Chapter 1

Multiple Choice 1. C 2. A 3. B 4. D 5. E 6. C 7. C 8. E 9. C 10. B Essay 1. Beginning in the 16th century, Europe experienced a dramatic period of transformation in their society which led to the exploration and colonization of the New World. Geopolitically pressured by other foreign entities, Europeans began to look for alternative trade routes. Leaps in technology, such as the application of gunpowder and advances in navigation, enabled Europeans to traverse the Atlantic Ocean and expand their influence and trade in the Americas. However, the European expansion into new territory was also imbibed by religious zeal; colonists would bring their own forms of Christianity to America to spread in addition to experiencing religious freedom. 2. The three great powers that would dominate the colonies of the Americas were France, Spain, and Britain. However, each differed in their style and lasting impact on the area that would prove visibly evident for centuries. While Spanish and French colonies mainly focused on short-term economic gain such as fur trade and gold, the British chose to emphasize on self-sustaining colonies that would prove beneficial in the long run. This was evident as British influence in the region would eventually outstrip both the Spanish and French, both of whom were less interested in the Americas. 3. In the 16th century, the nations of Europe were usually ruled by their respective kings, a system of government known as monarchy. However, as English colonies began to form hundreds of miles away from their main country, aspects of democracy began to seep in. A pure form of democracy would define one of the earliest colonies, Plymouth; its Mayflower Compact ensured that decision were made by the will of the majority. However, other colonies found it more suitable to adopt a form of government that is similar to the one used today - the use of representatives. Colonists of both Jamestown and the Massachusetts Bay Colony would have representatives to make decisions for their colonies. However, it is also notable that this democratic process was usually limited to only white males. 4. Not known for their outstanding human rights record, the Europeans expectedly looked upon the Native Americans with derision and scorn, and often treated them poorly. While the French were notably less invasive and worked amiably with the Natives, they, along with the British and Spanish, used them to further their own gains. The Spaniards would often force Natives into harsh labor on plantations, and the British often clashed with them due to territory disputes. Brutal ambushes and massacres were not uncommon, as Native Americans felt their way of life was threatened by the Europeans, who showed a lack of regard for Native rights. Thought of as savage and uncultured, the Native Americans were thought of as only animals to be used and subjugated. Disease would also prove to decimate the Native American population, often killing over half of the population in many areas. 5. Quite ostensibly was the difference between the English and French relationship with the Native Americans. The English were mainly focused on establishing its colonies in the Americas, regarding the Native Americans as mere obstacles. Their lack of respect would often lead to bitter disputes and conflicts with neighboring tribes. On the other hand, the French had a small population and were alternatively focused on fur trade with the Natives, which was a lucrative business. Their minimally invasive relationship with the Native Americans would lead to much more amicable ties and friendships, but would prove less effective long-term, as the large British population gained massive power and influence in the region. Document Analysis 1. Stannard's view of Columbus is heavily contradicted by Columbus's own account of his meeting with the natives, during which he described fair treatment given. The natives were also described as "docile" and "friendly," and Columbus does not hint at any point of himself showing malice towards the natives. 2. While there are no direct references to Columbus's hypothesized mistreatment of natives, Document B would most support Stannard's thesis, as it is the only document that mentions harsh mistreatment of the Native Americans. Document A directly contradicts Stannard, while Document C only mentions an expedition in search of gold. 3. Document C would directly refute Stannard's thesis, and thus would provide the weakest support. This is due to the fact that even though the natives guiding Coronado were found to be deceiving him, they were not mistreated in any way.

Chapter 2
Multiple Choice 1. A 2. E 3. C 4. D 5. D 6. E 7. B 8. C 9. B 10. C Essay 1. During the colonial period, religious freedom differed greatly between various colonies. It was focal point for some, but denied in others. Yet there were a few that regarded it as a relatively insignificant factor. For example, the Quakers led by William Penn had suffered religious persecution, and thus fled to the New World to find refuge. A peace-loving Christian sect that emphasized authority in one's own soul and not in any external element, the Quakers offered religious freedom as reflection of their beliefs. On the other extreme, the Puritans were a god-fearing sect that emphasized obedience and conformity to a strict moral code - any deviation was taboo. Thus anything that did not adhere to their religion was heresy. But in colonies like Jamestown, religion was relatively insignificant, as settlers, instead of fleeing religious persecution, had come in search of opportunity. In reflection of this, they were primarily interested in economic issues. 2. The application of mercantilism in the 13 colonies had both beneficial and adverse effects. It lent a growth to shipbuilding and trade industries, and gave Chesapeake tobacco a monopoly in England. In addition, the Navigation Acts protected trade ships from French and Spanish harassment. However, the long-term relationship between the colonies and England would deteriorate, as the colonists began to resent being restricted by a government across the Atlantic. In addition, lack of foreign competition led to high prices from England, while colonial manufacturing became limited. 