IRREGULAR VERBS PRESENT

Be Bear Beat Become Begin Bend Bite Bleed Blow Break Breed Bring Broadcast Build Burn Burst Buy Catch Choose Come Cost Cut Dig Do Draw Dream Drink Drive Eat Fall Feed Feel Fight Find Flee Fly Forget Forgive Freeze Get Give Go Grow Hang Have Hear Hide Hit Hold Hurt Keep Kneel Know Lay Lead

PAST
was/were bore beat became began bent bit bled blew broke bred brought broadcast built burnt burst bought caught chose came cost cut dug did drew dreamt drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found fled flew forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knew laid led

PAST PARTICIPLE
.. been .. born .. beaten .. become .. begun .. bent .. bitten .. bled .. blown .. broken .. bred .. brought .. broadcast .. built .. burnt .. burst .. bought .. caught .. chosen .. come .. cost .. cut .. dug .. done .. drawn .. dreamt .. drunk .. driven .. eaten .. fallen .. fed .. felt .. fought .. found .. fled .. flown .. forgotten .. forgiven .. frozen .. got .. given .. gone .. grown .. hung .. had .. heard .. hidden .. hit .. held .. hurt .. kept .. knelt .. known .. laid .. led

MEANING
ser, estar soportar derrotar, vencer, latir llegar a ser, convertirse en empezar doblar morder sangrar soplar romper criar traer emitir, retransmitir construir quemar, arder estallar, reventar comprar coger elegir venir costar cortar cavar hacer dibujar soar beber conducir comer caer alimentar sentir luchar encontrar escaparse, huir volar olvidar perdonar helar obtener, conseguir, lograr dar ir crecer, cultivar colgar tener, haber oir esconder, ocultar golpear sostener, celebrar, abrazar herir guardar arrodillarse saber, conocer poner, colocar dirigir

Lean Leap Learn Leave Lend Let Lie Light Lose Make Mean Meet Pay Put Read Ride Ring Rise Run Say See Seek Sell Send Set Shake Shed Shine Shoot Show Shrink Shut Sing Sink Sit Slay Sleep Slide Smell Speak Speed Spell Spend Spill Spit Spoil Spread Spring Stand Steal Stick Sting Swear Sweep Swim Take Teach Tear Tell Think

leant leapt learnt left lent let lay lit lost made meant met paid put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set shook shed shone shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid smelt spoke sped spelt spent spilt spat spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung swore swept swam took taught tore told thought

.. leant .. leapt .. learnt .. left .. lent .. let .. lain .. lit .. lost .. made .. meant .. met .. paid .. put .. read .. ridden .. rung .. risen .. run .. said .. seen .. sought .. sold .. sent .. set .. shaken .. shed .. shone .. shot .. shown .. shrunk .. shut .. sung .. sunk .. sat .. slain .. slept .. slid .. smelt .. spoken .. sped .. spelt .. spent .. spilt .. spat .. spoilt .. spread .. sprung .. stood .. stolen .. stuck .. stung .. sworn .. swept .. swum .. taken .. taught .. torn .. told .. thought

apoyarse saltar aprender dejar, abandonar, marcharse prestar dejar, permitir, alquilar tumbarse, echarse encender perder hacer, fabricar significar encontrarse con pagar poner leer montar (bike, horse) sonar levantarse, elevarse correr decir ver buscar vender enviar colocar agitar, temblar verter brillar disparar mostrar, ensear encoger cerrar cantar hundir sentarse matar dornir resbalar, deslizarse oler hablar acelerar deletrear gastar (money), pasar (time) derramar escupir estropear, echar a perder, mimar desparramar, esparcir brotar, saltar estar en pie, soportar robar pegar (glue), juntar picar, escocer jurar, blasfemar barrer nadar tomar, llevar, coger ensear rasgar decir, contar pensar

Throw Understand Wake Wear Weep Win Write

....

threw understood woke wore wept won wrote

.. thrown .. understood .. woken .. worn .. wept .. won .. written

arrojar, tirar entender despertar llevar puesto llorar ganar escribir

Subject and Object questions. Make WHO questions from these statements:

I was talking to Jane. Who Jane was talking to him. Who John telephoned me. Who They wanted to see John. Who Mary sold me the car. Who Peter gave me this money. Who You told your brother about the contract. Who They have invited some people to the party. Who They were arguing with the teacher. Who The employees complained to the manager. Who The employees complained to the manager. Who My parents wrote a letter to the school. Who My parents wrote a letter to some friends. You didnt like her. Who Someone opened the window. Who She asked Mary to help. Who The chairman wasnt at the meeting. Who

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Make questions of the underlined words.

She likes travelling. They are working very slowly. They are working. He was playing tennis. She went to school today. They live here. Shes eating at the moment. They drove to the station. He had breakfast early. He left this morning. She likes horror films. They gave him the money. They gave him the money. They gave him the money. They were eating ice-cream. Peter writes to Mary every week. That dress costs $50. Mary is going to Hospital because she is ill. Jerry has taken the last piece of cake. The students wash their clothes once a week.

? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?

Make questions: 1. They liked Anns idea best. 2. She has lived there for two years. 3. They had gone to visit their sister. 4. She broke one of your best plates. 5. I am writing to my mother. 6. He had lunch with his boss. 7. She comes from Cartagena, Colombia. 8. We are reading about dinosaurs. 9. I am waiting for a number 38 bus. 10. She goes out with that boy. 11. I left my keys on the table. 12. The book was written by Graham Greene. 13. There were few people there. 14. Michael drinks tea every morning. 15. The weather is rainy and windy. 16. She looks like her father. 17. She is medium height, brown-eyed and fair-haired. 18. Sheila should have met her husband at the party. 19. No, I dont agree with you. 20. She is a nice, talkative and friendly person. 21. I was very tired because I worked hard. 22. She has tea for breakfast slowly. 23. She was running because she didnt want to miss the bus. 24. Mary has been to Britain five times. 25. It took Jane a whole week to decorate the living-room. -

ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Los adjetivos califican a los nombres. a large tree an open door Los adverbios califican a los verbos y a los adjetivos. Se forman aadiendo ly al adjetivo. Adjectives Soft Normal Easy Good Adverbs softly normally easily well Adjectives Quiet Careful Heavy Bad Adverbs quietly carefully heavily badly

Well es adjetivo cuando significa in good health.

John was sick, but now he is well.

