Classification Tests for Hydrocarbons Bettina Maria Q. Acua, Enrico Joseph C. Aguinaldo, Alyanna Patrice L.

Arceo, Jasmine Grace C. Asinas and Sigrid Jessa R. Bello Group 1 2G Pharmacy Organic Chemistry Laboratory ABSTRACT
The test compounds undergo different physical and chemical tests to differentiate their intrinsic physical properties and chemical properties. Physical state, color, and odor were noted through simple observation. Miscibility of the test compounds were noted through color change or a warming effect. Flammability was tested by igniting 3-5 drops of the sample in a small evaporating dish. Baeyers test and Bromine test were used for tests for active unsaturation. Aromaticity of the compound was determined through nitration. Oxidation was tested by introducing 8 drops of 2% KMnO4 solution and 3 drops of 10% NaOH solution to 4 drops of the sample organic compound in a test tube and warming the mixture through water bath. All of the test compounds are liquid and colorless and observed to have a plastic

INTRODUCTION
Hydrocarbons are the compounds which are composed of Hydrogen and Carbon. Each Carbon atom has four bonds. They can be saturated (single bond), unsaturated (double or triple bond), acyclic (without rings) and cyclic (with rings). Saturated hydrocarbons are known when all the valencies of Carbon atoms are fully utilized by single covalent bonds. The parent molecule of saturated hydrocarbon is methane. A number of Carbon atoms can be linked together without any limitations. Examples are: Alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, etc.) Unsaturated hydrocarbons have one or more double or triple bonds between Carbon atoms. Those with double bonds are called alkenes. Those with one double bond have the formula

is, an alkane with 6 Carbon atoms. In the IUPAC nomenclature, however, hexane is the unbranched isomer (n-hexane); the other four structures are named as methylated derivatives of pentane and butane.

(Figure 3: Example of Hexane) Heptane is a volatile, colorless, highly flammable liquid hydrocarbon, C7H16, obtained in the fractional distillation of petroleum and used as a standard in determining octane ratings, as an anesthetic, and as a solvent. It is also a straight-chain alkane. r.d. 0.684; m.p. -90.6 degrees centigrade; b.p.

CnH2n (Assuming nonCnH2n-

cyclic structures). Those containing triple bonds are called alkynes, with general formula

98.4 degrees centigrade. In standardizing octane numbers, heptane is given a value zero.

(Figure 1: Example of a saturated Hydrocarbon) (Figure 4: Example of Heptane) Cyclohexane is a colorless liquid cycloalkane, C6H12; r.d. 0.78; m.p. 6.5 defrees centigrade; b.p. 81 degrees centigrade. It occurs in petroleum and is made by passing benzene and hydrogen under pressure over a heated Raney nickel catalyst at 150 degrees centigrade, or by the reduction of cyclohexanone. It is used as a solvent and paint remover and can be oxidized using hot concentrated nitric acid to hexanedioic acid (adipic acid). The cyclohexane ring is not planar and can adopt boat and chair

(Figure 2: Example of an Unsaturated Hydrocarbon) Hexane is a chemical made from crude oil. Pure hexane is a colorless liquid with a slightly disagreeable odor. It evaporates very easily into the air and dissolves only slightly in water. Hexane is highly flammable, and its vapors can be explosive. It is a hydrocarbon with the chemical formula C6H14; that

conformations; in fomula, it is represented by a single hexagon. It is extrememly flammable, colorless, mobile liquid, used in the manufacture of nylon and as a solvent, a paint, and a varnish remover.

Flammability is the measure of the extent to which a material or a substance will support combustion. The degree of difficulty required to cause the combustion of a substance is the subject to quantification through fire testing or ignition test. Vapor pressure is an important parameter in determining the ease of ignition of a substance or material. The higher the vapor is evolved from a free liquid surface at a given temperature. Many compounds are determined by the characteristics of their flame when they burn. Aromatic hydrocarbons burn with a yellow, sooty flame due to their high carbon content. Alipathic hydrocarbons burn with flames that are yellow, but less sooty. Baeyers test is a test for the presence of unsaturation (double bonds). A similar test can be done using bromine. Baeyers test uses a solution called the Baeyers reagent, which is a solution of alkaline potassium permanganate. Reaction with double or triple bonds in an organic material causes the color to fade from purplish-pink to brown. Easily oxidized compounds like aldehydes, formic acid and its esters, alcohols with trace of impurities, phenols, and thioethers give positive results. Quantitatively, the iodine value is used to determine the presence of unsaturation. Aromaticity is the special stability of planar, cyclic, fully conjugated molecules with 4n + 2 pi electrons. Such molecules have orbital systems with all bonding molecular orbitals completely filled with all antibonding and nonbonding orbitals empty. The criterion for a compound to be aromatic is expressed by the Huckels rule.