3. Beginning with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, the English government made a continuous effort to exercise its control over its American colonies. This is prominently displayed by the regulatory actions they took over the coming years. For example, England, usually lax in the enforcement of its Navigation Acts, attempted to invoke some authority by revoking the charter of Massachusetts Bay due to its reputation of being the center of smuggling activity. England also combined several colonies into the Dominion of New England, and appointed Sir Edmund Andros to serve as the governor. 4. William Penn and James Oglethorpe were both similar in the fact that they both were visionaries; they each had their own idealistic plan for their colony. However, while Penn was rather successful, Oglethorpe would suffer complications. Being closer to the Spanish, Oglethorpe's colony grew slowly due to the risk of being attacked. Eventually, Oglethorpe abandoned his plans and surrendered Georgia to royal control. While it adopted South Carolina's plantation system, Georgia would continue to grow slowly and never did truly prosper during this period. 5. A wide variety of factors led to the rapid growth of slavery in the latter decades of the 17th century. As wages in England began to rise, immigrants to colonies began to decrease, which in turn decreased the workforce. This was also compounded by rebellious small farmers and indentured servants. As the cultivation of profitable crops began to rapidly contribute to demand for cheap labor, slavery was looked upon as a reliable, cheap source of labor. In addition, slavery was perpetuated as colonists passed laws that ensure that the offspring of slaves would also be slaves as well. This would contribute to the rise of slavery as an integral part of colonial society. Finally, the slave trade was further enabled by the Triangular Trade, which allowed slave-trading entrepreneurs to often succeed to achieving great profit in their ventures. Document Analysis 1. The documents each address the colonies need to band together to provide a common defense against attacks. Document A refers to a confederation of four New England colonies. Document B. is Penn's plan for colonies to form ties with each other, both militarily and economically. Document C, written by Benjamin Franklin, is also similar. 2. There is evidence of representation in Documents B and C. For example, Penn calls for 2 deputies/representatives to be appointed by each province. Benjamin Franklin refers to a Grand Council, "chosen by the representatives of the people of the several Colonies." 3. During the colonial period, threats were relatively local as colonies worked to further their influence and power. The only threats were simply Native American attacks, the occasional unrest from a disgruntled workforce, and some interference from England, France, and Spain. As such, the colonists did not see much need to relinquish their control to a foreign party, as they had just left Europe just to do the opposite. This can be shown through the lack of success the plans mentioned in Documents A, B, and C achieved. While the plan of Document A actually managed to form a confederation, it did not last long. Penn and Franklin's plans never actually took effect, because "colonies were unwilling to give up control over their powers to tax."

Chapter 3
Multiple Choice 1. D 2. E 3. A 4. B 5. D 6. E 7. B 8. D 9. C 10. D Essay 1. Colonial life and society in the 18th century changed dramatically. Colonies over time began to separate (early days of sectionalism) and specialize in specific areas: the South had agriculture, the North, manufacturing and shipping. Religious tolerance was also common in colonies; most allowed many forms of Christianity (though it was limited). 2. New Englands economy was mainly through fishing, lumber, shipbuilding, manufacture, etc. On the other hand, the South was more focused on agriculture and cash crops, such as sugar, tobacco, etc. and used slaved labor to run their plantations. 3. Several events caused the seeds of democracy in colonies during the 18 th century. For example, the Zenger case was the precursor for freedom of the press, as it gave confidence to newspapers to print what they actually felt. Another example would be The Great Awakening, which separated religion from authority; this caused common people to begin to question the authority of the elite. Colonists from multiple countries also gave several perspectives instead of just one. 4. American colonists were slow to develop academic and artistic pursuits; this is true to some degree, as the colonists mainly followed the period of British advancement of the time. However, they were not so lacking in some areas, such as literature and science. Much literature was published in the 18th century, such as the texts of Jonathan Edwards, a religious leader. The most famous writer/scientist was Benjamin Franklin, who wrote the Poor Richards Almanac, which became extremely popular. Franklin also researched electricity and invented bifocal eyeglasses, which are used even today. 5. The South was dependent mainly on suppressing blacks rights, while forcing blacks into slavery to benefit. Blacks were also denied the opportunity to own property, money, any possibility to advance in life, etc. The only way out was to buy ones freedom/escape. Document Analysis 1. Mayhew and Boucher both use the idea of liberty in their argument, but each has their own interpretation. Boucher argues that God-given liberty should be used to defend the royalty and divinity of the King, while Boucher suggests that it should be used to defend ones own right as a human being. 2. John Locke argues that the most important force guiding humanity is man himself; the people should be the government and rule over themselves. 3. This quote shows how the only reason colonial America was united under the king was because of the idea of religious authority. Colonists felt as if they had a God-given duty to serve/follow the kings orders because of the authority granted to him by a higher being. Boucher expounds upon this idea when he links liberty to obedience to the king.