Algunas palabras pueden ser adjetivos o adverbios sin cambio de forma. Adjectives Hard Fast Late Low Adverbs hard fast late low

Aunque existen las palabras hardly = apenas y lately = recently = ltimamente, sus significados no tienen nada que ver con late y hard. I hardly remember her name. Have you seen Tom lately? Algunas palabras que terminan en ly no son adverbios sino adjetivos. friendly = simptico, amistoso lonely = solitario (person, place) lively = animado (party, person) silly = tonto elderly = anciano lovely = encantador

Para formar el adverbio de estos adjetivos acabados en ly usaremos la expresin: IN A SILLY WAY, etc Supply the appropriate form of the adjective or adverb. 1. We didnt go out because it was raining . (heavy) 2. Our team lost the game because we played very . (bad) 3. I had little difficulty finding a place to live. I found a flat quite . (easy) 4. We had to wait for a long time but we didnt complain. We waited . (patient) 5. Nobody knew George was coming to see us. He arrived . (unexpected) 6. Mike keeps fit by playing tennis . (regular) 7. The driver of the car was injured . (serious) 8. The driver of the car had . (serious) injuries. 9. I think you behaved very . (selfish) 10. Rose is . (terrible) upset about losing her job. 11. There was a . (sudden) change in the weather. 12. Everybody at the party was dressed . (colourful) 13. Linda likes wearing . (colourful) clothes. 14. She fell and hurt herself quite . (bad) 15. Tom looked . (sad) when I saw him. 16. Tom looked at me . (sad) 17. He says he didnt do well at school because he was . (bad) taught. 18. Dont go up that ladder. It doesnt look . (safe) 19. He looked at me . (angry) when I interrupted him. Put in good or well. 1. I play tennis but Im not very . 2. Your exam results were very . 3. You did very in your exams. 4. The weather was very 5. I didnt sleep very last night. 6. How are you? Are you . ? 7. George speaks German very 8. Georges German is very . 9. Our new business is going very at the moment. 10. I like your jacket. It looks . on you. 11. Ive met her a few times but I dont know her very .

THE PRESENT SIMPLE

Affirmative I work You work He works She works It works We work You work They work Negative I dont work You dont work He doesnt work She doesnt work It doesnt work We dont work You dont work They dont work Interrogative Do I work? Do you work? Does he work? Does she work? Does it work? Do we work? Do you work? Do they work?

I am You are He is She is It is We are You are They are A Para expresar verdades generales o hechos. Water boils at 100 degrees. Simon lives in Oxford. B

I am not You arent He isnt She isnt It isnt We arent You arent They arent

Am I ? Are you? Is he? Is she? Is it? Are we? Are you? Are they?

Para expresar hbitos o costumbres. Suele ir acompaado por expresiones que indiquen que la accin ocurre regularmente como every

day, usually, frequently, etc. She walks to school every day. C Para referirnos a horarios o programas. En la oracin debemos poner alguna expresin temporal indicando tiempo futuro. The train leaves in an hour. D Para verbos que no suelen aparecer en tiempos continuos. Sentidos: feel hear see smell forget guess hope imagine sound taste know prefer realise remember seem suppose think understand

Pensamientos / appear Actividad mental : believe consider depend doubt Emociones : dislike fear

hate like

love need

want wish

Relaciones Posesin : Medidas :

belong to have cost

owe

own

possess

measure

weigh

equal

Excepciones: algunos de estos verbos en ocasiones tienen ms de un significado y dependiendo de ello, pueden usarse en formas continuas. Im seeing the doctor tomorrow. (cuando see significa visit si se puede) I think you are right. (cuando think significa believe no se puede poner en continuo) (opinar) Shes thinking about selling her car. (cuando think significa consider si se puede) (darle vueltas a una idea)

THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

Affirmative I am working You are working He is working She is working It is working We are working You are working They are working Negative I am not working You arent working He isnt working She isnt working It isnt working We arent working You arent working They arent working Interrogative Am I working? Are you working? Is he working? Is she working? Is it working? Are we working? Are you working? Are they working?

A Para acciones que estn ocurriendo en el momento de hablar (acciones temporales). En estos casos suele ir acompaado por expresiones como now, at the moment, right now. They are talking about it right now. B Para acciones que estn ocurriendo, aunque no necesariamente en el momento de hablar. Im redecorating my room. C Para preparativos o planes en un futuro prximo. En este caso suele ir acompaado por expresiones de tiempo futuro. Im meeting Barbara tonight = Im going to meet Barbara tonight. D Para acciones que se repiten regularmente y que suelen llevar un sentido de queja, de monotona. ALWAYS. She is always losing her keys. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1. She .. (prefer) her coffee without sugar. 2. I .. (have) a shower now. Please answer the phone! 3. What .. (this word / mean)? 4. Sarah .. (see) the dentist at four oclock on Wednesday. 5. How many rooms .. (this house / have)? 6. They .. (think) of selling their house. 7. I .. (not believe) how much this jacket .. (cost)! 8. The doctor says that he .. (doubt) that you will need to take the medicine. 9. How many brothers and sisters .. (you / have)? 10. Hold on a second, Mary. I want to turn off the gas; the water .. (boil) over. 11. Now I .. (realise) that I made a mistake. 12. Elephants .. (live) to be about as old as humans. 13. Our English teacher.. (not believe) in giving tests, only projects. 14. He .. (live) in town now, but he .. (move) to the country soon. 15. Dan wont be in the office next Tuesday; he .. (take) the day off. 16. My boss .. (always / complain) about the amount of talking in the office. 17. How .. (you / feel) about your new school? 18. I can tell by the look on your face that you .. (think) about Jill right now. 19. Speak up! She .. (not hear) very well. 20. Mrs Jones, your son is a clever boy but he .. (always / talk) in class. 21. I (think) you .. (be) wrong. She .. (spell) her name with a C, not with a K. 22. Im not sure about the trip. It .. (depend) on the weather. 23. Jenny and her grandmother are very close. They .. (phone) one another at least once a day. 24. Are you hungry? .. (you / want) something to eat? 25. Jill is interested in politics but she .. (not / belong)to a political party. 26. Dont put the dictionary away. I .. (use) it. 27. Dont put the dictionary away. I .. (need) it. 28. Who is that man? What .. (he/want) ? 29. Who is that man? Why .. (he/look) at us? 30. George says hes 80 years old but nobody .. (believe) him. 31. She told me her name but I .. (not/remember) it now. 32. I .. (think) about selling my car. Would you be interested in buying it? 33. I .. (think) you should sell your car. You .. (not / use) it very often. 34. I used to drink a lot of coffee but these days I .. (prefer) tea. 35. Air .. (consist) mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. 36. Jack .. (be) very nice to me at the moment. I wonder why. 37. Youll like Jill when you meet her. She .. (be) very nice. 38. Normally you are very sensible, so why .. (you / be) so silly about this matter? 39. Why isnt Sarah at work today? .. (she / be) ill? 40. Jim is very untidy. He .. (always/leave) his things all over the place.

Embedded questions are those that are hidden in long questions. Could you tell me / When does the train leave? Do you think that / Is it going to rain? Do you know if / Has everybody left already? Do you think you could tell me / What time is it, please? Do you know / Why is there nobody here? Could you tell me / Why did you leave so early? Do you know if / Is the meeting cancelled? Do you think / Will there be a lot of people at the party? Could you tell me / What time does this shop close? Could you tell me / When will you be finished? Do you know / How long will we have to wait? Do you think you could tell me / Wheres the post office? Do you think you could tell me / When does the plane from Paris arrive? You meet someone from another country at a language school party. Make the questions to complete the conversation. - (when/arrive) ........................................................................................................................? - (how long/be/here) - (be/here/before) .............................................................................................................? .................................................................................................................? ........................................................................................................? Last week. About three months. No, this is my first visit. I need it for my job. Im a tourist guide. At a friends. No, shes at work. Shes a waitress. About three years now. We met on holiday in Spain.

