designed and implemented the structure for oil spill response, in order to be able to operate in an environment with limited infrastructure support and vulnerable to oil: Camamu Basin, Block BM-CAL-10, Ilha Grande well, offshore the state of Bahia, northeast of Brazil. In order to comply with the requirements established by Brazils Environmental Authority (IBAMA), and to CONAMA 398/08, and the international best practices, Statoil had to work close to put together its oil spill response contractor, logistic department, HSE department, drilling department and company management in fine tuning for a smooth integration aiming a well-coordinated response organization. The integration of all the different areas was very important and led by the Statoil HSE department with important contribution and commitment from all the areas and total support from the Camamu Project management.

1. Introduction
1.1. Background Camamu Basin is known to be an environmental sensitive area, including but not limited to: mangroves, reefs, sandy beaches, turtles, whales. Statoils well location was 42 km away from the city of Salvador, in water depths of almost 2.000 m. The conservative blowout simulation predicted a daily volume of 7850 m of oil per day that should be

______________________________ 1 Civil and Environmental Engineer - Statoil 2 Graduate in Oil & Gas and bachelor in Engineering and Naval Architecture - OceanPact 3 Graduate in Oil & Gas and bachelor in Production Engineering - OceanPact 4 Oceanographer Prooceano 5 Oceanographer - Prooceano 6 Environmental Engineer - OceanPact

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 used for the oil dispersion modelling, in the worst case scenario. The oils spill dispersion simulations showed that the mean time for the drifting oil to reach the coast could be close to two days. The Oil Spill Response Plan required a considerable structure in terms of offshore resources, shoreline protection, cleaning and response organization for monitoring and coordination of all resources and actions. The response organization was divided on offshore and shoreline protection with their own response organization but all responding to the Response commander at the Statoil Office in Rio. The Oil Spill emergency plan was designed considering the following main Brazilian environmental laws related to oil spill incidents: Federal Law N 9966/2000: Provides for the prevention, control and monitoring of pollution caused by discharge of oil and other harmful or dangerous substances in waters under national jurisdiction. Federal Decree N 4136/2002: Provides for the specification of penalties for infractions of the rules established in Federal Law N 9966/2000. Conama Resolution N 398/2008: Provides for the minimum content and criteria for the Oil Spill Response Plan (PEI) and dimensioning of resources. Conama Resolution N 269/2000: Provides for the requirements and limitations for the use of chemical dispersants as a strategy for responding to incidents of oil at sea. 1.1. Objective The main objective of this paper is to present Statoils project at Camamu-Almada Basin and indicate the peculiarities and limitations related to the preparedness of an emergency response to oil spills incidents within this specific project in the CAMAMU basin.

2. General Information about the Project

2.1. Stakeholders 2.1.1. Statoil Statoil is an international energy company with operations in 36 countries. Building on 40 years of experience from oil and gas production on the Norwegian continental shelf, we are committed to accommodating the world's energy needs in a responsible manner, applying technology and creating innovative business solutions. Statoil is headquartered in Norway with 21,000 employees worldwide, and is listed on the New York and Oslo stock exchanges. Statoil has a diverse exploration portfolio in Brazil, where we currently operate the large Peregrino field offshore Rio de Janeiro. 2.1.2. Prooceano Established in 2004, Prooceano was aiming to be a corporation that seeks balance between technology and knowledge. Technology for monitoring with precision. Knowledge for efficient analysis. To find this ideal point, our company invests in the development of modern environmental monitoring tools as well as in constant scientific improvement of our professionals. In BM-CAL-10 environmental permitting process, Prooceano provided oil spill modelling studies, oceanographic and meteorological diagnosis and the support for oil spill contingency actions with SPILLTRACK. 2.1.3. OceanPact Established in 2007, OceanPact is a Brazilian company dedicated to emergency management and providing specialized consultant services for the development and implementation of marine and coastal environmental solutions, especially for the maritime, port, fishing and oil & gas industries. During the drilling activities in BM-CAL-10, OceanPact was responsible for the preparedness and maintenance for an emergency response structure in case of oil spill incidents, including trainings and exercises with the members of the emergency response organization regarding this issue. 2.2. Description of the Activity Statoils well location in the block BM-CAL-10, CAMAMU basin, was relatively close to shore, 42 km away from the city of Salvador, but in water depths of almost 2.000 m. The well was completed after approximately 40 days, and was done by the drillship West Polaris. The offshore organization included 1 (one) dedicated oil spill recovery vessel on standby at the location with one offshore boom and capacity for skimming up to 250m3/hour; 2 (two) dedicated boom handler vessels also on standby at the location, being one of them with capacity for dispersion application; 2 (two) supply vessels with one offshore boom and capacity of skimming up to 350m3/hour going back-to-back to the supply base; It was installed one 2