Chapter 4
Multiple Choice 1. E 2. E 3. B 4. C 5. D 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. E 10. A Essay 1. The quote is a form of the common phrase, No taxation without representation, which was a political and philosophical stance that fueled the colonial revolution. Before the declaration of independence from Britain was made, colonists protested the unfair taxation in many ways. The Boston Tea Party is a famous instance of protest when colonists dumped large amounts of British tea off merchants ships as a reaction to the taxing of imported goods. A more civil form of protest involved boycotting British imports. Both were in retaliation to taxes that were unjustly ordered upon the colonies. 2. After the 4 wars were settled, British views on the colonies efforts to aid in the war differed with the colonies themselves. The British submitted that the colonial militia was poorly trained and unorganized. They also argued that the colonies were neglecting to help fund the wars through taxation. In contrast, the colonies felt their efforts to aid in the war were genuine and successful. They felt that the British strategies did not apply well to the dense forested area of the new world. 3. The Coercive Acts and the Quebec act in 1774 were perceived differently by colonists and the British government. Samuel Adams would argue that the laws were enacted for the direct purpose of suppressing the personal liberties of the colonists. He believed that Parliament had no right to impose on the colonies without fair representation. Lord North, however, would believe that the acts were simply put in place to establish and understanding of control. He believed Parliament had the right to tax the colonies, and that the acts were put in place to punish the rebels that terrorized British officials and vandalized British tea. 4. The Enlightenment had much to do with the colonial ideals that sparked the revolution. This era generated many philosophers that argued for the use of reason, over superstition, to fix human problems. A famously credited philosopher, John Locke, believed that government should be ordered and run by the people, and that if a government should not protect personal liberties, those within have an obligation to revolt. This translated into colonial society, which had adopted representative government. Colonists argued that the lack of representation in British government was grounds for a revolt. 5. The Townshend Acts and Intolerable Acts were greatly different in nature and purpose. The Townshend Acts were mainly caused by the debts gained from war expenditures in Britain. These involved taxation on goods, more power to British officials to stop smuggling, and as a result, more British control over the colonies. The Intolerable Acts were more of a response to the growing rebellion and terrorism in the colonies. These involved halts on Boston trade, reduced power in legislature, and more adjustments that helped Britain keep better control of the New England area.

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Chapter 5
Multiple Choice 1. E 2. A 3. C 4. C 5. E 6. A 7. A 8. A 9. B 10. C Essay 1. Galloways Plan and the Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for Taking up Arms were examples of colonist attempts to make a peaceful, last-ditch agreement with Britain. At the first Continental Congress, Galloway proposed to keep the colonies under British control while giving the colonists an American government. At the second Continental Congress however, there was a stronger, rather blunt approach from the colonists. The situation had degraded to a point that they were willing to use violence, but still willing to negotiate with the Empire. 2. Americans became divided in their beliefs on the colonies relationship with the British Empire. Loyalists were generally wealthy, Anglican colonists that wished to remain with Britain. Patriots were colonists that were affected by the laws imposed on them from across the Atlantic. 3. Thomas Paines Common Sense greatly impacted the Revolutionary War. At the time, relatively very few colonists were actually fighting, with most sitting it out. However, Thomas Paine managed to galvanize many citizens and convince them that Britain was worth fighting. 4. The American Revolution was not necessarily a civil war. The colonists, though mainly British, also had people of various other countries. In addition, they had been estranged that they were differentiated in terms of society. 5. The Articles of Confederation were useful at the time they were written; their purpose was to establish some sense of order after the revolution. However, it quickly lost relevance and needed to be replaced. Document Analysis 1. Bland, Wilson, and Mansfield each expressed opinions that all involve the Britain and its Parliament-backed influence on the colonies. Bland considered Parliament to be the highest power that ruled over England and made its decisions. Thus, Parliament should have full control over the colonies and their legislation. Wilson on the other hand believed that the King, not Parliament had absolute power, and should be the one controlling Britain and the colonies. Contrary to these two views, Mansfield felt that colonists should unite and form a separate country, as Britain took away the natural rights of the colonists and the only way to get them back was to fight for autonomy. 2. The year 1775 marked the beginning of the American Revolution and a new era. Ever since, Britain and the colonies had regarded each other with negativity. First it began with a series of tax-related acts passed by Britain to help them financially after the war. These angered the colonist and promoted the saying no taxation without representation. Then Britain continued to enforce strict laws to benefit themselves and eventually colonist rebelled in forms of boycotts and staged events. Notable events include the Boston Tea Party and The Gaspee which set of a number of punishment passed by parliament. After numerous attempts to persuade Britain to restore colonial rights, the colonist realized that there was no choice but to become independent. Britain felt that the colonies would only worsen and if anything must be done, it had to be done immediately. This set the stage for the American Revolution and Americas independence.