- (Why/study/English)

- (What job/do) ........................................................................................................................? - (Where/stay) .......................................................................................................................? ..................................................................................................?

- (your friend/here/tonight) - (what/do)

.............................................................................................................................? .........................................................................................................?

- (how long/know/her) - (Where/meet/her)

.................................................................................................................?

Adjectives ending in -ing and -ed (boring / bored etc) Janes job is boring, so Jane is bored with her job. Jane is bored because her job is boring. George always talks about the same things. Hes really boring.

Complete the sentences for each situation. Use the word given + the ending -ing or -ed. 1. The film wasnt as good as we had expected. (disappoint-) a. The film was disappointing. b. We were disappointed with the film. 2. Diana teaches young children. It's a very hard job but she enjoys it. (exhaust-) a. She enjoys her job but it's often b. At the end of a day's work, she is often It's been raining all day. I hate this weather. (depress-) a. This weather is b. This weather makes me c. Its silly to get 4. Clare is going to the United States next month. She has never been there before. (excit-) a. It will be an experience for her. b. Going to new places is always c. She is really about going to the United States. Choose the correct word. 1. I was disappointing / disappointed with the film. I had expected it to be better. 2. Are you interesting / interested in football? 3. The football match was quite exciting / excited. I enjoyed it. 4. Its sometimes embarrassing / embarrassed when you have to ask people for money. 5. Do you easily get embarrassing / embarrassed? 6. I had never expected to get the job. I was really amazing / amazed when I was offered it. 7. She has really learnt very fast. She has made astonishing / astonished progress. 8. I didnt find the situation funny. I was not amusing / amused. 9. It was a really terrifying / terrified experience. Afterwards everybody was very shocking / shocked. 10. Why do you always look so boring / bored? Is your life really so boring / bored? 11. Hes one of the most boring / bored people I've ever met. He never stops talking and he never says anything interesting/interested. Complete the sentences using one of the words in the box.
amusing / amused annoying / annoyed boring / bored confusing / confused disgusting / disgusted exciting / excited exhausting / exhausted interesting / interested surprising / surprised

1. He works very hard. It's not that he's always tired. 2. Ive got nothing to do. Im 3. The teachers explanation was Most of the students didn't understand it. 4. The kitchen hadnt been cleaned for ages. It was really 5. I seldom visit art galleries. Im not particularly in art. 6. Theres no need to get just because Im a few minutes late. 7. The lecture was I fell asleep. 8. I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasnt 9. Ive been working very hard all day and now Im 10. Im starting a new job next week. Im quite about it. 11. Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very 12. Liz is a very person. She knows a lot, shes travelled a lot and shes done lots of different things.

Although / though / even though

Although + subject + verb (aunque)

In spite of / Despite (a pesar de)

In spite of the fact that + subject + verb (a pesar del hecho de que..)

Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. I didnt get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications. I didnt get the job in spite of the fact that I had all the necessary qualifications.

In spite of or Despite + noun, pronoun (this, that, what etc.) or ing: (a pesar de) In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. She wasnt well, but in spite of this she went to work. In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you. I didnt get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications.

Compare: Although the traffic was bad, I arrived on time. In spite of the bad traffic, I arrived on time. Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences: 1 a He passed the exam although b He passed the exam despite ... 2 a I didnt eat anything although .... b I didnt eat anything in spite of ...... I couldnt sleep although I was very tired. I couldnt sleep despite being very tired.

Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences. 1. I couldn't sleep. I was tired. - (despite) - (although) 2. They have very little money. They are happy. - (in spite of) - (even though) 3. My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. - (although) - (even though) 4. I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. - (in spite of) - (although) 5. We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. - (in spite of the fact that) - (despite) 6. I got very wet in the rain. I had an umbrella. - (even though) - (in spite of) 7. She is a very good cook. She is never pleased with her cooking. - (although) - (in spite of the fact that)

USUALLY /

USED TO + INFINITIVE /

GET USED TO + ING / BE USED TO + ING

1. Ella suele llegar tarde todos los das. 2. Nosotros solemos comer a las tres. 3. Sueles decir a la gente la verdad? (tell people the truth) 4. Ella no suele trabajar tan duro hasta el ltimo momento. 5. Ella haca la cama todos los das antes de ir al colegio. 6. Estudiaba ella tan duro antes de tener diecisiete aos? 7. l no sola trasnochar cuando era un adolescente. (stay out late) 8. Te acostumbraste a vivir slo en el extranjero? (abroad) 9. Todava no me he acostumbrado a trabajar por las noches porque es muy aburrido. -

10. Quiero acostumbrarme a conducir por la izquierda lo antes posible. (as soon as possible) -

11. Tienes que acostumbrarte a cuidar de ti mismo antes de irte de la casa de tus padres. (leave, your parents house) -

12. Ella est acostumbrada a vivir sola desde hace mucho tiempo. 13. Cunto hace que vives solo? Desde hace un mes. Todava me estoy acostumbrando a vivir solo. 14. No estoy acostumbrado a que ella me diga la verdad. (tell sbdy the truth) 15. Estoy acostumbrado a madrugar. (get up early) 16. l no est acostumbrado a que nadie le interrumpa cuando habla. (interrupt) -

17. Diane tiene un nuevo trabajo. Tiene que levantarse mucho ms temprano ahora que antes. Lo encuentra difcil porque no est acostumbrada a levantarse tan temprano. (get up much earlier than ., find it difficult, so early)

18. El esposo de Brenda est a menudo fuera de casa. A ella no le importa esto. Est acostumbrada a que l est fuera.(be away, mind)

19. Nuestro nuevo piso est en una calle muy bulliciosa. S que tendremos que acostumbrarnos al ruido, pero en este momento es muy molesto. (busy, at the moment, annoying)

20. No me gustara compartir una oficina. Estoy acostumbrado a tener mi propia oficina.(share, own)

21. Vivamos en un pueblo pequeo, pero ahora vivimos en Londres.

22. Conduca al trabajo en coche todos los das, pero hoy en da suelo ir en bicicleta. (drive to work, go by bike)

23. Haba un cine aqu pero fue derribado hace unos cuantos aos. (pull down)

24. Julia trabajaba por las maanas. Hace un ao empez a trabajar por las noches. Ya que no estaba acostumbrada a ello, le llev unos cuantos meses acostumbrarse a trabajar por las noches.(mornings, since/as, it took her)

25. Solemos comer muy poco por lo tanto no estamos acostumbrados a comer tanto como hoy. (so, as much as)

26. Cuando ramos nios, ibamos a nadar todos los das.(go swimming)

27. A Frank no le importa vivir solo porque vive solo desde hace 15 aos. Est acostumbrado a vivir solo.

28. Suelo acostarme temprano, pero anoche me acost muy tarde as que hoy estoy agotado. No estoy acostumbrado a acostarme tan tarde. (go to bed, exhausted)

29. A Jane no le gusta levantarse temprano pero est lentamente acostumbrndose a ello. (like + ing, get up early) -

30. Ahora que ests viviendo en Espaa, Te has acostumbrado a cocinar con ajo ya? -

THE PAST SIMPLE EL PASADO SIMPLE

A El pasado simple se emplea para expresar acciones que ocurrieron en un momento definido del pasado. Este momento queda definido por expresiones temporales como yesterday, last year, in 1995, last November, etc. She finished school last year. When I was a child, we lived in Brazil. Con la palabra ago (hace). Three years ago I went to London. He left the room an hour ago. Para contar una sucesin de hechos, acciones que ocurrieron una tras otra. She called for help and then she saw the red car again.