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 MIRUS (radar system) system on one of the vessels and one handheld infrared FLIR camera on the other vessel for oil detection with low visibility and, finally, 1 (one) additional supply vessel designated as a boom handler. The offshore organization was coordinated by the Statoil Company Representative at the rig West Polaris. The shoreline protection was organized with 5 advanced bases with a set of equipment per base and fishing boats to operate them. They were located in different municipalities chosen based on the vulnerability map. The coordination was done by the supply base in Salvador. The shoreline protection included a specific plan for Fauna rehabilitation.

3. Characterization of the Area

3.1. Meteoceanographic Conditions The Brazilian coast near the BM-CAL-10 Block is dominated by the trade winds from southeast, which also assume east and northeast directions during the summer. They are low intensity, regular and constant winds (DOMINGUEZ et al. 1992). The ocean circulation on the BM-CAL-10 Block region is highly influenced by the South Equatorial Current (SEC) bifurcation, and its seasonal variability (REZENDE, 2010). The SEC forms the northern edge of the South Atlantic subtropical gyre, carrying subtropical waters from Benguela Current region toward the east Brazilian Coast around 14S. In this location, the SEC bifurcates, originating the North Brazil Undercurrent (NBUC), which flows to north, and the Brazil Current (BC), which flows to south (RODRIGUES et al., 2007). On the top 200 m water column, the bifurcation occurs in its southern point in July, reaching latitudes nearest 17S, and in Novermber, reaches its northern point, near 13S (RODRIGUES et al., 2007). This northward/southward SEC bifurcation movement, together with the seasonal variation of the winds, causes currents to flow northward in the winter, and southward in the rest of the year. 3.2. Environmental Sensitivity of the region Camamu-Almada Basin is considered privileged to present environments of estuaries, beaches, mangroves, algae banks and coral reefs, which provide enrichment for the marine environment, contributing or receiving detrital or dissolved organic material. The presence of these environments provides a significant marine biodiversity by establishing a strong interaction between the species, being also an important breeding site and provides support for survival of a large number of species. Furthermore, Camamu Bay, located in the south of Bahia, comprises a wide number of islands of all sizes, as well as beaches, rivers and mangroves still well preserved. The area also has a considerable number of coral reefs occurring in almost the entire length of the coast of Bahia state, being more common on the inner shelf, from the shoreline to the bathymetry of 20 m depth, but its highest concentration occurs in the interval between coastline and the bathymetry of 15 meters.

4. Preparedness of Oil Spill Response

4.1. Hydrodynamics and Oil Modeling The marine circulation in the area of BM-CAL-10 Block has features quite unique and complex. The Block is located on the continental shelf break, but a few miles from the coast and around important bays and estuaries, as the Todos os Santos Bay and further south, the Camamu Bay. The ocean dynamics of the region thus includes almost all scales of the motion of the ocean. As the predominant oceanographic feature is the bifurcation of the SEC, which shows marked seasonal variation, reversing its direction, flowing south or north in summer and winter. When you move to the shallower region, have a marked influence of the tide in coastal circulation, whose spatial and temporal scales are completely different compared with the western boundary current. Approaching the estuaries, the tidal influence becomes more important and there is also a typical estuarine circulation that can generate significant currents. Besides these there is one more factor that increases the difficulty of the numerical solution. The model domain must have sufficient length to allow the oil to be transported in the model and dont leave this area, because if it happens, there will be no current to force it. In this case simulation, blowout for 30 days with 30 days of simulated oil drift, we are talking about extensions of about thousand kilometers. Thus, to solve this complex dynamic as in all of these scales is very difficult and arduous task and for this, one must resort to numerical solution techniques that can be considered as state of the art numerical modeling of the ocean. To achieve a satisfactory solution, we chose to perform the hydrodynamics simulation in two stages: the first uses a grid with wide and medium spatial resolution, which was called the parent grid, and the second grid (child grid) with a high resolution and take the boundary and initials conditions from the parent grid. The parent grid is able to solve large scale currents (as the SEC bifurcation) and tidal currents on the continental shelf and the coast. However, this grid does not have sufficient spatial resolution to solve the circulation in the basins (Todos os Santos and Camamu-Almada) 3