Chapter 6
Multiple Choice 1. A 2. E 3. E 4. C 5. B 6. C 7. B 8. C 9. D 10. A Essay 1. During the post-Revolutionary war, a document called the Articles of Confederation was drafted, although considered to be not successful; it set forth the building blocks for our Constitution. The Constitution at first encountered many road blocks on issues such as slavery and representation, which was solved primarily by compromises. The problem of representation occurred between large and small states. Large states like Virginia favored the idea of representation proportioned to the states population, while smaller states like New Jersey preferred equal representation no matter the population. The solution came with the Great Compromise which provided a two-house Congress, one for equal representation and one for population proportional representation. Slavery was at the center of much debate as well, with the question How were slaves going to be counted in the population of states? The answer once again was solved by a compromise, the Three-Fifths Compromise. This counted slaves three-fifths of a person and guaranteed that slaves could be imported for another 20 years. 2. After the Constitution was drafted, it was sent to the 13 states for approval, needing only 9 for ratification. This however presented many problems because of the two major political parties who took opposing views against one another. While the Federalist wanted the approval of the constitution, the Anti-Federalist did not and argued that the constitution would bring back a tyrannical government. In order to win more support, the Federalist wrote a series of essays called The Federalist Papers. They consisted of 85 highly persuasive essays designed explain each part of the Constitution and win more votes. The final nail to the coffin came with the adding of The Bill of Rights. These set of amendments solved what Anti-Federalist argued the most for: basic rights of the people. This guarantee solidified many states concern with the Constitution and in 1787, the Constitution was ratified. 3. Though both elected to Washingtons cabinet, both Jefferson and Hamilton had opposing views regarding what can be done to improve the young country. After having been appointed Secretary of the Treasury, Hamilton adopted a financial program to get the young country on a kick start and remove its debt. This plan appealed to many Federalist; however it was disliked by Anti-Federalist such as Thomas Jefferson. Jefferson although opposed the plan overall, especially the national bank idea, he agreed with Hamiltons strategy to remove debt at face value and in turn Hamilton agreed to move the nations capital south along the Potomac River. 4. Though the French Revolution in the late 1700s mirrored their own uprising, President Washington and Adams declared the United States neutral. This stirred some controversy first because France and the U.S were technically still in Alliance and second the British were seizing American ships. This led to a number of events including the Citizen Genet controversy and The Jay Treaty. Shocked by Washingtons stand, the French minister to the U.S broke all rules of diplomacy and appealed directly to the people. This enraged officials and in the end the French government recalled Genet, who later became an U.S citizen. The Jay Treaty was originally formulated to stop Britain from seizing American ships and taking its men, however, the plan came out with different results. Washington sent Chief Justice John Jay to rectify the growing problem of Britain capturing American trade ships during the year 1793, one year later of negotiations, Jay brought back a treaty where Britain agreed to evacuate its post on the U.S western frontier. The treaty had missed its original goal; nonetheless it got ratified despite much anger from American supporters of France. 5. Despite George Washingtons warning about political parties, the formation of them was well on their way by that time. It first can be traced to when the Constitution was first written up. The many conflicts and differentiated opinions led to groups of individuals coming together for the same belief. For example, the Constitution was favored yet also hated by certain groups of people, most notably the Federalist and the Anti-Federalist. These two political parties were the beginning of many to come, with more groups taking on different views on a particular subject or problem. Document Analysis 1. Hamilton being a Federalist took an opposing view on the Constitution compared to Jefferson, an Anti-Federalist. He interpreted the constitution loosely in order to strength the central government. He believed in applied powers that werent specifically stated in the Constitution, but can be interpreted so in order to benefit the country. Jefferson in the other hand translated the constitution word for word. Since the constitution stated specific powers and roles to certain government branches, he believed in that very idea. Being an Anti-Federalist, Jefferson viewed the central government as unbalanced, with more power needing to go to the common people. 2. The Declaration of Independence first starts by We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal., yet Benjamin Banneker points out the existence of slavery contradicts the very idea of men being equal. In his letter to Thomas Jefferson, Banneker made a connection to the revolutionary war, in which the British reduced the colonies into a state of servitude. At that time,

the colonies saw the horrors of being a slave and long wished for liberty and basic rights, yet now the colonial people counteract those beliefs by putting slavery into effect themselves. 3. In society, 100% satisfaction guaranteed is a statement impossible to attain, for there will always be one person who view the opposite. The Constitution is no exception to this rule, although flawed, this document is a major success overall back in the 1700s. It addressed the many problems faced by the government and people such as basic rights and the separation of government powers. The problem of the constitution was in the way people translated the document, however there is no solution to that problem. For instance, a B on a math quiz might be sound amazing to student 1, yet be the end of the world for student 2. Everything is subjected to translation especially the Constitution where Federalist interpreted it in a different way compared to the Anti-Federalist. Another example was the rights of African Americans, although the Constitution clearly states all men are created equal, the public mass translated that in a different perspective, therefore depriving the African Americans of their rights. Though no document can be perfect, the Constitution came pretty close considering the circumstances back in the day.

