Black & Veatch International Project Name: Saigon Hi-Tech Park 110kV Substation Project Number: 1145211

Title: CALCULATION NOTE FOR AG TRANSMISSION LINE GROUNDING

CALCULATION NOTE FOR 110KV ABOVE TRANSMISSIONLINE GROUNDING

Option 1: Use copper-clad steel wire

I. REFERENCES & ATTACHMENTS:

1.1 References: 1. IEEE 80 2000: Guide For Safety in Substation Grounding: 2. 11 TCN 18-2006 Std: Regulations on Electric Power Installations. Part I. Generalities- Common Requirements. 3. 11 TCN 19-2006 Std: Regulations on Electric Power Installations. Part II. Electrical Conduction Systems 4. Safety Engineering in Electric Power Supply 5. Contract specification 1.2 Attachments: - Results of measuring resistivity in "Survey of Intel transmission line project - SHTP" II. EXPLANATION: Using results of measuring resistivity in "Survey of Intel transmission line project - SHTP" at 6 test points: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (see attached documents): We plan to use ground rod 3m long. Therefore, only results of measuring resistivity to 4m depth are used average maximum resistivity is = 49.08 Ohm-m (at 5) average minimum resistivity is = 20.91 Ohm-m (at 3) To be on the safe side, use average maximum resistivity in calculation for all towers: p0 = 49.08 Ohm-m According to "11 TCN 18-2006" Std and Contract Specification. The footing resistance of each tower must be lower than 10 Ohms for soil resistivity up to 100 Ohm-m. Natural resistance of tower foundation is ignored. II. GROUND CONDUCTOR SIZE: Calculation of ground conductor size can made from IEEE std. 80-2000 by using the flowing formula (Eq. 40):

A = I

1 TCAP . 10 t .a . P c r r
-4

K 0 + Tm . ln K + T 0 a

(Eq.40)

where: = I"k3 x 3/(2+x0/x1) I = I"k1 : fault current for a line to earth short circuit, in kA I"k1 I"k3 : fault current for three phase short circuit, in kA : cross section of tower connection to ground, in mm2 A : maximum allowable temperature, in oC Tm : ambient temperature, in oC Ta : reference temperature for material constants, in oC Tr ar : thermal coefficient of resistivity at Tr, in 1/oC rr : resistivity of the conductor at Tr in mOhm-cm Ko : (1/r) - Tr tc : time of current flow, in second : thermal capacity factor, in J/cm3/oC TCAP Ground connecting wire is copper-clad steel wire with 30 percent conductivity. Data: x0/x1 I"k3 I"k1 Tm Ta Tr

(estimated) (estimated) (calculated) (table 2 in Std 80-2000)

= = = = = =

3.00 40.00 24.00 1084 35 20

kA kA o C o C o C

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Black & Veatch International Project Name: Saigon Hi-Tech Park 110kV Substation Project Number: 1145211

Title: CALCULATION NOTE FOR AG TRANSMISSION LINE GROUNDING

ar rr tc TCAP Ko A

(table 1 in Std 80-2000)

(table 1 in Std 80-2000)

= = = = = =

0.00378 5.86 1 3.85 245

1/oC mOhms/cm s J/cm3/oC

(calculated)

2 145.87 mm

Standard size for connection of tower to ground (two wires) III. GROUND RESISTANCE:

A = 78.5 mm2 (diameter=10mm)

Minimum area of foundation is 6,0m x 6,0m. Therefore we arrange and calculate ground resisitance based on this foundation for typical grounding and apply for other foundations (see dwg.VINA2-SHTP-07.TL.D.05) a) Formulae The resistance of system consisting of combination of horizontal conductors and vertical electrodes is: (burried at 0.8m depth)

R1R 2 R1 + R

where: R1 R2

: resistance of the horizontal conductor in Ohms : resistance of the vertical rods in Ohms

R1, R2 are given by the folllowing formulae:

R1 =

Rh ;R m1

Rv R m

(Eq.8-9, reference 1.) (Eq.8-10, reference 1.)

Rh

L2 0 . 366 c = r 1 lg 2 ah Lc 1

(table 8.2, reference 4.)