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 and estuaries in the region. For this, we use the nested grid (child grid) with high resolution, whose goal is to solve the movement within these environments. Numerical simulations of oil drift in the sea were conducted, considering a hazard scenario of an oil leakage occurring in a point in the BM-CAL-10 Block. The study has two main focuses. The first consisted on the assessment of the oil drift behavior (probabilities and minimum time of arrival at the coast) on the Brazilian coast, in a regional scale approach. In this analysis, the main objective was to evaluate the possible impacted areas, with probabilities and minimum time to take oil at the coast. These simulations were forced by results from parent grid hydrodynamics simulations. The second approach, was based on the oil drift behavior assessment, inside the Todos os Santos and Camamu Bays, two estuarine regions near the BM-CAL-10 Block, and the oil model was forced by child grid hydrodynamics results. These are analyzed when the time of arrival of the oil at the coast is less than or approximately 60 hours after the start of leakage. It was considered a possible case of accidental release to the amount of 7,500 m of diesel oil. This volume is related to the simulated maximum storage volume of diesel fuel and is in accordance with Conama Resolution N 398/2008 Resolution, which establishes the minimum content of Individual Emergency Plan for oil pollution incidents in waters under national jurisdiction. In all simulations conducted in this study, probabilistic and deterministic, the leakage of diesel fuel occurred at 12 hours and was accompanied by more than 30 days, totaling 732 hours of simulation scenarios in summer and winter. The probabilistic simulations ( Figure 1) showed different behavior, mainly due to different hydrodynamic characteristics of each seasonal scenario. In probabilistic simulations of summer, drift of the oil was mainly south of the leakage point, while in winter the probabilities were mainly for east and north of the spill.

Figure 1: Probability maps of presence of oil for an instant leak, 7,500 m3 of oil in the summer (left) and winter (right) sceneries. 732 hours Simulation. 4.2. Resources Available Considering the results of the oil modeling and the sensibility of the region with probability to be impacted, it was necessary a careful planning for better scaling and distribution of resources in order to provide an efficient response to any oil spill incident. Therefore, the Oil Spill Response Plan required a considerable structure in terms of offshore resources, shoreline protection, cleaning and response organization for monitoring and coordination of all resources and actions. The response organization was divided on offshore and shoreline protection with their own response organization, but all responding to the Response Commander at the Statoils office in Rio de Janeiro. A summary of oil spill response resources for offshore operations (allocated on vessels and contractors base) and for shoreline protection (allocated in specific shore bases designed for the storage of this type of equipment) is presented below.

