Country Profile Seb D

1
Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

environmental risk factors, by WHO Member State, 2002
World Health Organization

Organisation mondiale de la Sant
Department of Public Health & Environnment

January 2007
Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Subregion Country
Population
('000)
Improved
water
(%)
Improved
sanitation
(%)
Indoor Air Pollution
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea
DALYs /1000
deaths per
capita per
year
year
Population
using solid
fuel
(%)
Deaths per
year
Outdoor Air Pollution
DALYs /1000
capita per
year
*Annual
PM10
[mg/m3]
**Urban
population
(%)
Deaths
per year
DALYsa
/1000
capita per
year
***
EmrD
Afghanistan
22930
39
34
36 800
52
>95
23 900
36
27
16
400
0.2
a,f
EurB
Albania
3141
96
91
300
0.3
50
<100
0.5
58
200
0.4
a,f
AfrD
Algeria
31266
85
92
7 000
<5
400
0.3
65
25
1,900
0.5
a,f
EurA
Andorra
69
100
100
0.2
<5
41
39
0.8
a,f
AfrD
Angola
13184
53
31
43 500
109
>95
22 000
57
113
20
1,800
a,f
AmrB
Antigua & Barbuda
73
91
95
1.1
46
1.3
26
33
0.2
a,f
AmrB
Argentina
37981
96
91
400
1.1
<5
78
74
12,200
a,f
EurB
Armenia
3072
92
83
<100
26
100
0.8
84
54
1,600
a,f
WprA
Australia
19544
100
100
0.2
<5
18
72
700
0.2
a,f
EurA
Austria
8111
100
100
0.1
<5
32
37
1,100
0.7
c,f
EurB
Azerbaijan
8297
77
54
800
3.9
49
1 800
7.2
64
23
1,400
1.4
a,f
AmrB
Bahamas
310
97
100
1.1
<5
18
72
a,f
EmrB
Bahrain
709
na
na
na
<5
65
26
<100
0.4
a,f
SearD
Bangladesh
143809
74
39
60 300
14
89
46 000
157
8,200
0.7
a,f
AmrB
Barbados
269
100
100
0.6
<5
95
0.1
a,f
EurC
Belarus
9940
100
84
0.3
19
200
0.2
49
a,f
EurA
Belgium
10296
100
100
0.2
<5
41
34
2,000
AmrB
Belize
251
91
47
4.4
43
1.7
12
25
AfrD
Benin
6558
67
33
6 500
33
95
6 300
31
SearD
Bhutan
2190
62
70
1 200
18
no data
AmrD
Bolivia
8645
85
46
3 700
15
34
EurB
Bosnia-Herzegovina
4126
97
95
0.3
AfrE
Botswana
1770
95
42
300
6.6
AmrB
Brazil
176257
90
75
15 000
WprA
Brunei Darussalam
350
na
na
EurB
Bulgaria
7965
99
99
AfrD
Burkina Faso
12624
61
13
AfrE
Burundi
6602
79
WprB
Cambodia
13810
41
112185408.xls.ms_office
9.2
1.0
c,f
a,f
51
19
300
0.7
a,f
13
a,f
1 200
5.0
72
45
1,000
1.2
d,f
50
<100
0.1
22
37
300
0.5
a,f
65
200
2.6
25
13
<10
0.0
a,g
3.6
13
4 100
na
no data
0.2
17
19 500
51
36
8 200
17
10 600
0.6
35
45
12,900
0.6
d,f
48
30
0.4
a,f
<100
0.1
59
37
3,400
c,f
>95
21 500
58
97
14
1,100
1.7
a,f
41
>95
6 600
32
99
200
0.5
a,f
25
>95
1 600
3.8
51
200
0.2
a,f
10/2/2012