Chapter 7
Multiple Choice 1. E 2. D 3. B 4. C 5. A 6. C 7. A 8. C 9. A 10. D Essay 1. In the mind of Thomas Jefferson during his 1800 presidential election, he had the goal of peace with both political parties. His statement We are all Federalist, we are all Republicans, can contribute to his intention of winning support from both parties. He continued the plans set forth by Alexander Hamilton to please the Federalist, adhered to the principle of a limited government to please the Republicans, and maintained the neutrality policy. Also, his actions to lower taxes, national debt, federal jobs, and reduced military earned him many supporters. 2. During the 19th Century, more and more settlers began to push the Natives westward due to expansion and a growing population. This along with a few other factors such as Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison ended the Native Americans claim on territories. In the case of William Henry Harrison, this former governor of the Indiana territory shut down what was to be a revolt against the white settlers. Having been tired of their lands being taken from them, Native tribes united to form a Confederacy, however all was lost after their Shawnee headquarters got destroyed by Harrison. Similarly Jackson ended an important Native American group called the Creek Nation. This opened up new lands to settlers in the Southern region and eliminated a British ally. Jackson would later go on to succeed in the fight of New Orleans against a large British army. 3. Despite the neutrality policy enacted by George Washington, John Adams, and Thomas Jefferson, the war of 1812 was inevitable. A number of reasons contributed to the war, most notably the British attacks on American merchant ships and the influence of the War Hawks in Congress. During the Napoleonic wars, Britain and France regularly seized ships of neutral nations such as the United States and confiscated them. Britain was at the center of much blame because of its naval dominance in the Atlantic as well as being known to impress U.S sailors into their army. Another huge factor contributing to the war was a group of new, young republicans in Congress known as the War hawks. Their eagerness for war against Britain quickly gained popularity in the House of Representatives. This new group was led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina, both frontier states. Their main argument centered around the idea of going to war with Britain because that was the only way to defend American honor, gain Canada, and destroy Native resistance. This final push entered the new country into its second war. 4. Interpretations of the Constitution can come in conflict with many problems; the Louisiana Purchase for Thomas Jefferson was no different. Although it greatly benefited the country and got approvals from the public, the purchase of the Louisiana territory crossed ways with Jeffersons belief. Nowhere in the constitution did it say a president could buy foreign land and to add to the mess, Jefferson believed in strict interpretation. He long rejected Alexander Hamiltons idea of implied powers, however this time Jefferson would have to go against his beliefs in order to better the country. Although criticized by Federalist senators for being hypocritical, the purchase nevertheless got ratified quickly. 5. The war of 1812 against Great Britain had no clear victor, however the consequences to follow for the United States was history changing. The naval block set forth by the British and France led the United States to become independent of trade from other countries, in other words the young country became more industrialized. Their new found self-sufficiency from factories helped shaped America today and reduced agriculture especially in the North. An addition to their new economy, the United States felt a great sense of nationalism like never before. The feeling of pride in the country and independence from Europe was amidst and its that very feeling that would endure this country through hardships later to follow. Document Analysis 1. The war-hawks representatives won many allies, yet faced scrutiny from anti-war congressman such as John Randolph. Randolph pointed out the true reason behind the war-hawks motives for war, to obtain the lush Canadian land for agricultural purposes. Their motive isnt for maritime rights against the British, but rather selfish motives to profit. 2. Senator German opposed the war for the reasons of being not prepared and not capable of fighting another war. His reasons do hit a valid point; the new country isnt too fond of paying high taxes especially since they were money makers such as merchants. Also, the time period in which the last war was fought drained most of the spirit in men chivalry needed. However, I believe the degree of preparedness should not affect whether we should go to war. If something monumental occurs and it affects everyone, I dont believe people will just accept it with the mentality that they arent ready for war. If the situation calls, the country should and will go to war because it not only affects them externally, but injures their pride as well. That pride will do wonders and that can be seen in numerous examples throughout Americas history.

3. The neutrality policy enacted by George Washington was concrete in maintaining the United States as a neutral country for decades. Britain violating the neutral rights of the United States would only threatened the policy, but not enough to start a war. I believed the threat of Native Americans and Canada played a bigger role in the decision to go to war in 1812. Eventually the population growth and expansion of the U.S would be too much for just the east coast to handle, and the Natives would be forced to move westward one way or another. This war would completely shut them down and force what would soon be a harsher resistance if they had not. As for Canada, the proximity of British forces was too close for American comfort. Originally, Britain was an entire ocean away; however now being the United States neighbor really threatened the safety of Americans. The lust for the rich, fertile Canadian lands also encouraged the war. More and more Americans were moving westward in search for land and the British interfered by controlling Canadian lands. The only solution was to go to war and remove the British once and for all. Though Madison stated the main purpose was for maritime rights, I think it was rather for reasons more important.

Chapter 8