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 4.2.1. Offshore The structure for offshore operations defined on the Oil Spill Response Plan involves six vessels: three dedicated vessels on standby at the location 24 hours a day, 7 days a week (being replaced by other vessel for crew changes) to guarantee an immediate response; two supply vessels with oil spill equipment onboard; and one additional supply vessel designated as a boom handler and additional storage capacity. Among the dedicated vessels, one was able to perform a formation by itself as it was equipped with boom, skimmer and a tugboat onboard (addition of chemical dispersants). Meanwhile, the other two vessels was planned to work together, one equipped with boom and skimmer and the other as a boom handler, in order to perform a second formation for oil containment and recovery. The offshore organization was coordinated by the Statoil Company Representative onboard the drill-ship. Beyond the booms and skimmers onboard the two supply vessels, they also had monitoring equipment, as drifters, infra-red camera and radar system, which allows continuous tracking of oil slicks even with low visibility conditions. In case of the decision to use chemical dispersants in the emergency response operations (following the requirements of Conama Resolution N 269/2000) one of the dedicated vessels was also equipped with the products and the application system. Additional booms and skimmers for offshore operations were also available at the support base of TECON, in Salvador, Bahia, less than 6 hours from the drillship location, and at Hidrocleans base (other oil spill response contractor) in Rio de Janeiro, around 44 hours from the activities location. To support the proper functioning of these strategies, it was decided to keep one dedicated specialist in oil spill response on each one of the vessels, drillship and shore bases throughout the whole period of operations. In case of a real oil spill scenario, a senior oil spill advisor would also be requested to support the emergency response management in the companys office. In case of need extra resources, Statoil could also count with the resources allocated for the companys project at Peregrino field in Campos Basin, as well as with the resources of Oil Spill Response Limited (OSRL), international oil spill response organization specialized on tier 3 response, with their major resources located at Southampton, UK, under contract with Statoil. 4.2.2. Onshore In order to ensure a fast and efficient shoreline protection and onshore clean-up activities, as well as meet the regulators requirements for this project, Statoil supported by OceanPact had to put in place five advanced shore bases for coast line protection and a specific contract for fauna rehabilitation. The location of those five shore bases with oil spill response equipment were strategically established considering the oil dispersion modelling results, the proximity with environmentally sensitive areas and infra-structure conditions. All advanced shore bases were equipped with containment booms, skimmers, absorbent materials, floating tanks, anchor cables and beach cleaning tools, which were in stand-by to be mobilized by the supervisors. Complementarily, local fishermen boats were registered and trained to be able to use the resources located on the shore bases, in order to increase the capacity of the response. The Figure 2 illustrates the distribution of those shore bases equipped with oil spill response resources (represented in red) and the location of the support base for the logistics of supply vessels during the drilling activities (represented in yellow).

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012

Itacimirim

Itaparica Island (Caixa-Prego)

Salvador

Valena

BM-CAL-10

Campinho (Camamu Bay)

Ilhus

Figure 2: Shore bases. 4.3. Oil Spill Response Strategies 4.3.1. Monitoring To be able to monitor any oil on the sea under low visibility conditions it was installed one MIROS (radar based system) system on one of the supply vessels and one handheld infrared FLIR camera on the other vessel for oil detection with low visibility. Also, 5 drifters were available on the supply vessels and could be launched in case of any oil spill. The drifters are designed to have drifting pattern similar to the oil and transmit the position, speed and direction by satellite. The Miros oil spill detection radar offers a radar-based OSD solution which is thoroughly tested in the NOFO oil-on-water exercises in Norway. It also has successfully supported response operations in real oil spill incidents. The Miros OSD system utilizes a standard marine X-band radar and advanced image processing algorithms for the detection of oil spill. The system can detect and track oil spills in complete darkness, enabling 24hr recovery and surveillance operations. The FLIR handheld camera is an infrared camera that can detect the difference of the temperature of the oil and water, and therefore shows the presence of oil on water; also it can help the operations on the deck and the positioning of the skimmer on the oil sheen under low visibility. To assist monitoring and coordinating in case of an oil spill during the operations it was designed and implemented a more realistic and real-time system to monitor and forecast possible oil spills accidents and possible 6

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 impacted area. This system was envisioned by Statoil and designed by Prooceano using ocean drifters(iSPHERE), with numerical modeling and a secure website which integrates and displays all the information collected and forecast provided by the system. Running in 24x7 mode and being designed to work during real emergency scenarios and also drilling exercises the system accredits itself as powerful tool, not only to subsidize contingency response efforts during real accidents but allows a better training of the personnel involved in the operation. It is also a very important tool to help coordinating the field actions as anyone with internet access could see the same information, either from the office, supply base or onboard the drillship. All the information is made available in real time for the managers which optimize the contingency efforts on allocating equipment and reducing significantly the response time.