January 2007

Subregion Country
Population
('000)
Improved
water
(%)
Improved
sanitation
(%)
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea
DALYs /1000
deaths per
capita per
year
year
Population
using solid
fuel
(%)
Deaths per
year
AfrD
Cameroon
15729
66
51
12 700
27
83
12 900
AmrA
Canada
31271
100
100
0.2
<5
AfrD
Cape Verde
454
80
43
<100
36
AfrE
Central African Rep.
3819
75
27
4 200
35
AfrD
Chad
8348
42
10 200
AmrB
Chile
15613
95
91
WprB
China
1302307
77
AmrB
Colombia
43526
AfrD
Comoros
AfrE
Congo
WprB
Cook Islands
AmrB
Costa Rica
4094
97
92
EurA
Croatia
4439
100
100
AmrA
Cuba
11271
91
98
EurA
Cyprus
796
100
100
EurA
Czech Republic
10246
100
AfrE
Cte d'Ivoire
16365
SearD
Dem. Peo. Rep. Korea
AfrE
Dem. Rep. Congo
EurA
Denmark
EmrD
Djibouti
AmrB
Dominica
AmrB
Dominican Republic
AmrD
DALYs /1000
capita per
year
[mg/m3]
**Urban
population
(%)
Deaths
per year
DALYsa
/1000
capita per
year
***
86
27
2,000
1.8
a,f
21
79
2,700
0.5
a,f
<100
1.2
33
<10
0.0
b,f
>95
2 900
23
24
20
<100
0.1
a,f
40
>95
8 700
34
73
19
600
1.2
a,f
200
<5
62
57
2,300
0.8
d,f
44
95 600
80
380 700
2.5
80
37
275,600
1.4
a,f
93
86
2 300
20
1 900
0.8
42
41
2,700
0.4
d,f
747
86
33
300
16
77
100
4.9
125
<100
0.2
a,f
3633
58
27
1 400
13
85
700
5.0
74
54
500
1.3
a,f
18
94
100
no data
no data
na
100
27
*Annual
PM10
23
100
0.3
40
46
200
0.3
a,f
0.2
12
35
32
900
1.3
a,f
21
100
0.3
38
39
1,600
0.9
d,f
0.5
<5
60
48
300
1.6
a,f
98
0.1
<5
42
24
1,700
1.0
c,f
84
37
14 700
29
74
9 300
38
26
700
0.5
a,f
22541
100
59
2 800
no data
88
31
4,900
1.8
a,f
51201
46
30
100 300
64
>95
47 100
57
22
2,900
0.9
a,f
5351
100
100
0.2
<5
24
38
600
0.6
c,f
693
73
82
700
35
<100
2.9
68
76
200
a,f
200
18
30
78
97
84
21
1.5
34
22
0.2
a,f
8616
95
78
1 100
15
<100
0.3
36
43
500
0.4
a,f
Ecuador
12810
94
89
1 700
<5
100
0.2
34
48
500
0.3
d,f
EmrD
Egypt
70507
98
70
11 400
<5
700
0.2
136
32
15,000
a,f
AmrB
El Salvador
6415
84
62
800
33
400
2.1
48
27
300
0.3
d,f
AfrD
Equatorial Guinea
481
43
53
400
27
no data
12
25
a,f
AfrE
Eritrea
3991
60
2 300
20
80
2 800
109
16
200
1.1
a,f
EurC
Estonia
1338
100
97
0.2
16
19
37
100
0.5
c,f
23
-
10/2/2012



