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1 NAME: Emmanuel Ackom PARTNER(S) NAME: S Vivek DATE: 28/11/11 OBJECTIVE: To assess the metallic contamination of the soil

at an industrial site which was an abandoned Roman Lead mines at Charter house-in-Mendip, Somerset EQUIPMENTS AND MATERIALS: EQUIPMENT: Hot block, stabilized at 100 C, housed in a fume cupboard Disposable 2 ml pipette Balance Glazed weighing paper 18 x clean dry tubes and rack Solvent based marker pen Small funnel 18 x 100 ml graduated flasks 18 x 100 ml polyethylene (PE) bottles, which must sealed without cap liners MATERIALS NITRIC ACID (HNO3), Analar 70% Purified water Standard solutions, Pb and Zn, 1000 ppm OUTLINED THOERY Soils are complex materials forming from the parent rock materials and organic residues composing of four components: weathered rock, humus, water and air. Providing an anchorage and support for plants and nutrients such as nitrogen (in the form of nitrate and ammonia), phosphorous (in the form of ortho phosphate), and trace metal such as copper, iron, manganese, and zinc. Materials in the soil transportation are influenced by soil pH (acidification or alkalinity) of water in the soil structure. Site investigation of land suspected of significantly contaminated in Chester house, which was mined in pre-Roman and Roman times by open cast methods (OCM). This left vast areas of the site contaminated with heavy metals principally such as Pb, and Zn and now used mostly for grazing sheep and cattle. Moreover, the chief soil pollutant is heavy metals, agricultural chemicals, salts, petroleum products etc. the dried soil sample collected at the depth of 0 to 50 cm by hand auger passing through an passing through an 80-mesh ( ~ 200 m) metal-free sieve in the lab. Wet digestion (wet ashing method) was used for the homogenization soil sample which consisted of heating with an oxidizing agent typically with concentrated acid to break down the organic matter. Alternatively, combinations such as acid/hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid/sulphuric acid can also be used. WEIGHINGS AND MEASUREMENTS: Two soil samples X (South) and Y-(West) taken randomly and homogenized weighed them out in duplicate and the two test portions of the reference material supplied and blanks weighed out. TABLE OF WEIGHING

2 TABLE 1: ACTUAL WEIGHT OF SAMPLE TAKEN (WEIGHING BY DIFFERENCE) Sample BLANK B BLANK A Ref 2 Ref 1 6.6 B 6.6 A 6.5 6.4 B 6.4 A 6.3 6.2 6.1 A Wt. of paper / g 0.2708 0.2820 0.2702 0.2817 0.2797 0.2890 0.2855 0.2759 0.2857 0.2647 0.2862 0.2836 Wt. of paper + sample/g 0.3115 0.3285 0.3537 0.3435 0.3285 0.3225 0.3256 0.3155 0.3155 0.3259 0.3012 0.3334 Wt. by difference /g 0.2708 0.2820 0.2701 0.2817 0.2800 0.2910 0.2860 0.2762 0.2860 0.2651 0.2877 0.2845 Actual wt. of sample taken/g () 0.0407 0.0000 0.0465 0.0000 0.0835 0.0001 0.0618 0.0000 0.0488 0.0003 0.0335 0.0020 0.0401 0.0005 0.0396 0.0003 0.0298 0.0003 0.0612 0.0004 0.0150 0.0015 0.0498 0.0009

TABLE 2: TABULATED RESULTS OF ALL THE GROUPS DATA FOR PB USING ICP SHORT REPORT OF ELEMENTS Sample blkbyj blkayj refbyj refayj 5.12yj 5.11yj 5.10dyj 5.10yj 5.9yj 5.8yj 5.7yj 5.6yj 5.5dyj 5.5yj 5.4yj 5.3yj 5.2yj 5.1yj Mean Std Dev Det.Lim. Element Symbol Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Concn /ppm -0.01 -0.01 0.42 0.52 7.04 16.86 20.74 18.99 22.99 30.22 37.29 9.83 13.14 14.50 23.24 28.34 16.89 6.55 14.86 11.20 33.59 Sample BlankB BlankA Ref2 Ref1 6.6B 6.6A 6.5 6.4B 6.4A 6.3 6.2 6.1 Element Symbol Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Concn /ppm -0.02 -0.01 0.45 0.46 14.32 13.88 7.26 31.46 31.85 89.63 31.02 26.66 Sample K.Blk B K.Blk A K. Ref B K. Ref A 4.10B 4.10A 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3B 4.3A 4.2 4.1 Element Symbol Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Pb Concn /ppm -0.02 -0.01 0.44 0.46 9.05 9.33 16.57 13.96 10.12 7.48 13.91 13.35 16.86 17.62 9.87 8.26