THE PAST CONTINUOUS EL PASADO CONTINUO

A Una accin que estaba ocurriendo en el pasado (no algo puntual o concreto, sino en proceso). La accin comenz antes de dicho momento y seguramente continu despus. Suele expresar acciones largas. I was studying all day yesterday. (parece que la accin de estudiar fue algo muy largo) I studied all day yesterday. (solamente informas, no quieres dar la idea de cunto tiempo pasaste estudiando) Este tipo de acciones suele ir acompaado de expresiones como all night, the whole day, the whole afternoon, for a long time, etc. B Para dos acciones que estuvieron ocurriendo al mismo tiempo. While you were reading the paper, I was doing my homework. En este uso es muy frecuente encontrarnos expresiones como while, as, during, all day, all night, the whole day, the whole afternoon, etc. C Para la ms larga de dos acciones, que suele ser interrumpida por una ms breve. I was singing when it began to rain. He was writing to me when he received my letter.

THE PAST SIMPLE / PAST CONTINUOUS

A Recuerda que las acciones largas suelen ir en pasado continuo, y las cortas en pasado simple. He was talking on the phone and she interrupted him. She was watching TV when the phone rang. The postman brought us the package while we were having dinner. B Cuando se cuenta una historia, la narracin en s, es decir, la progresin de la historia, suele ir en pasado simple, mientras que las descripciones y el ambiente suelen ir en pasado continuo. It was a beautiful day. The sun was shining and flags were flying high everywhere. He felt confident and he knew what he had to do. He spoke to the people in the square. They were looking at him anxiously.

1. Fill in the blanks with the Past Simple or Past Continuous form of the verbs in brackets. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. When we ......................... (go) to the mountains, we ......................... (stay) with my grandparents. Barbara ......................... (go) to school when she ......................... (fall) and ......................... (break) her arm. The runner ......................... (break) his leg when he ......................... (fall) down. When Dave ......................... (hear) the explosion, he ......................... (scream). When we ......................... (be) there, we ......................... (not stay) at a youth hostel. Last week, we ......................... (drive) down to Barcelona. While we ......................... (watch) the film on TV, the phone ......................... (ring). Last year, we ......................... (fly) to the Canary Islands. The diver hit a rock while he ......................... (swim) in the sea.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22.

She ......................... (do) her homework all afternoon. When the dog ......................... (hear) the burglars, it ......................... (bark). I ......................... (sleep) when the fire ......................... (break out). All the children ......................... (shout) when the headmaster ......................... (come) in. Jack and Tina ......................... (play) outside when it ......................... (start) to snow. Why ......................... (you / not pay) attention while I ......................... (talk). Who ......................... (sing) so loudly while we ......................... (try) to sleep? It ......................... (rain) when we ......................... (arrive) at the station. I ......................... (write) a composition at the same time as my sister ......................... (play) tennis. They ......................... (see) a good play while they ......................... (stay) in New York. Yesterday, while I ......................... (rest), someone ......................... (ring) the doorbell. We ......................... (have) such a good time that we ......................... (not want) to go home. While Julian ......................... (practise) the cello, his brother ......................... (fix) his car.

2. Marina is talking to Bob. Fill in Bobs questions. Bob: ....................................................................................................................... .............................................? Marina : No, I wasnt studying when you called last night. Bob: ....................................................................................................................... .............................................? Marina : I was watching TV. Bob: ................................................................................................................................. ...................................? Marina : I was watching The Simpsons. Bob: ....................................................................................................................................................................? Marina : Yes, I like that programme very much. Bob: ............................................................................................................................. .......................................? Marina : Yes, Bob, I saw the end. It was very funny. A policeman is asking a witness about an accident he saw. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous. P: Where 1) . (be / you) when you 2) . (see) the accident, Sir? W: I 3) . (stand) on the corner of Jameson Street. P: What exactly 4) . (happen)? W: Well, a boy 5) . (ride) his bicycle along the road towards the traffic lights when suddenly a car 6) . (drive) quickly around the corner. The driver 7) . (lose) control and 8) . (hit) the boy. P: 9) . (boy/cycle) fast? W: No, not at all. P: 10) . (anyone else/see) the accident? W: No, I don't think so. P: Thank you very much for your help, Sir. Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. He . (sleep) at 10 o'clock this morning. We all . (go) out last night. I . (eat) breakfast when the phone . (ring). I . (take) some really great photos when I . (be) in California. She . (have) lunch with her fianc when he . (give) her an expensive ring as a birthday present. He . (meet) Mary yesterday.

Put the verbs in brackets into the past simple or the past continuous. Which is the longer action in each sentence? 1 As we . (surf) the Internet we . (find) a website about horoscopes. 2 Ed . (leave) the house when he . (hear) the phone ring. 3 They . (see) a little boy run into an abandoned building as they . (drive) down the deserted street. 4 It . (start) to rain as we . (wait) at the bus stop. 5 Sarah . (write) a letter when the lights . (go out). 6 My brother . (tidy) his room when he . (find) his old toys. 7 Judy . (cycle) to work when suddenly her bike . (get) a flat tyre.

Too / Enough
Too equivale al espaol "demasiado". Se utiliza siempre delante de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.

This exercise is too easy. Este ejercicio es demasiado fcil. I arrived too late. Llegu demasiado tarde.
Despus del adjetivo, puede agregarse "to" ms un verbo.

He's too young to drive. Es demasiado joven para conducir. He's too weak to lift it. Es demasiado dbil para levantarlo.
Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "demasiado/a/os/as" y va siempre seguido de many o much, dependiendo del tipo de sustantivo contable o incontable.

There are too many people. Hay demasiada gente. There is too much shadow. Hay demasiada sombra.
Enough equivale al espaol "lo sufucientemente". Se utiliza siempre despus de los adjetivos o adverbios que modifica.

I arrived early enough. Llegu lo suficientemente temprano.

Tambin puede ser seguido de "to" ms un verbo.