4.3.1.1. Spilltrack A monitoring system of oil slicks at sea was implemented, based on the release of drifters in the field and in monitoring its drift in real time and. This monitoring is performed from a web page developed for this purpose. The drifters used in Spilltrack were the iSPHERE drifters ( Figure 3), which are tracked by satellites and designed to drift such that an oil slick. The iSPHERE is a spherical drifter designed to meet the needs of the oceanographic scientific community and offshore industry. Its design was developed specifically to track and monitor oil spills and can be released without effort, by ships, aircrafts or platforms.

Figure 3: The iSPHERE drifter. The ocean drifters iSHERE could be real time monitored and displayed on a web based system and seen by anyone that had been granted access. The web based system showed an integrated map with the drifters location, speed and direction, the vessels location (mapped by AIS or similar), and the oil drift forecast (based on simulation with forecasted weather). Therefore, the launch of ocean drifters iSPHERE type in events simulation and accidental oil spill allows to track the movement of the oil slick, providing accurate location and spreading information for emergency actions. Additionally, SPILLTRACK counts on numerical modeling (both hydrodinamic and oil transport) to forecast the oil drift at sea, consisting in the simulation of oil drift for 72 h after a possible accidental release. This system was used in conjunction with drifers release, in containment of oil slicks exercises, in which the drift fictitious oil slicks were provided. This tool provides the big picture of the areas to be protected in emergency scenarios and that the company should be aware before starting the operation. All those informations put together on the system website provided to decision makers a good tool to evaluate the real situation and also decide the best approach to be chosen. 4.3.2. Containment and Recovery The strategy of containment and recovery the oil in case of oil spill incidents can be implemented close to the drillship (through the dedicated and supply vessels) as well as for protection of the shoreline (through the fishermen vessels). For the offshore operations, the plan involves an immediate response comprised by the three dedicated vessels, which could provide two or three formations. Up to 6 hours, the equipped supply vessels were able to perform more formations, guided by the provision and effectiveness of the first response, in order to catch any pieces of oil slick that might have escaped the initial barrier. 7

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 If those operations were not successful and a volume of oil goes to the shoreline, the fishermen boats would be already aware about the situation (further considering the monitoring equipment) and would perform an additional barrier located close to shore in order to protect the region. 4.3.3. Protection and Cleaning of Sensitive Areas The strategies related to the protection and cleaning of sensitive areas were developed considering the creation of the advanced bases with oil spill response equipment and the training of local fishermen boats, in addition of a plan for fauna rehabilitation. The coordination of the five advanced bases was done by the supply base in Salvador. An atlas for shoreline protection showing the vulnerable areas of the region was prepared specific for this project. The atlas includes: Maps including road and sea access routes; Pictures of the vulnerable features and access; Pictures of relevant features, such as beaches, mangroves, rock shores and access; Description of the vulnerable features, such as beaches, mangroves, rivers, estuaries, coral reefs, algae banks and protection strategy, including priorities and resources sources. For the development of the Atlas it was necessary to carry out three field campaign in order to identify in details sensitive coastal areas that can be affected in case of an oil spill, with strategies on how to respond, including pre-identification of roads, access to the beaches by car/trucks, among others. According to the type of environment at risk, different strategies should be implemented. In case of environmentally sensitive environments, as mangroves, coral reefs and rivers, very common to be found in Bahia coastline, there should be made a deviation of the oil to the sea (the opposite direction to the coast) or to the nearest beach through containment barriers, in order to protect the most sensitive areas and allow a subsequent collection and recovery of the oil on land or at sea. This was all previously studied and clearly detailed on the Atlas. The absorbent materials are also need to mitigate the possible contact of the oil with sand or, if necessary, with the vegetation on the shoreline. In the case of diversion of oil to a beach, it should be done until the level of breaking waves, leaving the very foam of the waves returning the oil to the beach. In the case of deviation of the oil slick to the sea and with the presence of coral reefs, the diversion shall be performed in front of the reefs, avoiding contact with them. 4.4. Training and Exercises Since the emergency subject is not part of the routine activities of Statoil, a plan was designed to provide training and exercises for all personnel that could be involved in a real oil spill incident regarding the company's activities in BM-CAL-10. At first, some theoretical training was performed with all members of the Statoils emergency response structure, including the crew members of dedicated and supply vessels. In order to put in place and reinforce the knowledge learned, practical training were conducted with offshore vessels and fishermen boats independently, which also received theoretical orientations about the resources performance, characteristics and limitations. The third step was the Tabletop exercise, which comprises a simulation of oil spill response, including internal and external communications, but without the deployment of resources. This type of exercise was more focus on the activities of the members of Statoils office. Once with the teams trained and exercised separately, and as part of the permitting process, Statoil performed a full deployment exercise (with mobilization of resources and testing communication channels between the teams in the office and in the field, the use of forms and chain of command), which would be accompanied by the environmental authority representatives in order to evaluate the capacity of the company to respond in real oil spill incident. For this reason, Statoil decided to conduct a pre-drill with all the resources described on the Oil Spill Response Plan in order to guarantee that it could be managed and that the emergency structure was properly trained to efficiently execute their tasks. This first drill was also made expecting to identify opportunities of improvement and eventual problems that could be implemented and corrected before the final drill. Considering that the oil modelling results of the worst case discharge scenario shows more than two days for the oil to reaches the coast, and understanding the need to evaluate the structure of complete response (offshore and coastal protection), it was required the simulation of two oil spill scenarios: one close to the drillship and the other considering an oil slick going into the direction of an environmentally sensitive area. Finally, both full deployment exercises were carried out with all the resources (offshore and onshore) of the project. The drillship on location, two supply vessels equipped with oil spill response equipment (booms and skimmers) and two vessels working as boom handlers were mobilized. Shore base personnel had to be on standby coordinating the resources of the other five advanced shore bases. Statoils emergency team at the office in Rio de Janeiro was also involved. 8