January 2007

Subregion Country
AfrE
Ethiopia
WprB
Fiji
EurA
Population
('000)
Improved
water
(%)
Improved
sanitation
(%)
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea
DALYs /1000
deaths per
capita per
year
year
Population
using solid
fuel
(%)
Deaths per
year
DALYs /1000
capita per
year
*Annual
PM10
[mg/m3]
**Urban
population
(%)
Deaths
per year
DALYsa
/1000
capita per
year
***
68961
22
13
57 000
28
>95
56 700
26
88
2,000
0.4
a,f
831
47
72
<100
40
<100
1.5
17
25
a,f
Finland
5197
100
100
0.2
<5
16
42
200
0.2
c,f
EurA
France
59850
100
na
na
<5
25
42
4,800
0.4
c,f
AfrD
Gabon
1306
88
36
400
10
28
200
13
45
a,f
AfrD
Gambia
1388
82
53
800
19
>95
600
14
138
19
200
1.6
a,f
EurB
Georgia
5177
82
94
0.3
43
100
0.6
46
40
2,200
a,f
EurA
Germany
82414
100
100
0.1
<5
29
32
10,400
0.6
c,f
AfrD
Ghana
20471
75
18
8 600
14
87
5 600
7.5
42
20
600
0.3
a,f
EurA
Greece
10970
na
na
na
<5
34
46
2,800
1.3
c,f
AmrB
Grenada
80
95
96
48
1.9
49
na
AmrD
Guatemala
12036
95
86
2 900
62
3 300
7.4
60
23
400
0.4
d,f
AfrD
Guinea
8359
50
18
8 500
33
>95
800
1.7
63
22
400
0.5
a,f
AfrD
Guinea-Bissau
1449
59
35
1 400
33
95
1 200
27
84
20
100
1.3
a,f
AmrB
Guyana
764
83
70
300
10
59
<100
1.5
13
28
a,h
AmrD
Haiti
8218
54
30
5 000
20
>95
2 900
13
47
31
500
0.7
a,f
AmrB
Honduras
6781
87
69
1 500
57
500
2.9
69
31
500
0.6
d,f
EurC
Hungary
9923
99
95
0.2
<5
34
32
1,900
1.3
c,f
EurA
Iceland
287
100
100
0.2
<5
21
59
<100
0.4
c,f
SearD
India
1049550
86
33
402 200
13
82
407 100
10
84
19
120,600
1.1
a,f
SearB
Indonesia
217131
77
55
31 200
72
15 300
1.5
114
22
28,800
1.2
a,f
EmrB
Iran
68070
94
na
na
na
<5
200
0.1
68
42
9,000
1.0
a,f
EmrD
Iraq
24510
81
79
12 200
17
<5
600
0.8
167
58
7,500
a,f
EurA
Ireland
3911
na
na
na
<5
15
32
<100
0.1
c,f
EurA
Israel
6304
100
na
na
<5
53
80
1,500
1.2
a,f
EurA
Italy
57482
na
na
na
<5
37
27
8,400
0.7
c,f
AmrB
Jamaica
2627
93
80
100
45
<100
1.0
43
27
200
0.4
a,f
WprA
Japan
127478
100
100
0.2
<5
33
64
23,800
0.9
a,f
EmrB
Jordan
5329
97
93
<5
69
49
500
0.8
a,f
na
600
10/2/2012



January 2007

Subregion Country
Population
('000)
Improved
water
(%)
Improved
sanitation
(%)
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea
DALYs /1000
deaths per
capita per
year
year
Population
using solid
fuel
(%)
Deaths per
year
DALYs /1000
capita per
year
*Annual
PM10
[mg/m3]
**Urban
population
(%)
Deaths
per year
DALYsa
/1000
capita per
year
***
EurC
Kazakhstan
15469
86
72
300
<5
<100
0.1
25
43
2,300
1.2
a,f
AfrE
Kenya
31540
61
43
21 800
23
63
13 000
12
38
16
600
0.2
a,f
WprB
Kiribati
87
65
40
10
no data
EmrB
Kuwait
2443
na
na
na
EurB
Kyrgyzstan
5067
77
59
600
WprB
Lao Peo. Dem. Rep.
5529
51
30
4 900
EurC
Latvia
2329
99
78
EmrB
Lebanon
3596
100
98
AfrE
Lesotho
1800
79
37
AfrD
Liberia
3239
61
27
EmrB
Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
5445
na
97
EurC
Lithuania
3465
na
na
EurA
Luxembourg
447
100
100
AfrD
Madagascar
16916
46
AfrE
Malawi
11871
73
WprB
Malaysia
23965
SearD
Maldives
AfrD
Mali
EurA
Malta
WprB
Marshall Islands
AfrD
Mauritania
AfrD
Mauritius
AmrB
Mexico
WprB
Micronesia
EurA
Monaco
WprB
Mongolia
EmrD
Morocco
AfrE
SearD
no data
na
<5
129
74
300
1.1
a,f
76
1,600
7.5
36
16
400
0.6
a,f
28
>95
2,400
14
25
<100
0.0
a,i
0.3
10
17
42
<100
0.2
a,f
200
<5
43
74
600
1.4
a,f
1 300
24
83
400
5.8
94
10
<100
0.4
a,i
4 300
44
no data
39
17
<100
0.4
a,f
na
na
<5
<100
121
85
1,600
a,h
na
<5
29
42
700
1.1
c,f
0.2
<5
17
19
0.1
a,f
32
16 900
33
>95
11,700
22
51
15
600
0.5
a,f
61
17 100
47
>95
13,300
36
88
10
600
0.7
a,f
99
94
300
<5
<100
0.0
28
28
500
0.2
a,f
309
83
59
<100
no data
54
27
<100
0.7
a,f
12623
50
46
20 200
53
>95
16,900
102
11
700
1.2
a,f
393
100
na
na
<5
no data
na
52
87
82
no data
no data
na
2807
53
34
3 200
38
56
2,300
42
34
200
1.0
a,f
1210
100
94
<5
47
12
<100
0.4
a,f
101965
97
79
4 800
14
2,400
0.6
49
56
7,200
0.5
d,f
108
94
28
<100
10
no data
34
100
100
0.2
2559
62
59
800
11
30072
81
73
6 000
Mozambique
18537
43
32
Myanmar
48852
78
77
0.2
45
27
no data
na
<5
no data
na
51
300
3.6
16
29
a,f
600
0.5
27
37
700
0.2
a,f
26 900
47
80
9,700
16
44
25
900
0.6
a,f
21 700
15
>95
14,700
10
75
14
3,900
0.8
a,f
10/2/2012