He isn't old enough to drive. No es lo suficientemente viejo como para conducir. He isn't strong enough to lift it. No es lo suficientemente fuerte como para levantarlo.
Si se usa con sustantivos, significa "suficiente/s" y va siempre antes.

There aren't enough chairs. No hay suficientes sillas. There isn't enough light. No hay suficiente luz.
EXAMPLE:

I'm not strong. I can't lift it I'm too weak to lift it I'm not strong enough to lift it

- I'm not rich. I can't afford one. I'm not_______________to afford one. (rich) I'm _______________ to afford one. (poor) - I have a low salary. I don't think I can buy it. I don't earn_______________ to buy that house. (money) - She's over 1'80 metres. She can join the team. She is_______________ to join the team. (tall) - I can't go. I'm very tired. (tired) I'm_______________ - There are a lot of seats. Everybody can watch the show. There are _______________for everybody to watch the show. (seats) - The door is very narrow. The piano won't go in. The door is_______________ for the piano to go in. (narrow) The door is not _______________ for the piano to go in. (wide) - China is one of the largest countries in the world. Actually, it is_______________to see it in a week's holiday. (big) Actually, it is not _______________to see it in a week's holiday. (small) - You will never reach the summit. Don't ever try! It's_______________ for you to reach the summit. (high) Its not _______________ for you to reach the summit. (low) - I didn't like him at all. He wasn't_______________ for me. (good) He was _______________ for me. (bad) - The newest mp3 players are _______________ to fit in your shirt pocket. (small) - The government said the new medicine was not _______________ for people to use. (safe) The government said the new medicine was _______________ for people to use. (dangerous) - This computer isn't very good, but it's certainly _______________ (good) to use in the classroom. - The new department store closed because it didn't have _______________ (customers) to be profitable. - New apartments in Manhattan are _______________ for most people to afford. (expensive) New apartments in Manhattan are not _______________ for most people to afford. (cheap) - John didn't like Minority Report. He said it was _______________ for him to understand. (complicated) - The program was cancelled because it was _______________ for most viewers. (boring) The program was cancelled because it was not _______________ for most viewers. (interesting) - The house burned down because the family waited _______________ to call the fire department. (long) - The blue suitcase is not _______________ to fit in the trunk. (small) The blue suitcase is _______________ to fit in the trunk. (large) - The new math test was _______________ for the students. (hard) The new math test was not _______________ for the students. (easy) - This bicycle is not _______________ for a child to assemble. (simple) This bicycle is _______________ for a child to assemble. (difficult) El caf est demasiado caliente. No puedo beberlo. -

El caf no est lo suficientemente fro. No puedo beberlo. El a menudo est borracho porque bebe demasiado vino. (drunk) l es demasiado dbil para cruzar la piscina 10 veces. (weak, swim across, times) l no es suficientemente fuerte para cruzar la piscina 10 veces. Nuestro coche no es suficientemente grande para albergar a 10 personas. (hold) Nuestro coche es demasiado pequeo para albergar a 10 personas. (hold) Los jueces dijeron que era demasiado tarde para participar en el concurso. (enter the contest) Estas fotografas no son suficientemente buenas para usar en nuestro reportaje. (report) l no gana suficiente dinero para comprarse una casa. (make/earn) Es demasiado temprano para decir si la medicina funcionar, el doctor dijo. (early, work) John era demasiado orgulloso para disculparse. (proud, apologise) John no era lo suficientemente humilde para disculparse. (humble, apologise) El reportero no estaba lo suficientemente cerca para oir las respuestas del candidato. (reporter, near/close) Eres lo suficientemente curioso para ser cientfico? (curious, scientist) Lo siento, pero es demasiado tarde para hacer algo al repecto ya. (Im sorry, about it, now) Es este producto lo suficientemente seguro para nios pequeos? (safe) Sus fiestas son tan caras porque ellos invitan a demasiadas personas. (so + adj, invite) Soy lo suficientemente listo para derrotar al ordenador en este nuevo video juego. (smart, beat, video game) El presidente dijo que era demasiado pronto para declarar victoria en la guerra contra la pobreza.(declare victory, against, poverty) No disfrut de ese pastel. Era demasiado dulce para mi. (enjoy, cake, sweet) Los telescopios no son suficientemente potentes para distinguir detalles en la superficie de Plutn. (powerful, distinguish, on Plutos surface) La agencia gubernamental no tiene suficiente personal para realizar todas las pruebas requeridas. (The government agency, staff, perform, required tests) -

Comparison cheaper than, more expensive than etc. Los adjetivos de una sola slaba (monoslabos) se construyen aadiendo la terminacin er. Tambin se escribe er cuando el adjetivo acaba en -y, - ow y e. Cheap cheaper Loud louder Poor poorer Hot hotter Little less Lucky luckier Funny funnier Silly sillier Large larger Near nearer Wide wider Thin thinner Few fewer Early earlier Angry angrier Friendly friendlier Fast faster Clean cleaner Great greater Big bigger Far farther = further Easy easier Tasty tastier Lively livelier Short shorter Old older Long longer Sad sadder Narrow narrower Pretty prettier Lovely lovelier Lonely lonelier

1. Complete the sentences using a comparative form (older / more important etc.). 1. It's too noisy here. Can we go somewhere . ? 2. This coffee is very weak. I like it a bit . 3. The hotel was surprisingly big. I expected it to be . 4. The hotel was surprisingly cheap. I expected it to be . 5. The weather is too cold in this country. I'd like to live somewhere . 6. My job is a bit boring sometimes. I'd like to do something . 7. I was surprised how easy it was to use the computer. I thought it would be . 8. Your work isn't very good. I'm sure you can do . 9. Don't worry. The situation isn't so bad. It could be . 10. I was surprised we got here so quickly. I expected the journey to take . 11. You're talking very loudly. Can you speak a bit . ? 12. You hardly ever phone me. Why don't you phone me . ? 13. You're standing too near the camera. Can you move a bit . away? 14. You were a bit depressed yesterday but you look . today. 2. Complete the sentences. Each time use the comparative form of one of the words in the list. Use than where necessary. big interested crowded peaceful early reliable easily serious high simple important thin

1. I was feeling tired last night, so I went to bed . usual. 2. I'd like to have a . car. The one I've got keeps breaking down. 3. Unfortunately her illness was . we thought at first. 4. You look . Have you lost weight? 5. I want a . flat. We don't have enough space here. 6. He doesn't study very hard. He's . in having a good time. 7. Health and happiness are . money. 8. The instructions were very complicated. They could have been . 9. There were a lot of people on the bus. It was . usual. 10. I like living in the countryside. It's . living in a town. 11. You'll find your way around the town . if you have a good map. 12. In some parts of the country, prices are . in others. 3. Read the situations and complete the sentences. Use a comparative form (-er or more... ) 1. Yesterday the temperature was nine degrees. Today it's only six degrees. 2. The journey takes four hours by car and five hours by train. It takes 3. Dave and I went for a run. I ran ten kilometres. Dave stopped after eight kilometres. I ran 4. Chris and Joe both did badly in the exam. Chris got 20% but Joe only got 15%. Joe did 5. I expected my friends to arrive at about 4 o'clock. In fact they arrived at 2.30. My friends .. 6. You can go by bus or by train. The buses run every 30 minutes. The trains run every hour. The buses 7. We were very busy at work today. We're not usually as busy as that. We ...