Rv =
where:

L 1 4h + Lr 0.366 r 2 lg r + lg 2 Lr b 2 4h2 - Lr

(table 8.2, reference 4.)

r1 = k1r0 r2 = k2r0 Lc Lr 2a 2b k1, k2 m1, m2 nR b) Calculation

: soil resistivity for calculation of Rh in Ohm.m : soil resistivity for calculation of Rv in Ohm.m : total length of all horizontal conductors in m : length of each vertical rod in m : diameter of conductor in m : diameter of rod in m : adjustment coefficients of soil resistivity (table 8.1, reference 4.) : coefficients considering mutual influence (h, : number of vertical rods

hng in table 8.3, reference 4.)

Horizontal conductors Lc h1 2a Vertical rods nR = = = = 10.7 m 0.8 m 0.01 m 2

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Black & Veatch International Project Name: Saigon Hi-Tech Park 110kV Substation Project Number: 1145211

Title: CALCULATION NOTE FOR AG TRANSMISSION LINE GROUNDING

2b Lr h2 = h1 + 0.5Lr Ground r0 k1 k2 (table 8.1) (table 8.1)

= = = = = =

0.016 m 3 m 2.3 m 49.08 Ohms.m 2.00 1.50

Calculation of m1, m2 Determine Ratio rod spacing / rod length For vertical rod: rod spacing (m) = rod length (m) = Ratio: rod spac./ rod length = For horizontal conductor conductor spacing (m) = conductor length (m) = Ratio: cond. spac./ cond. length = Result: m1 (inter/extrapolation from table 8.3)= m2 (inter/extrapolation from table 8.3)= Calculation of R1 0.366r1/Lc Lc2/(2ah1) Rh R1 Calculation of R2 0.366r2/Lr lg(Lr/b) lg[(4h2+Lr)/(4h2-Lr)] Rv R2

7.87 3 2.62 7.00 5.35 1.31

(for minimum foundation)

(for minimum foundation)

0.93 0.86

( in case 2 rod) ( in case 2 conductor)

= = = =

3.36 14,311.25 13.95 15.00 Ohms

= = = = =

8.9816 2.57 0.29 24.44 14.21 Ohms

Calculation of Rg (resistance of grounding system) R1.R2 = R1+R2 = Rg =

213.18 29.21 7.30 Ohms

< 10

Ohms

This result meets "11 TCN 18-2006" Std. and Contract Specification and applies to all towers in this project. Note: This option is not generally used for transmission lines in Vietnam due to high cost and vulnerable to theft.

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Black & Veatch International Project Name: Saigon Hi-Tech Park 110kV Substation Project Number: 1145211

Title: CALCULATION NOTE FOR AG TRANSMISSION LINE GROUNDING

CALCULATION NOTE FOR 110KV ABOVE TRANSMISSIONLINE GROUNDING

Option 2: Use steel wire

I. REFERENCES & ATTACHMENTS:

1.1 References: 1. IEEE 80 2000: Guide For Safety in Substation Grounding: 2. 11 TCN 18-2006 Std: Regulations on Electric Power Installations. Part I. Generalities- Common Requirements. 3. 11 TCN 19-2006 Std: Regulations on Electric Power Installations. Part II. Electrical Conduction Systems 4. Safety Engineering in Electric Power Supply 5. Contract specification 1.2 Attachments: - Results of measuring resistivity in "Survey of Intel transmission line project - SHTP" II. EXPLANATION: Using results of measuring resistivity in "Survey of Intel transmission line project - SHTP" at 6 test points: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 (see attached documents): We plan to use ground rod 3m long. Therefore, only results of measuring resistivity to 4m depth are used average maximum resistivity is = 49.08 Ohm-m (at 5) average minimum resistivity is = 20.91 Ohm-m (at 3) To be on the safe side, use average maximum resistivity in calculation for all towers: p0 = 49.08 Ohm-m According to "11 TCN 18-2006" Std and Contract Specification. The footing resistance of each tower must be lower than 10 Ohms for soil resistivity. up to 100 Ohm-m. Natural resistance of tower foundation is ignored. II. GROUND CONDUCTOR SIZE: Calculation of ground conductor size can made from IEEE std. 80-2000 by using the flowing formula (Eq. 40):

A = I

1 TCAP . 10 t .a . P c r r
-4

K 0 + Tm . ln K + T 0 a

(Eq.40)

where: = I"k3 x 3/(2+x0/x1) I = I"k1 : fault current for a line to earth short circuit, in kA I"k1 I"k3 : fault current for three phase short circuit, in kA : cross section of tower connection to ground, in mm2 A : maximum allowable temperature, in oC Tm : ambient temperature, in oC Ta : reference temperature for material constants, in oC Tr ar : thermal coefficient of resistivity at Tr, in 1/oC rr : resistivity of the conductor at Tr in mOhm-cm Ko : (1/r) - Tr tc : time of current flow, in second : thermal capacity factor, in J/cm3/oC TCAP Ground connecting wire is steel wire (with 10,8 percent conductivity). Data: x0/x1 I"k3 I"k1 Tm Ta Tr