January 2007

Subregion Country
Population
('000)
Improved
water
(%)
Improved
sanitation
(%)
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea
DALYs /1000
deaths per
capita per
year
year
Population
using solid
fuel
(%)
Deaths per
year
DALYs /1000
capita per
year
200
2.0
*Annual
PM10
[mg/m3]
AfrE
Namibia
1961
87
25
700
13
65
WprB
Nauru
13
na
na
na
no data
SearD
Nepal
24609
90
35
14 700
20
81
7,500
161
EurA
Netherlands
16067
100
100
0.2
<5
38
WprA
New Zealand
3846
na
na
na
<5
16
AmrD
Nicaragua
AfrD
Niger
AfrD
Nigeria
WprB
Niue
EurA
EmrB
EmrD
Pakistan
WprB
Palau
AmrB
WprB
8.3
**Urban
population
(%)
Deaths
per year
DALYsa
/1000
capita per
year
***
0.2
a,f
50
12
<100
no data
na
700
0.3
52
3,600
1.2
c,f
70
<100
0.1
a,f
e,f
5335
79
47
1 200
64
700
4.1
32
26
<100
0.1
a,f
11544
46
13
22 700
65
>95
13,600
40
86
10
500
0.8
a,f
120911
48
44
119 700
32
67
79,000
21
95
27
14,700
1.8
a,f
100
100
0.5
no data
no data
na
Norway
4514
100
100
0.2
<5
22
33
400
0.3
c,f
Oman
2768
na
na
na
<5
124
36
300
1.1
a,f
149911
91
59
22
81
70,700
2.3
a,f
20
85
83
no data
Panama
3064
90
73
200
33
<100
Papua New Guinea
5586
39
44
2 100
13
90
1,600
AmrB
Paraguay
5740
86
80
700
53
AmrD
Peru
26767
83
63
3 900
WprB
Philippines
78580
85
72
10 600
EurB
Poland
38622
na
na
EurA
Portugal
10049
na
EmrB
Qatar
601
WprB
Republic of Korea
EurC
Republic of Moldova
EurB
Romania
EurC
Russian Federation
AfrE
Rwanda
AmrB
Saint Kitts and Nevis
AmrB
AmrB
165
27
28,700
no data
na
0.7
58
29
200
0.3
a,f
9.2
11
a,f
300
1.9
103
25
400
0.6
a,f
33
1,500
1.8
62
53
3,100
0.8
d,f
45
6,900
3.0
34
41
3,900
0.5
a,f
na
<5
40
32
6,000
1.1
c,f
na
na
<5
27
56
1,900
1.0
c,f
100
100
0.6
<5
57
65
<100
0.6
a,f
47430
92
na
na
na
<5
43
74
6,800
0.9
a,f
4270
92
68
100
0.4
63
200
0.7
41
27
900
1.5
a,f
22387
57
na
na
na
23
300
0.2
76
33
9,400
c,f
144082
97
87
700
0.3
400
0.0
25
48
37,200
1.9
a,f
8272
74
42
11 700
47
>95
8,100
32
100
200
0.5
a,f
42
99
95
<5
33
29
0.4
a,f
Saint Lucia
148
98
89
1.7
63
2.3
74
na
Saint Vincent & Gren.
119
na
na
na
31
1.8
56
19
0.4
a,f
103 300
-
14
-
10/2/2012