Multiple Choice 1. C 2. E 3. C 4. B 5. A 6. C 7. E 8. C 9. C 10. B Essay 1. Foreign affairs have always been a major problem for the United States, as their relatively new country had little authority at the time. To combat this, James Monroe pursued an aggressive and nationalistic approach, while trying to balance it with good relations with other countries. One example would be when he dealt with the Barbary pirates. Without British protection, he needed to send a U.S. fleet to ensure safety for merchants and threatened the rulers of North Africa. This kept American interest in the area intact, while ensuring peace between the countries. 2. Thomas Jeffersons ideal vision of an agricultural economy for the United States shattered with the war of 1812, followed by changes in transportation and the factory system. The invention of roads, canals, railroads, and steamboats interlinked regions despite the economic difference. For example, it allowed the transportation of manufactured goods from the east to be trade with the raw materials from the west. Goods were transported faster and much more efficient, allowing cheaper good prices and more immigration to the west. Also, these improvements in transportation technology allowed small towns like Chicago to thrive into large commercial centers. The factory system was not into effect until the year 1791, when Samuel Slater established the first U.S factory. This timed perfectly with the war of 1812 and the embargo, which allowed the newly formed U.S manufacturing to flourish. The Tariff of 1816 further boosted domestic manufacturing and overall the shift of the U.S to being an industrialized economy. By the 1920s, New England came out on top as the countrys leading manufacturer due to the regions water source. Other factors such as a ready supply of labors and capital drove manufacturing to new heights and set the stage for an economy composed of industry. 3. By the year 1819, there was a balance in the senate between free states and slave states, prompting many politicians to fear the addition of another state. That fear came when more settlers expanded west and the formation of the newest state Missouri threated to break the balance. This alarmed the North because slavery was well established in Missouri and the idea of other slave states arising from the newly purchased Louisiana territory frightened many. The first attempt to find a solution came with the Tallmadge amendment, where James Tallmadge of New York proposed a plan to gradually eliminate the slaves. Reception was positive in the North; however the South was enraged at the prospect of abolishing their work force. The second attempt proposed by Henry Clay found success. Both the North and South were satisfied by the compromise which added a free state and slave states, as well as other advantages to both regions. 4. Ever since the discovery of the new world, European monarchs have strived to get a piece of land in this fabled continent for themselves. By the 1800s, the fall of Napoleon allowed monarchies in Europe once again to come to power and interest in South America grew again. Countries with restored monarchies like France, Austria, and Prussia had talks of returning Spains power in the South America after their fall. The addition of Russian presence in Alaska spreading downward into North American grew to be a threat for the United States. Great Britain and the United States soon found a common interest in protecting North and South American from any European colonization. However, having Great Britain as an ally prompted concerns and Monroe reasoned against the offer through reasons that if the U.S stood alone, Britain could be trusted to not take the South American lands for themselves. Also, they argued that Britain had enough naval power to hold back any challenger themselves. All this led to the writing of the Monroe Doctrine, stating the United States was against any further European attempts in colonizing both North and South America. 5. The change from an agricultural economy to industrialization had several effects on woman, labor unions, and sectional differences. The work and life style for woman changed as farms disappeared. If single, they would take up teaching jobs or home services and when married, woman took up duties in home. They would go on to gain more rights such as less parental control marriages, however bad conditions and restrictions placed on them still existed. Labor Unions developed during times time period due to the introduction of the factory system. No longer was there a need for skilled workers. who couldnt compete against factory prices and mass production. Factory working conditions were the worst of its kind; long hours, low pay, and a terrible working environment led to much protest. Labor Unions had the goal of lowering the hours of workers to 10 a day and overall improving the workers job. These goals however easy said but not easy to accomplish. Immigrant workers, state laws, and economic depressions all stood in the way. Before the industrialization, regions with different economies would go against one another. The introduction of factories, new forms of transportation, and cash crops tied together the differences each region or section once had. Now they relied on each other to prosper and their relationship would only grow to new heights.

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Chapter 9
Multiple Choice 1. D 2. E 3. A 4. C 5. D 6. E 7. E 8. A 9. D 10. A Essay 1. The early 19th century proved to be one of the most discriminatory time periods in our history, most notably because of the increased immigration. Two particular groups, the free African American and the Native Americans however stand out simply for the reason that they either originally settled here or were forced here from their native homeland. The free African Americans were treated as a lower class inferior to the whites and often treated unfairly. Although they fared better than their slaved relatives and had some rights, the majority was at a disadvantage in economic and political terms. Basic rights such as voting and obtaining a skilled profession job were denied to them and often they had to show legal papers proving their free status. Native Americans on the other hand primarily did not live in the same areas as the white population and fortunately did not have to suffer prejudice. However, they were treated just as worse. Being the original settlers here, the White majority forced them westward in order to obtain land for themselves. Slowly, the lands once known to the Natives disappeared as more white settles continued the push. Those who tried to defy the American government got killed as seen in the many wars between the Natives and the American government. Eventually one by one they migrated west, wanting to not shed any more blood. 2. The increased immigration of the 1830s from both the Irish and German was a new opportunity for both after facing economic hardships in their homeland. Their similar motive drove the Irish to settle in the New England area while the Germans looked for opportunity in the west. Faced with little money, limited skills, and little interest in farming, the Irish settled in the cities where they could find labor not requiring skill or domestic jobs. Despite facing discrimination for their Roman Catholic beliefs, the Irish congregated together for support and found success in the Democratic Party. Quite the opposite were the Germans who were decently off to begin with. Their skills with farming and arts led them to the west in search of cheap, fertile land where they found success. Like the Irish, Germans had little success in politics at first but as their influence grew they became prime supporters of public education and opponents of slavery. 3. The year 1776 marked an important day in our history, the day when we became independent. 50 years later the former colonist proudly displayed their nationalistic feeling for their country throughout the 3 regions. The North and West in particular found radical changes; from the Norths new found economic success to the Wests new source of abundant land. This success was shown through economic success, new found opportunities, rapid population growth, increased immigration, and the development of large cities. Industrial innovation and commercial farming led the Northern industry to become one of the top manufactures while new found opportunities attracted a huge immigration leap and success for both immigrants and natives. Economic success set off a population boom which in turn led to small trading centers like Chicago to become thriving cities. This wave of prosperity gave Americans a new sense of hope for their future and the future of America. 