(Figure 5: Example of Cyclohexane) Benzene is an organic chemical compound with a molecular formula of C6H6, molar mass of 78.11g/mol and a boiling point of 80.1 degrees centigrade. It is a colorless, inflammable aromatic hydrocarbon. Its role is a n a d d i ti v e i n g a s ol ine is now limited, though it is an important industrial solvent and a precursor in the production of drugs, plastics, synthetic rubber, and dyes.

(Figure 6: Example of Benzene) Toluene, formerly known as toluol, is a clear, waterinsoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. It is a mono-substituted benzene derivative, i.e., one in which a single hydrogen atom from a group of six atoms from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case CH3. It is an aromatic hydrocarbon that is widely used as an industrial feedstock and as a solvent. Like other solvents, toluene is sometimes also used as an inhalant drug for its intoxicating properties; however, inhaling toluene has potential to cause severe neurological harm. Toluene is an important organic solvent, but is also capable of dissolving a number of notable inorganic chemicals such as sulf

In this experiment the students must accomplish these objectives: Differentiate hydrocarbons in terms of: a. Intrinsic properties b. Chemical properties in terms of structure and behavior To analyze a hydrocarbon and determine if it is saturated, actively unsaturated, aromatic or an arene.

EXPERIMENTAL
A.Compounds tested(or Samples used)
Hexane, Heptane, Cyclohexane, Cyclohexene, Benzene, Toluene

B.Procedure
1. Physical State, Color and Odor. a. b. Observe the physical state of the sample at room temperature. Note the color. With a wafting motion of the hand over themouth of the test tube, investigate the odor. Describe it.

(Figure 7: Example of Toluene)

2. Solubility in Concentrated H2SO4 a. b. Add a drop of the sample cautiously to about 1 mL of conc. H2SO4. Use dry and calibrated droppers. Note any color change and/or warming effect.

6. Basic oxidation a. To 4 drops of the sample in a test tube, add 8drops of 2% KmnO4 solutionand 3 drops of 10% NaOH solution. Warm each tube in a water bath for 2 minutes and observe color change and the formation of a brown precipitate.

3. Ignition Test a. b. Place 3-5 drops of the liquid sample in a small evaporating dish and light with a match. If the sample is solid, use a pinch amount. Observe if the sample is flammable or not. Note the color of the flame produced.

Results and Discussion

To be able to determine if the given organic sample compounds is aromatic or aliphatic, a closer look to the definition of aromatic and aliphatic should be considered first. An aromatic hydrocarbon or arene (aryl hydrocarbon) is a hydrocarbon characterized by general alternating double and single bonds between atoms. The configuration of six carbon atoms in aromatic compounds is known as a benzene ring. Many of these compounds have sweet scent. An aliphatic hydrocarbon is characterized by joined carbon atoms in straight chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings. They can be joined by single bonds (alkanes), doublebonds (alkenes), or triple bonds(alkynes).

4. Tests for Active Unsaturation A) Baeyers Test a. Place 5 drops of the sample in a dry test tube. Add 2 drops of 2% KmnO4 solution. Shake the test tube vigorously and observe the rate and extent at which the reagent is decolorized. Note the formation of a brown suspension. Compare with water as a negative control. Decolorization of the reagent is immediate if it occurs within 1 minute. Note down the results.

b.

B) Bromine Test a. Place 5 drops of the sample in a dry test tube. Add 10 drops 0.5% Br2 in CCl4 reagent. Shake the test tube vigorously and observe the rate and extent (color change) by which the reagent is decolorized; the bromine color is discharged. Compare with water as a negative control. If the reagent failed to decolorize within 1 minute, expose the reaction mixture to sunlight. Note down the results.

Table 1. Summary of the Results.

The table on the next page shows the summary of the results obtained from the experiment from which we have based from the objectives of this experiment that we were trying to achieve. To further understand hydrcarbons, further readings is advised.

b.

5. Test for Aromaticity: Nitration a. Place 2 mL of conc. HNO3 in an Erlenmeyer flask. Immerse the flask in an evaporating dish containing water and gradually add 2 mL of conc. H2SO4. Cool the resulting mixture to room temperature. Thi will serve as the nitrting mixture. Place 5 drops of the sample in dry test tube. Add 8 drops of the nitrating mixture and shake the test tube to ensure complete mixing. Note the formation of a yellow oily layer or droplet. Dilute with 20 drops of water. If there is no apparent reaction observed within a minute, place the test tube in a water bath for 10 minutes. Dilute with 20 drops of water. Note down the results.

b.

c.

REFERENCES
From books Bayquen, A. ,Cruz, C. ,de Guia, R. ,Lampa, F. ,Pea, G. ,Sarile, A. ,Torres, P. (2009) Laboratory Manual in ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. C&E Publishing Inc. From the internet http://www.scribd.com/doc/37898377/Formal-ReportExperiment-Classification-test-for-hydrocarbons 9/10/12 http://www.scribd.com/doc/25377353/ClassificationTests-for-Hydrocarbons 9/10/12 http://www.scribd.com/doc/25377653/Table-ofResults-for-Classification-Tests-for-Hydrocarbons 9/10/12