January 2007

Subregion Country
Population
('000)
Improved
water
(%)
WprB
Samoa
EurA
San Marino
AfrD
Sao Tome & Principe
EmrB
Saudi Arabia
AfrD
Senegal
EurB
Serbia-Montenegro
AfrD
Seychelles
AfrD
Sierra Leone
4764
WprA
Singapore
4183
EurB
Slovakia
5398
EurA
Slovenia
WprB
Solomon Islands
EmrD
Somalia
AfrE
South Africa
44759
EurA
Spain
40977
SearB
Sri Lanka
18910
79
EmrD
Sudan
32878
AmrB
Suriname
432
AfrE
Swaziland
EurA
Improved
sanitation
(%)
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea
DALYs /1000
deaths per
capita per
year
year
Population
using solid
fuel
(%)
Deaths per
year
DALYs /1000
capita per
year
*Annual
PM10
[mg/m3]
**Urban
population
(%)
Deaths
per year
DALYsa
/1000
capita per
year
***
176
88
100
3.3
70
2.1
no data
na
27
na
na
na
<5
19
na
157
79
25
<100
11
95
<100
6.3
76
27
0.9
a,f
23520
na
na
na
na
<5
91
40
2,400
1.1
a,f
9855
76
57
6 500
22
53
5,400
93
29
900
1.6
a,f
10535
93
87
0.6
no data
17
20
100
0.1
a,f
80
88
na
na
<5
no data
na
57
39
11 500
78
92
7,600
69
20
400
1.7
a,f
100
100
0.4
<5
48
79
1,000
1.5
a,f
100
99
0.2
<5
31
17
400
0.4
c,f
1986
na
na
na
44
21
300
0.7
c,f
463
70
31
200
14
95
<100
4.4
16
na
9480
29
26
14 000
48
no data
35
20
300
0.4
a,f
88
65
11 900
18
1,000
a,f
100
100
0.2
<5
91
600
1.5
67
3,100
70
34
17 200
18
>95
4,400
92
94
<100
no data
1069
62
48
500
17
64
400
Sweden
8867
100
100
0.1
<5
EurA
Switzerland
7171
100
100
0.1
<5
EmrB
Syrian Arab Republic
17381
93
90
1 800
EurB
Tajikistan
6195
59
51
1 800
SearB
Thailand
62193
99
99
2 800
EurB
TFYR of Macedonia
2046
na
na
SearD
Timor-Leste
739
58
AfrD
Togo
4801
WprB
Tonga
103
AmrB
Trinidad and Tobago
1298
91
18
54
0.5
24
43
1,000
0.2
30
42
5,800
0.7
c,f
2.4
93
1,000
0.4
a,f
2.4
219
17
3,700
13
55
71
19
32
400
10
75
72
na
na
36
100
52
35
100
96
100
1.0
a,f
a,f
<100
0.3
a,f
30
500
0.2
c,f
27
42
800
0.5
c,f
0.6
89
38
1,600
0.9
a,f
1,600
7.9
57
11
500
0.6
a,f
4,600
1.5
77
16
2,800
0.4
a,f
30
0.1
29
29
200
0.7
a,f
no data
no data
na
2 600
18
87
4,100
28
45
16
200
0.4
56
1.6
no data
na
0.2
22
<10
0.0
11
a,f
a,f
10/2/2012