Ante comparativos se pueden usar: Much a lot (=far) a bit a little slightly (=a little)

. Lets go by car. Its much cheaper ( or Its a lot cheaper .) . Dont go by train. Its a lot more expensive ( or Its much more expensive .) . Could you speak a bit more slowly? ( or speak a little more slowly?) . This bag is slightly heavier than the other one. . Her illness was far more serious than we thought at first. ( or much more serious or a lot more serious ) Se repite el comparativo para decir que algo est en continuo cambio. Harder and harder / more and more / more and more difficult (Cada vez ms difcil, Cada vez ms, Cada vez ms difcil ..) . Its becoming harder and harder to find a job. . Its becoming more and more difficult to find a job. . Your English is improving. Its getting better and better. . These days more and more people are learning English. The + comparativo . the + comparativo (Cuanto ms .. . What time shall we leave? The sooner the better. (as soon as possible) . What sort of box do you want? A big one? Yes, the bigger the better. (as big as possible) . When youre travelling, the less luggage you have to carry the better. . The warmer the weather, the better I feel. . The sooner we leave, the sooner we will arrive. . The younger you are, the easier it is to learn. . The more expensive the hotel, the better the service. . The more electricity you use, the higher your bill will be. . The more I thought about the plan, the less I liked it. 1. Use the words in brackets to complete the sentences. Use much / a bit etc. + a comparative form. Use than where necessary. 1. Her illness was .. we thought at first. (much / serious) 2. This bag is too small. I need something .. (much / big) 3. I'm afraid the problem is .. it seems. (much / complicated) 4. You looked depressed this morning but you look .. now. (a bit / happy) 5. I enjoyed our visit to the museum. It was .. I expected. (far / interesting) 6. You're driving too fast. Could you drive .. ? ( a bit / slowly) 7. It's .. to learn a foreign language in the country where it is spoken. (a lot / easy) 8. I thought she was younger than me but in fact she's .. (slightly / old) 2. Complete the sentences using the structure ( and ). 1. It's becoming to find a job. (hard) 2. That hole in your pullover is getting (big) 3. My bags seemed to get as I carried them. (heavy) 4. As I waited for my interview, I became (nervous) 5. As the day went on, the weather got (bad) 6. Travelling is becoming (expensive) 7. Since she has been in Britain, her English has got (good) 8. As the conversation went on, he became (talkative) 3. Complete these sentences using the word(s) in brackets in the correct form. 1. I like warm weather. The warmer the weather, (feel) 2. I didn't really like him when we first met. But the more I got to know him, (like) 3. If you're in business, you want to make a profit. The more goods you sell, (profit) 4. It's hard to concentrate when you're tired. The more tired you are, (hard) 5. She had to wait a very long time. The longer she waited, (impatient / become)

Complete the sentences using as ... as. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 I'm quite tall but you are taller. I'm not ... My salary is high but yours is higher. My salary isn't You know a bit about cars but I know more. You don't It's still cold but it was colder yesterday. It isn't I still feel a bit tired but I felt a lot more tired yesterday. I don't . They've lived here for quite a long time but we've lived here longer. They haven't . I was a bit nervous before the interview but usually I'm a lot more nervous. I wasn't .

Rewrite these sentences so that they have the same meaning. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Jack is younger than he looks. Jack isn't ... I didn't spend as much money as you. You ... The station was nearer than I thought. The station wasn't The meal didn't cost as much as I expected. The meal I go out less than I used to. I don't Her hair isn't as long as it used to be. She used to I know them better than you do. You don't There were fewer people at this meeting than at the last one. There weren't

Complete the sentences using as as. Choose one of the following: bad comfortable fast long often quietly 1 2 3 4 5 6

soon

well

well-qualified

I'm sorry I'm a bit late. I got here I could. It was a difficult question. I answered it I could. How long can I stay with you? You can stay . you like. I need the information quickly, so please let me know . possible. I like to keep fit, so I go swimming .. I can. I didn't want to wake anybody, so I came in . I could.

In the following sentences use just as as. 7 8 9 I'm going to sleep on the floor. It's .. sleeping in that hard bed. Why did he get the job rather than me? I'm .. him. At first I thought you were nice but really you're . everybody else.

Write sentences using the same as. 1 2 3 4 Sally and Kate are both 22 years old. Sally . You and I both have dark brown hair. Your hair . I arrived at 10.25 and so did you. I . My birthday is 5 April. Tom's birthday is 5 April too. My .

Complete the sentences with than... or as... . 1 2 3 4 5 6 I can't reach as high as you. You are taller . He doesn't know much. I know more .. I don't work particularly hard. Most people work as hard .. We were very surprised. Nobody was more surprised She's not a very good player. I'm a better player They've been very lucky. I wish we were as lucky .

Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (-est or most ... ) + a preposition. 1 2 3 4 5 6 It's a very nice room. It the hotel. It's a very cheap restaurant. It's . the town. It was a very happy day. It was my life. She's a very intelligent student. She . the class. It's a very valuable painting. It . the gallery. Spring is a very busy time for me. It the year.

In the following sentences use one of + a superlative + a preposition. 7 8 9 10 11 12 It's a very nice room. It is one of the nicest rooms in the hotel. He's a very rich man. He's one . the world. It's a very old castle. It .. Britain. She's a very good player. She the team. It was a very bad experience. It my life. He's a very dangerous criminal. He .. the country.

Complete the sentences. Use a superlative (-est or most ) or a comparative (-er or more...). 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 We stayed at .. hotel in the town. (cheap) Our hotel was than all the others in the town. (cheap) The United States is very large but Canada is .. (large) What's . river in the world? (long) He was a bit depressed yesterday but he looks today. (happy) It was an awful day. It was . day of my life. (bad) What is .. sport in your country? (popular) Everest is mountain in the world. It is than any other mountain. (high) We had a great holiday. It was one of the . holidays we've ever had. (enjoyable) I prefer this chair to the other one. Its (comfortable) What's . way of getting from here to the station? (quick) Mr and Mrs Brown have got three daughters. is 14 years old. (old)

What do you say in these situations? Use a superlative + ...ever... . Use the words given in brackets (in the correct form). 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 You've just been to the cinema. The film was extremely boring. You tell your friend: (boring/film/see) Thats . Your friend has just told you a joke, which you think is very funny. You say: (funny/joke/hear) That's . You're drinking coffee with a friend. It's really good coffee. You say: (good/coffee/taste) This You are talking to a friend about Mary. Mary is very patient. You tell your friend about her: (patient/person/meet) She . You have just run ten kilometres. You've never run further than this. You say to your friend: (far/run) That You decided to give up your job. Now you think this was a bad mistake. You say to your friend: (bad/mistake/make) It Your friend meets a lot of people, some of them famous. You ask your friend: (famous/person/meet?) Who?