20.58 25.37 76.11

9.20 6.19 18.56

3 Detection limit was found by 3 x standard deviation values. TABLE 3: TABULATED RESULTS OF ALL THE GROUPS DATA FOR ZN USING ICP SHORT REPORT OF ELEMENTS Sample Element Symbol Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Concn. /ppm -0.04 0.00 0.39 0.49 0.51 0.78 0.90 0.75 1.30 1.26 2.67 0.49 1.16 1.17 1.91 1.13 0.89 0.51 0.90 0.64 1.91 Sample Element Symbol Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Concn /ppm -0.05 -0.05 0.35 0.37 0.73 0.71 0.80 2.18 2.12 3.10 1.22 0.99 Sample Element Symbol Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Zn Concn /ppm -0.05 -0.05 0.39 0.40 1.02 1.01 0.91 5.00 0.42 0.24 2.15 0.92 1.21 1.22 0.51 0.53

blkbyj blkayj refbyj refayj 5.12yj 5.11yj 5.10dyj 5.10yj 5.9yj 5.8yj 5.7yj 5.6yj 5.5dyj 5.5yj 5.4yj 5.3yj 5.2yj 5.1yj Mean Std dev. Det. Lim.

Blank B Blank A Ref2 Ref1 6.6B 6.6A 6.5 6.4B 6.4A 6.3 6.2 6.1

K.Blk B K.Blk A K. Ref B K. Ref A 4.10B 4.10A 4.9 4.8 4.7 4.6 4.5 4.4 4.3B 4.3A 4.2 4.1

1.04 0.97 2.90

0.99 1.20 3.61

SAFTEY PRECAUTIONS: The cardinal rule of handling or sampling contaminated soil the following precautions must be observed. Wearing disposable gloves Wearing nose mask Wear protective clothing DISCUSSION: From the attached Charterhouse-on-Mendip map of where the mining industry was based run by pre-Roman and Roman times by open cast methods. The areas were largely contaminated with heavy metals typically Pb and Zn. When the soil samples were collected at a depth of from 0 15 cm by hand auger dried and disaggregated. The analysis performed by all the groups results revealed the following reasons. Our group samples labelled 6.16.6 B etc., exactly on the actual site of the mining industry it was observed that site

4 heavily contaminated 0.92 to 1.02 ppm. Stretching beyond this site the next contamination of Pb and Zn is decreasing outwards i.e., the sample labelled 5.1yj.5.12yj, 4.14.10B etc. as shown in the table 3. From the above analyses, large volume of soil have been contaminated particularly the major two classes of compounds of environmental concern here are Pb and Zn. As the environment is not static, the pollutant are constantly transported either between three spheres of the environment namely the atmosphere, the hydrosphere, and the lithosphere (the earths crust). Along each transport stage, the concentration of the soil pollutant altered by phase transfer, dilution or re-concentration as revealed as shown by the table three concentrations in ppm. Moreover, we are able to predict the site where exactly the concentration of the pollutant are likely to occur i.e. sample 6. Many of this soil pollutant eventually tend to get into the surrounding environmental surface water, ground water or ponds and air thus causing deaths and deformity among living and non-living organisms especially the site is largely grassed and used as a grazing sheep and cattle whose toxic pollution will get into food cycle. However, inhalation of this Pb contaminant when got into the blood the de-calcinated or de-zincinated from the bone resulting into cancer of the bones or lungs and also affecting young children having brain disorder, ABD (loss of focusing), etc. Due to health and safety regulations and campaigners there normally different methods of removing these pollutants by the following methods: 1. Phytoremediation: which plants are used to clean up polluted soil by the roots absorbing the contaminants, which subsequently accumulate into the roots in the stem. 2. Bioremediation: using microorganisms to degrade organic contaminants 3. Vapour extraction: injecting air or pumping through soil to remove organic compounds and finally 4. Dilution: which involves running large quantities of water through contaminated soil in order to leach out pollutants thus resulted in polluting water and land becoming water logged. REFERENCES: 1. Raven, P.H., Berg, L.R. et al., (1998): ENVIRONMENTAL, 2nd edition. Saunders College Publishing, NY 2. Miller, R.W., Gardiner, D.T., (1998): SOILS IN OUR ENVIRONMENT, 8th edition, Prentice-Hall International (UK) Ltd., London 3. White, R.E., (1987): Introduction to the principles and practice soil science, 2nd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications 4. Rowell, D.L., (1994): Soil science methods and applications, Longman Singapore Publishers (Pte) Ltd 5. FitzPatrick, E.A., (1983): SOILS Their formation, classification, and distribution, Longman Scientific Technical, London 6. Klute, Arnold, (1986): METHODS OF SOIL ANALYSIS Part 1, 2nd edition, American Society of Agronomy, Inc

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