4. Separated by location, the North and South also had distinctive cultural and economic differences. First and foremost, agricultural was everything to the South. It was what defined them, what made them, and what they depended on for survival. Cash crops such as Tobacco, rice, sugarcane, and most importantly cotton were all grown as raw materials to ship out to other countries or regions. Unlike the South, the New England region of the North slowly changed to industry, producing manufactured goods and shipping them throughout the country via improved transportation. Nonetheless, agricultural remained in some parts of the North, especially in the Northwest where farming innovations combined with growth of cash crops attributed to success in small farms. Second, the South was distinguished for their use of slavery as a source of cheap labor and horrid treatment towards slaves by depriving them of their basic rights. Contrary yet similar at the same time, most in the North opposed slavery yet discriminate against the blacks like their Southern counterpart. They were also criticized for their working conditions, which resulted in the birth of workers union. Third, immigrants settled mostly in the North and Northeast, where new opportunities lie. The same could not be said for the South, where the process of slaves and plantations limited the amount of work available. Last but not least, the social hierarchy of both sections differentiated the cultural aspect for both. The North was led by the natively born white protestant male, who looked down upon likes of Roman Catholic belief and foreign nationality. Even lower were the African Americans who obtain their freedom. Social hierarchy for the South depended on wealth, where rich plantation owners ranked at the top, followed by southern white farmers with a handful of slaves, then the poor whites which consist of 75% of the population and mountain people or farmers living in the slopes/valleys of mountain, and like the north the African Americans were the lowest. Resembling yet unalike, both social classes would set off riots and uprisings in the future. 5. The definition of a hierarchy can be explained by any system of persons or things ranked one above another. The Southern Social hierarchy qualifies for every aspect of the definition with the Wealthy white plantation owners at the top all the way down to the lowest class of slaves. Like the definition, the uppermost ranked person or the plantation owner has advantages and benefits that

would make him ranked higher then lets say a poor farmer. Generally the higher you are in the pyramid of social hierarchy, the more favorable or better off you tend to be as seen with the plantation owners compared to the slaves. Document Analysis 1. Thomas Dews defense of slavery mainly revolved around religion being the main motive and reason, yet some like Lydia Child or John Greenleaf Whittier would still not approve. How can enslaving one and torturing them until they do what you please be considered gods will? Your defense of being an honest slaveholder is a lie by all means. When you separate their families at will, beat them senseless, force to them work in the fields all day under the scorching sun, and treat them as if they animals you would not be considered a good slaveholder. Yes the slaves back in the day were worse but that was back then when people did not have the right mindset. Now in the early 19th century, we Americans are more civilized and should realize slavery is wrong in every sense. 2. Many people associate racial discrimination with the South, yet tend to forget the fact that people treat free African Americans with the same attitude here in the North. As quoted by Lydia Childs, While we bestow our earnest disapprobation on the system of slavery, let us not flatter ourselves that we are in reality any better than our brethren in the South, the North are hypocrites. In every right did they know better yet chose not to set an example for the South by being racially equal. Although I do agree with the statement on racial attitudes, I do not on the economies of both sections. Agriculture defined the South just like Industry defined the North. Factories in the North were sprouting out of the ground at incomprehensible pace and new manufactured goods were being produced at a rate to compete with even the best around the world. The South would later become known worldwide for their cash crops especially Cotton. Manufacturing powerhouses like Britain would later depend on their cotton as raw material and plantation owners were becoming some of the wealthiest people in the nation. By having these types of economy define who they are, it is correct to call the Northern economy industrial and the Southern economy agrarian. 3. Ever since the founding of slaves, there has been trouble brewing amidst. While the North criticized the South for its slavery practices and vouched for the abolishment through congress, the South knew eventually there would be a separation between the two sections. Many northerners were abolitionist and hated the South for what they did, as seen in John Greenleaf Whittiers poem No slave-hunt in our borders- no prate on our stand! No fetters in the Bay State- no slave upon our land! The fact that the North traded with the Northwest and the South trade with Britain added to the hate between the two for they did not need each other to continue. The final straw came after president Lincoln was elected, a republican who vowed to eliminate slavery and end the Souths economic reign.

Chapter 10
Multiple Choice 1. C 2. D 3. E 4. A 5. B 6. C 7. C 8. A 9. E 10. B Essay 1. The Jacksonian era was marked primarily by the emergence of lower classes getting involved in politics and the two-party systems. One necessary factor to the changes in the political process was the concept of universal male suffrage. No longer were their laws restricting middle class and lower class males from voting, not white males from all classes can have a say in the government. This now only increased the voting ballets but gave way to more support for Democratic parties who vouched the common man. This tied directly with another topic that influenced change in the political process; the concept of popular election. Formerly the electors for president were chosen by the state legislature, however the popular election change allowed for a more democratic change and now the people chose the electors instead. This new shift gave way to even more voice for the common people. 2. In the years between 1824-1840, the dramatic increase in votes was all due to the new laws unrestricting the common man from casting his ballot. However in the years of Jacksons presidency, the power and influence of the common man showed the most evident. During both elections, it was his connection to the lower class or the common man that won the votes he needed. Born in the frontier and rising to fame as a war hero, Jackson was a symbol for the working class, he motivated them and proved that with hard work you can achieve anything. The middle and lower class in return showed just how powerful they have become, boasting to the entire country that if they want a certain man to be president, they will do it. Starting in 1824 after the passing of laws pertaining to equality for all white males, voting was increased by a whopping 7 folds in just 16 years. The influence of the common man spread to every region in the United States and proved that their staggering number is their main advantage. 