Can you understand words more easily than gestures? (better) - Are you ................................................................................ gestures? You find it more difficult to express anger than I do. (harder) - Its ................................................................................ anger than it is for me. Some rules are easy to understand. Others arent. (difficult) - Some rules are ................................................................................ others. The last exercise was very difficult. This one is easy. (much) - This exercise is ................................................................................ the last one. Do you think women are more careful drivers than men? (carefully) - In your opinion, do women ................................................................................ men do? Japanese is difficult. Is Chinese, too? (as) - Is Chinese ................................................................................ Japanese? Ive never eaten food this good before. (best) - This is the ................................................................................ ever eaten. Ive never had a meal that was so bad before. (ever) - This is the ................................................................................ had. I think that no city is more beautiful than Paris. (most) - I think Paris ................................................................................ in the world. Ive never read an article as shocking as this before. (ever) - This article is the most ................................................................................ read. Very few cities are as expensive as Tokyo. (one) - Tokyo is ................................................................................ cities in the world. Few languages are as difficult as Chinese and Japanese. (two) - Chinese and Japanese are ................................................................................ languages in the world.

CLAUSES OF COMPARISON 1. Tumbarse en la cama es tan aburrido como ver la televisin. (lying, boring, watch ) 2. Comer cereales es mucho ms sano que comer carne. (healthy) 3. El va ms despacio que su amigo. (slowly) 4. Hablar ingls es ms fcil que escribirlo. (easy) 5. Ellos no pagan tanto en impuestos como nosotros. (as much in taxes) 6. El responde tan rpidamente como sus hermanos. (answer) 7. Ella canta ms alto que la mayora de los cantantes. (loud) 8. Barrer calles es mejor que no hacer nada. (sweep) 9. Hoy est ms oscuro que ayer. (dark) 10. El plancha, lo cual es mejor que ver la televisin. (do the ironing) 11. Lo har yo mismo, lo cual es mejor que llamar a un tcnico. (technician) 12. Hacer uno las cosas es ms seguro que dejar que las hagan los nios. (safe) 13. El comprar un coche nuevo ser ms barato que arreglar el viejo. (cheap) 14. No corri tan rpido como esperbamos. 15. Trabajan mucho ms de lo que nosotros hacamos a su edad. 16. Linda es tan guapa como su hermana. 17. Cuanto ms ejercicio haces mejor te sientes. 18. Hoy hace ms calor que ayer. 19. Marian escribe a maquina tan rpido como Linda. (type) 20. Ella no corre tan rpido como su hermano. 21. Ella gasta ms dinero del que l gana. 22. Ellos no jugaron tan bien como nosotros. -

23. Esta maana el pareca ms contento que ayer noche. 24. Mi esposa gasta ms dinero del que yo gano. 25. Ellos no pagan tanto como nosotros. 26. T trabajas mucho ms que yo. 27. Conducir un coche es mucho ms fcil que pilotar un avin. 28. Lo har yo; ser ms barato que llamar a un fontanero. 29. El no juega tan bien como su amigo. 30. Hacerlo uno mismo es menos difcil que el ensear a otros. 31. Ella pareca mas contenta hoy que ayer. (look) 32. Beber agua es ms sano que beber cerveza. 33. Dormir de noche es mejor que dormir durante el da. 34. Cuanto ms rpido corres antes llegars. 35. Ellos no lo hacen tan bien como esperbamos. 36. Pedrito es mucho ms listo que su hermana. (clever) 37. Ella gasta mucho ms dinero que l. (spend) 38. No escribimos a mquina tan rpido como ellos. (type) 39. Cuanto ms estudies, mejores notas sacars. 40. Cuanto ms pronto salgamos, ms pronto llegaremos. 41. Cuanta ms gente invites a la fiesta, ms dinero gastars. 42. Cuanto ms sana la dieta, mejor te sentirs. 43. Cuanto ms trabajes tus msculos (work out) en el gimnasio, ms en forma estars. 44. Cuanto ms mayor se hace, ms prudente (wise) cree que es. 45. No hay tantas personas en la playa como ayer.

PRESENT PERFECT EVER: alguna vez. Has ido alguna vez a Estados Unidos? Have you ever been to the USA? Ha ido ella alguna vez a las fiestas de Carla? Has she ever been to Carlas parties? EVER: jams Es la chica ms guapa que jams he visto. She is the prettiest girl I have ever seen. Es el chico ms mono que jams he visto. He is the cutest boy I have ever seen.

NEVER: nunca

Nunca he viajado por el Caribe. I have never travelled to the Caribbean. Ella nunca ha hecho sus deberes. She has never done her homework.

NOT EVER: nunca

Nunca he viajado por el Caribe. I havent ever travelled to the Caribbean. Ella nunca ha hecho sus deberes. She hasnt ever done her homework.

ALREADY: ya O. Afirmativas

Ya he ido a Inglaterra tres veces. I have already been to England three times. Ella ya ha desayunado. She has already had breakfast.

YET: ya O. Interrogativas

Se ha levantado ya? Has she got up yet? Has hecho ya tus deberes? Have you done your homework yet?

YET: todava O. Negativas

Ella todava no ha trabajado lo suficiente. She hasnt done enough work yet. Todava no he ido al extranjero. I havent been abroad yet.

STILL: todava O. Negativas

Ella todava no ha trabajado lo suficiente. She still hasnt done enough work. Todava no he ido al extranjero. I still havent been abroad.

JUST: acabar de

El acaba de despertarse. He has just woken up. Ella acaba de cenar. She has just had dinner.

FOR: desde hace, durante

Ella est casada desde hace dos aos. She has been married for two years. Llevo aqu desde hace media hora. I have been here for half an hour. No salgo con ninguna chica desde que romp con mi novia. I havent gone out with any girl since I broke up with my girlfriend. No voy al cine desde navidades. I havent been to the cinema since Christmas.