(estimated) (estimated) (calculated) (table 2 in Std 80-2000)

= = = = = =

3.00 40.00 24.00 1510 35 20

kA kA o C o C o C

Page 1

Black & Veatch International Project Name: Saigon Hi-Tech Park 110kV Substation Project Number: 1145211

Title: CALCULATION NOTE FOR AG TRANSMISSION LINE GROUNDING

ar rr tc TCAP Ko A

(table 1 in Std 80-2000)

(table 1 in Std 80-2000)

= = = = = =

0.0016 15.9 1 3.28 605

1/oC mOhms/cm s J/cm3/oC

(calculated)

2 193.32 mm

Standard size for connection of tower to ground (two wires) III. GROUND RESISTANCE:

A = 113 mm2 (diameter=12mm)

Minimum area of foundation is 6,0m x 6,0m. Therefore we arrange and calculate ground resisitance based on this foundation for typical grounding and apply for other foundations (see dwg.VINA2-SHTP-07.TL.D.05) a) Formulae The resistance of system consisting of combination of horizontal conductors and vertical electrodes is: (burried at 0.8m depth)

R1R 2 R1 + R

where: R1 R2

: resistance of the horizontal conductor in Ohms : resistance of the vertical rods in Ohms

R1, R2 are given by the folllowing formulae:

R1 =

Rh ;R m1

Rv R m

(Eq.8-9, reference 1.) (Eq.8-10, reference 1.)

Rh

L2 0 . 366 c = r 1 lg 2 ah Lc 1

(table 8.2)

Rv =
where:

L 1 4h + Lr 0.366 r 2 lg r + lg 2 Lr b 2 4h2 - Lr

(table 8.2)

r1 = k1r0 r2 = k2r0 Lc Lr 2a 2b k1, k2 m1, m2 nR b) Calculation

: soil resistivity for calculation of Rh in Ohm.m : soil resistivity for calculation of Rv in Ohm.m : total length of all horizontal conductors in m : length of each vertical rod in m : diameter of conductor in m : diameter of rod in m : adjustment coefficients of soil resistivity (table 8.1, reference 4.) : coefficients considering mutual influence (h, : number of vertical rods

hng in table 8.3, reference 4.) h

Horizontal conductors Lc h1 2a Vertical rods nR 2b

= = = = =

10.7 m 0.8 m 0.012 m 2 0.016 m

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Black & Veatch International Project Name: Saigon Hi-Tech Park 110kV Substation Project Number: 1145211

Title: CALCULATION NOTE FOR AG TRANSMISSION LINE GROUNDING

Lr h2 = h1 + 0.5Lr Ground r0 k1 k2 (table 8.1) (table 8.1)

= = = = =

3 m 2.3 m 49.08 Ohms.m 2.00 1.50

Calculation of m1, m2 Determine Ratio rod spacing / rod length For vertical rod: rod spacing (m) = rod length (m) = Ratio: rod spac./ rod length = For horizontal conductor conductor spacing (m) = conductor length (m) = Ratio: cond. spac./ cond. Length = Result: m1 (inter/extrapolation from table 8.3)= m2 (inter/extrapolation from table 8.3)= Calculation of R1 0.366r1/Lc Lc2/(2ah1) Rh R1 Calculation of R2 0.366r2/Lr lg(Lr/b) lg[(4h2+Lr)/(4h2-Lr)] Rv R2

7.87 3 2.62 7.00 5.35 1.31

(for minimum foundation)

(for minimum foundation)

0.93 0.86

( in case 2 rod) ( in case 2 conductor)

= = = =

3.36 11,926.04 13.69 14.72 Ohms

= = = = =

8.9816 2.57 0.29 24.44 14.21 Ohms

Calculation of Rg (resistance of grounding system) R1.R2 = R1+R2 = Rg =

209.12 28.93 7.23 Ohms

< 10

Ohms

This result meets the requirement in "11 TCN 18-2006" Std. and Contract Specifications and applies to all towers in this project. Note: Steel Wire is widely used for counterpoises in transmission lines in Vietnam due to relatively low cost and not attractive to theft. Therefore we choose this option.

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