3. The success of Andrew Jackson lies greatly in his upbringing of the common people and his firm instilment of democracy in the United States. Never before has the common man had so much say in the government or any decisions made at all. This radical new change propelled Jackson automatically to being of the most success presidents. In addition, I believe Jackson fulfilled most if not all of his democratic plans. Looking back, he was for the most part successful except for the crash of 1837 and what separated him from most presidents was his success in ALL regions of the country. Normally presidents usually win either Northern support or Southern support; however Jacksons laws benefited both sections of the country. His success would drive him to even become a symbol for the working class, as shown with his frontier upbringings into a successful war hero and later presidency. His unrelenting pursuit for the common people and their beliefs would ultimately secure his spot as a favorite. 4. Andrew Jacksons Democratic Party focused on the core beliefs of the common people and the idea that hard work brings success. These focal points for them targeted a specific group of people, the mostly poor or middle class citizens. Jackson specifically promoted democracy in politics by basically doing everything in favor of democracy. He vetoed all bills considered to harm the lower class and elected democratic officials in his cabinet. Everything Jackson did was labeled with the term Democracy in it and the conflict in his second term surrounding the issue of the national bank proves just how devoted he is. Relating to the belief of democracy is the idea of equal opportunity for all especially the poor farmers and average citizens. As a democrat, Jackson did in all his power to oppress the wealthy and try to find a balance between the two. Also, he won support from all sections of the country by siding with them certain goals he believed in as well. For example, hes support for slavery won Southern votes and his belief of the common man won support from the west. This showed that Jackson was equally fair with every sections of the country unlike many previous presidents. 5. The Democrats and the Whigs of the 1830s closely resemble their counterparts a few decades before. Just like the Democratic republicans, Democrats had the same core belief of a limited government, free trade, and opposed a national bank. Thomas Jefferson approximately 30 years ago opposed a policy regarding a national bank and 30 years after Andrew Jackson essentially did the same. Both Jefferson and Jackson vouched for laws benefiting the lower class, however what separated them was Jackson not being a fan of internal improvements. For the most part Jackson did the opposite of what Jefferson wanted such as lower federal spending. Also, unlike the Democratic Republicans, Andrew Jackson interpreted the powers of congress loosely. The Whigs favoring a national bank, internal improvements, and a loose interpretation of the constitution duplicated the Federalist Party. The notion of implied powers from the constitution allows both parties to do what they consider beneficial to the country which includes internal improvements such as road building and transportation. They both tend to favor the rich and educated aristocrat who they believe is the direction to go if the United States is to succeed. Very little separates these two parties except for the Whigs blaming the problems on the Irish and German immigrants. Document Analysis 1. Alexis de Tocquevilles visit to the United States brought much surprise due to the very nature of Democracy since it was a fairly new concept back in the day. Tocqueville criticizes the Democracy to be too fair because a vote of a poor man would weigh the

same as one of rich, aristocrat beginnings. What was a poor man to know about government and politics when all he does is work on a farm all day? Despite this, Tocqueville praises the Democratic government to promote equality for all and says it to be more than any absolute government can do as quoted But in the end it produces more than any absolute government. Also, another disadvantage to this democratic government was the fact that the Southern region counters all the core belief of equality by having slaves. 2. John Calhoun refers back to when the United States was just a bunch of colonies fighting against Great Britain. He recalls how we colonist broke free from Great Britain because their laws were too harsh and deprived them of their rights. He then states how the federal government is essentially Great Britain and the state of South Carolina as the colonies. that all its acts not intentionally authorized are of themselves essentially null and void, and that the states have the right, in the same sovereign capacity in which they adopted the Federal Constitution, this quote by Calhoun firmly sends the message that if the federal government passes a law that is deemed unconstitutional, the states have the power to nullify it and not obey them as the colonies did with Britain. 3. Andrew Jackson opposed the second charter simply because it benefited the rich and did the opposite for the poor. He believed the national bank would have made the rich richer and more powerful while leaving the poor in the dust. It was unconstitutional in every way and since the majority of the population was either middle class or poor, only a selected few would essentially control the country. As a democrat, Jackson strongly opposed this and felt that everyone no matter their position in society is entitled to be protected under the law from unfairness. 4. In 1828, Georgia passed a law allowing them to extent their powers of the Native Americans, two more states would follow. This according the Edward Everett was not right because these states are breaking their treaties they set forth with the Natives decades before. The Native Americans looked to the United States for protection after they signed treaties promising it, however all they got was lies and more lands taken away from them. Everett blamed Jefferson mainly because the Natives came to him for protection but he rejected them, stating that he had no power over the states. This promised protection was all but lies for the Natives who once again had to suffer more hardships. 5. Although mostly known for his voice for the common man, Andrew Jackson and his supporters have been criticized for their action regarding the nullification theory, recharter of the second bank, and the removal of Native Americans. With the recharter of the second bank, Jackson believed that the second bank would hurt the non-rich or majority of the population and therefore vetoed it using his executive powers. His support of having no bank won many voters who were either poor or middle class. In the instance marking the nullification controversy, Jackson used his federal powers to threaten and remove the advocates for state rights. This action displayed just how powerful Jackson was in doing what he wanted and removing any road blocks. Finally, the removal of Native Americans truly showed Jacksons abuse of federal powers and principle of majority vote unlike other events. Jackson sided with the majority who wanted to expand westward and used his federal powers to force the Natives to move westward despite the treaty between the two. This one of much unjust actions led many to blame Jackson and his party for their inconsistency managing the government.