Rio Oil & Gas Expo and Conference 2012 In order to avoid unnecessary noise in the communities that were involved in those drills, proper social communication actions were done through the mobilization of specialists to the exercise location onshore to give any necessary explanation to the communities about the drill. For the last drill, with IBAMA participation, Statoil mobilized more than fifty fishing boats, in addition to the five vessels for offshore operations, and more than one hundred and fifty people working in the shoreline protection (Figure 4). Considering the team in Statoil1s office supported by specialists, to the end of the exercise more than 400 people were mobilized.

Figure 4: Simulation of shoreline protection during the drill.

5. Conclusion
After the Macondo oil spill incident the industry and regulators are providing more attention to the Oil spill preparedness, especially for the activities close to the shoreline. For this specific project the company developed a thorough response plan specific to successfully fit to internal and external requirements and operate in the Camamu Basin. Some actions have contributed to these positive results: - All the ERO (emergency response organization) members were trained and participated on tabletop and drills. The emergency managers and their emergency teams had a special training for dealing with all the resources, also to properly execute their tasks and follow up the tasks on the site. Moreover, local fishermen were properly trained on how to protect the coast line and use the resources that were available on the advanced shore bases. - Good relationship between the key members of the plan, a strong teamwork with specialized companies and the creation of a good relationship with the local population. - The interaction with local not dedicated fishermen and continuous training in order to make them able to assist in case of an oil spill incident. This interaction afforded a greater environmental and logistics knowledge of the area. - The oil spill specialists dedicated onboard of each unit (drillship, shore base, advanced shore bases, supply vessels and emergency room, when needed) in order to guarantee that all units had the right expertise and were aligned.

6. References and Bibliography

DOMINGUEZ, J.M.L., BITTENCOURT, A.C.S.P. AND MARTIN, L., 1992. Controls on Quaternary coastal evolution of the east-noflh eastern coast of Brazil: roles of sea-level history, trade winds and climate. In: J.F. Donoghue, R.A. Davis, C.H. netcher and J.R. Suter (Editors), Quaternary Coastal Evolution. Sediment. Geol., 80 213-232. REZENDE, L. F. Multi-scale dynamics on the Eastern Brazilian Margin. 2010. Tese de Doutorado. Universidade de Aveiro, Portugal, 2010. RODRIGUES, R. R., ROTHSTEIN, L. M., WIMBUSH, M., 2007. Seasonal variabilty of the South Equatorial Current bifurcation in the Atlantic Ocean: A numerical study. J. Phys. Oceanogr. 37, 16{30. pages 5, 12, 13, 27, 37, 48, 50