January 2007

Subregion Country
Population
('000)
Improved
water
(%)
Improved
sanitation
(%)
Diarrhoea
Diarrhoea
DALYs /1000
deaths per
capita per
year
year
Population
using solid
fuel
(%)
Deaths per
year
DALYs /1000
capita per
year
*Annual
PM10
[mg/m3]
**Urban
population
(%)
Deaths
per year
DALYsa
/1000
capita per
year
***
EmrB
Tunisia
9728
93
85
600
<5
100
0.3
46
30
700
0.6
a,f
EurB
Turkey
70318
96
88
6 000
11
2,500
0.9
56
61
18,800
a,f
EurB
Turkmenistan
4794
72
62
1 000
<5
0.1
73
18
700
1.4
a,f
WprB
Tuvalu
10
93
90
no data
no data
na
AfrE
Uganda
25004
60
43
26 800
35
>95
19,900
26
33
100
0.1
a,f
EurC
Ukraine
48902
96
96
<100
0.3
200
0.1
29
42
15,200
2.0
a,f
EmrB
United Arab Emirates
2937
100
98
<100
0.6
<5
109
70
400
1.8
a,f
EurA
United Kingdom
59068
100
na
na
<5
26
53
12,400
1.0
c,f
AfrE
Unit. Rep. of Tanzania
36276
62
47
28 200
26
>95
27,500
38
21
1,000
0.4
a,f
AmrA
US of America
291038
100
100
0.2
<5
24
72
41,200
0.8
a,f
AmrB
Uruguay
3391
100
100
<100
<5
154
44
1,300
a,f
EurB
Uzbekistan
25705
82
67
500
72
5,300
6.1
81
21
4,300
1.3
a,f
WprB
Vanuatu
207
60
50
<100
79
1.5
10
14
a,f
AmrB
Venezuela
25226
83
68
1 400
100
0.1
16
62
d,f
WprB
Viet Nam
80278
85
61
9 400
70
10,600
2.0
66
21
6,300
0.5
a,f
EmrD
Yemen
19315
67
43
16 900
29
42
7,000
13
82
15
1,000
0.7
a,f
AfrE
Zambia
10698
58
55
13 700
42
87
8,600
27
71
29
1,100
1.5
a,f
AfrE
Zimbabwe
12835
81
53
5 400
14
72
1,900
4.0
43
26
600
0.4
a,f
52
1 497 000
61
34
865 000
1.1
WORLD
na
6213869
1 635 200
24
not available
Urban-population-weighted average particulate matter less than 10 microns in diameters [mg/m3] (estimates or monitored, when availalble) (see *** and in worksheet 'references')
**
Percentage of urban population living in cities >100'000 and national capitals
***
References for both annual PM10 & % urban population, see worksheet 'references'
Zero of estimation or method not sensitive enough
For Outdoor Air Pollution, DALYs consist only of years of life lost to premature mortality (YLL)
10/2/2012
Population
UN estimates of de-facto population, 2002 Revision. These population estimates are presented as they constitute the basis for the health statistics used in the profiles.
Water Sanitation & Hygiene

Exposure data: Improved water refers to the coverage by an improved drinking water source, and improved sanitation refers to coverage by an improved sanitation facility. Source: WHO/UNICEF Joint
Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, coverage data are for the year 2004: WHO/UNICEF (2006), Meeting the MDG Drinking Water and Sanitation , Geneva.
Health outcomes: Estimates of deaths and DALYs from diarrhoea attributable to water, sanitation and hygiene are based on the methods outlined in the WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series
No. 14 on Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (Fewtrell et al., 2007, Quantifiying the health impact at national and local levels in countries with incomplete water supply and sanitation coverage , WHO,
Geneva), using the WHO/UNICEF exposure data and WHO prior estimates of national health data (World Health Organization, WHOSIS. Available at:
http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodestimates/en/index.html)

Exposure data: Percentage of population using solid fuels. Source: WHO (Millenium Development Goals, including World Health Survey 2003 results)
Health outcomes: Estimates of deaths and DALYs from acute respiratory infections (children under age 5), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (adults over 30 years) and lung cancer (adults over
30 years) attributable to indoor smoke from solid fuels are based on the methods outlined in the WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series No.4 on Indoor Smoke from solid fuels (available at:
http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/9241591358/en/index.html), using the exposure data and WHO prior estimates of national health data (World Health Organization, WHOSIS.
Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodestimates/en/index.html).

Exposure data: Mean urban PM10 referes to the mean concentration in the year 2002 of fine suspended particles of less than 10 microns in diameters. These particles are able to penetrate deep into
the respiratory tract and therefore constitute a risk for health. The mean is a population-weighted average for urban population in cities above 100'000 inhabitants of a country. The data are from/based
on as indicated below (refer to the last column in the table). The exposed population considered includes the urban population living in cities with more than 100'000 inhabitants and national capitals.
The data source is indicated below (and referes to the last column in the table).
Annual PM10 [ m g/m 3 ]
a. Estimates for 2002 from the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS) developed by the World Bank. Source: The World Bank (2006), The Little Green Data Book , Washington (available at:
http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTEEI/0,,contentMDK:20906191~pagePK:210058~piPK:210062~theSitePK:408050,00.html)
b. Estimates for 1999 from the Global Model of Ambient Particulates (GMAPS) developed by the World Bank. Source: World Bank, Development Economics Research Group Estimates. (available at:
http://econ.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/EXTDEC/EXTRESEARCH/0,,contentMDK:20785646~pagePK:64214825~piPK:64214943~theSitePK:469382,00.html)
c. Monitored data: European Air Quality Databas (AIRBASE), European Energy Agency, Copenhague. Urban population (cities <100'000 & nat. cap.) weighted mean, year: 2003 for all but Lithuania
(1999), Italy (all cities: 2003, Roma: 2002), Norway (Bergen: 2003, Oslo: estimate from World Bank 1999 (b))
d. Mix monitored-estimates data: monitored data from WHO PAHO for different cites and estimates for other cities from b., used to calculate a country urban pop.-weig. mean. Year (monitored data):
2004 (Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru), 2003 (Cuba, Venezuela), 2001 (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras), 2003&2004 (Colombia), 2002&2003&2004 (Brazil)
e.
Mix monitored-estimate data: monitored data for Kathmandu from WHO SEARO (KEVA report, 2003) & and estimates for other cities from b., used to calculate a country urban pop.-weig. mean
% Urban population living in cities >100'000 habitants and national capital

f. The data source is the World Bank (2000 data from the GMAPS, see b) below), with extrapolation for 2005. The extrapolation assumes the same increase as the (total) urban population (UN
DESA, Population Division: World Urbanization Prospect - The 2005 Revision).
g.
h.
i.
City population of Gaborone, Botwsana's capital & largest city from Wikipedia for 2005 (available at: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaborone) and country population for Botswana from UN population
division ((UN DESA, Population Division: World Urbanization Prospect - The 2005 Revision).
Percentage is the same as the (total) urban population as indicated in the UN database (UN DESA, Population Division: World Urbanization Prospect - The 2005 Revision).
The data source is the World Bank (2002 data, available at: http://www.worldbank.org/urban/env/population-regions.htm), with extrapolation for 2005. The extrapolation assumes the same
increase as the (total) urban population (UN DESA, Population Division: World Urbanization Prospect - The 2005 Revision).
Health outcomes: Estimates of deaths and DALYs include respiratory infections and diseases, lung cancer and selected cardiovascular diseases attributable to outdoor air pollution. They are based on
the methods outlined in the WHO Environmental Burden of Disease Series No.5 on Outdoor Air (available at: http://www.who.int/quantifying_ehimpacts/publications/ebd5/en/index.html), using the
exposure data and WHO prior estimates of national health data (World Health Organization, WHOSIS. Available at: http://www.who.int/healthinfo/bodestimates/en/index.html).

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1

Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

World Health Organization

Department of Public Health & Environnment

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air Pollution

Antigua & Barbuda

Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

World Health Organization

Department of Public Health & Environnment

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Indoor Air Pollution

Central African Rep.

Dem. Peo. Rep. Korea

Dem. Rep. Congo

Outdoor Air Pollution

Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

World Health Organization

Department of Public Health & Environnment

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air Pollution

Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

World Health Organization

Department of Public Health & Environnment

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air Pollution

Lao Peo. Dem. Rep.

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya

Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

World Health Organization

Department of Public Health & Environnment

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air Pollution

Papua New Guinea

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Vincent & Gren.

Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

World Health Organization

Department of Public Health & Environnment

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Sao Tome & Principe

Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air Pollution

Syrian Arab Republic

Trinidad and Tobago

Estimated deaths & DALYs attributable to selected

World Health Organization

Department of Public Health & Environnment

Water, Sanitation & Hygiene

Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air Pollution

United Arab Emirates

Unit. Rep. of Tanzania

Percentage of urban population living in cities >100'000 and national capitals

Zero of estimation or method not sensitive enough

Water Sanitation & Hygiene

Indoor Air Pollution

Outdoor Air Pollution

% Urban population living in cities >100'000 habitants and national capital