SINCE: desde, desde que

Mi madre trabaja en el banco desde hace aos. Tengo un coche desde hace un par de aos. (a pair of) Cunto hace que sois amigos? Llegas tarde! Dnde has estado? (be late) Vivimos aqu desde los 90. Ella le conoce desde que tenan dos aos. Se ha quedado en la cama todo el da. Cunto hace que tienes ese reloj? Ella juega en el equipo desde Mayo. Estoy aqu desde hace dos horas. Nos conocemos desde primaria. Me gusta esa chico/a desde hace mucho tiempo. Quiero ser piloto desde que era un nio. Estudiamos Alemn desde hace dos trimestres. (German, terms) Tienen ese coche desde hace un ao. l vive en esa ciudad desde el 2001. No he acabado todava. Ya se han ido. Por qu no se lo has dicho (a l) todava? Ya he echado la carta al correo. Ha empezado la pelcula ya? No, no ha empezado todava. Quieres algo de cena? No gracias. Ya he comido. Puedo salir? Ya he acabado mis deberes. -

Cunto hace que vives en tu casa? Vivo aqu desde hace tres aos. Cunto hace que conoces a tu mejor amigo? Le conozco desde que ramos nios. Cunto hace que tienes tu ltimo CD? Lo tengo desde navidades. (latest, Christmas) Cunto hace que ests en esta clase? Estoy en esta clase desde septiembre. Ya he almorzado. No tengo hambre. (have lunch, be hungry) Todava no he aprobado mi examen de conducir. (driving test) Has visto ya The lord of the Rings? Ya he jugado con ese juego de ordenador. Tiene la mejor voz que jams he odo. l acaba de pintar su casa. Est Mary en casa? No. Acaba de salir. Ella es la chica ms inteligente que jams he conocido. El presidente acaba de llegar a Australia. (arrive in) Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect or the Past Simple. I ........................... (watch) television for two hours yesterday. Jim .......................... (live) in London since he was three years old. We .......................... (not drink) coffee yet this morning. Tammy .......................... never.......................... (listen) to anyone's advice. She thinks that she knows best. After the burglars had broken into our flat, we .......................... (call) the police. We .......................... already .......................... (eat) at this restaurant twice. Complete the passage with the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Use the Present Perfect Simple or Past Simple. People often work hard to become famous, but a cat in Gulfport, Mississippi, .......................... (achieve) fame without any effort. The cat, called Big Boy, .......................... (arrive) in town during a terrible windstorm. The strong winds .......................... (push) him off the roof of a building, and he ........................... (fall) into a tall tree in a park. Since then, he .......................... (never / leave) the tree. Children bring Big Boy food to eat, and the local paparazzi .......................... (take) his picture several times. On some days, crowds of more than 100 people .......................... (come) to see him. Translate the sentences into English. Use the Present Perfect Simple and a time expression. 1. Ha vivido en Amsterdam durante tres aos. 2. Nunca nos hemos sentido seguros en nuestro apartamento desde el robo. (safe, robbery) 3. Ya he visto esa pelcula. No quiero verla otra vez. 4. Me gusta mi nuevo apartamento en el centro de la ciudad pero no he tenido tiempo de conocer a mis vecinos todava. 5. Has hablado alguna vez con ella desde que se fue del pas? (talk to, leave) -

Present Perfect/Past Simple: Write these sentences, putting the verbs into the present perfect or past simple'. 1 I .. (read) that book. 2 She .. (go) home three days ago. 3 I .. (meet) Mr and Mrs Shelley. 4 She .. (start) school in 1984. 5 I .. (leave) the office early last night. 6 He .. (see) the film. 7 .. (You / be) to Austria? 8 .. (You / see) the film on TV last night? 9 When .. (you / arrive) in London? 10 John .. (be) to Germany before. 11 .. (You / read) this book before? 12 I .. (not see) him yesterday. 13 I .. (never go) anywhere by plane. 14 .. (You / hear) their new record? It's the best they've ever made. 15 I .. (not know) about the disco last night. Present Perfect + for/since.Write these sentences, choosing for or since: 1 I've worked here (for/since) six years. 2 I lived here (for/since) three months. 3 I've worked in the factory (for/since) 1970. 4 He's been abroad (for/since) five years. 5 I studied French (for/since) twelve years. 6 I've known her (for/since) 1982. 7 I've lived here (for/since) I was a child. 8 We've been in Paris (for/since) we were married. 9 I've known them (for/since) years. 10 We practised (for/since) months. Write these sentences choosing for or since, and putting the verb into the past simple or present perfect as necessary: 11 I .. (study) medicine (for/since) three years, but then I stopped. 12 She .. (work) for me (for/since) she left school. 13 I .. (work) in the restaurant (for/since) six months, but then it closed. 14 I .. (live) here (for/since) I was a little girl. 15 He .. (be) in prison now (for/since) three years. 16 I .. (not see) him (for/since) he left the office. 17 I .. (not see) her (for/since) several years, and then I met her again. 18 We .. (be) in Vienna (for/since) 1950. 19 I .. (work) here (for/since) seven years, but it's time to leave now. 20 I .. (live) in England (for/since) 1983. Present Perfect. Put the verbs into the present perfect: 1 She .. (be) ill for several months. 2 This is the nicest restaurant I .. (see) 3 Three people .. (leave) the company this week. 4 I .. (already / write) three letters. 5 We .. (have) two holidays this year. 6 There .. (be) a revolution in San Serife. 7 I .. (already / see) that film. 8 Someone .. (knock down) your front gate! 9 It's the first time I .. (be) here. 10 .. (you / ever / eat) Indonesian food? 11 .. (you / do) your homework yet? 12 This is the fourth time he .. (damage) my car. 13 You .. (have) a shave! 14 She's got the best voice I .. (ever hear) 15 He .. (be) here since eight o'clock. 16 The Prime Minister .. (ask) for a meeting with the President. 17 She .. (just / go / out) 18 I .. (never / smoke) 19 This is the first time the children .. (be) on a plane. 20 .. (you / already / see) Mary?

Present Perfect with just, yet, and already just He's just gone. /Has he just gone? yet is used only with negatives and questions: She hasn 't phoned yet. Has she phoned yet? Has she gone yet? Have you written that letter to Paul yet? already She's already left. Write these sentences, putting the words in brackets in the correct place. 1. I'm sorry, she's gone - she went some time ago. (already) 2. Have you finished? It's time to go. (yet) 3. I haven't done my homework. (yet) 4. I've told her several times that I can't come. (already) 5. You've missed her - if you hurry, you'll catch her in the street, (just) 6. Have you finished painting the house? (yet) 7. I've said that I'm not going to be here tomorrow. (already) 8. I haven't explained. (yet) 9. Have you got your passport? (already) 10. He's told me that I've got the sack. (just) Past Simple and Present Perfect. Write the story, putting the verbs in brackets into the present perfect or past simple. If two answers are possible, write the more likely one: Ann Jones is one of the most interesting people I .. (meet): she is only twenty-five, but she .. (travel) to over fifty different countries. Five years ago, she .. (be) a typist in Birmingham, but she .. (decide) to give up her job and see the world. Since then, her life .. (change) completely. The first time she .. (go) abroad was seven years ago, when she (be) just eighteen. She .. (take) a boat to France and then .. (hitch-hike) around Europe for five weeks. She .. (visit) Europe many times since that first trip, of course, but this holiday .. (be) the one which .. (make) her start travelling. She .. (never forget) the excitement of those five weeks - although it was not all enjoyable. When she .. (be) on a train, somebody .. (steal) her purse: she .. (lose) all her money, and (have) to work in a restaurant for a fortnight. She .. (make) some good friends there, however, and .. (return) several times since then. Complete this interview with present perfect questions (using the verbs in brackets) or with for or since. Interviewer How long 1....................................... (you / be) interested in becoming a vet? Mandy A long time, 2......................... primary school, I think. Interviewer And 3....................................... (you / work) with animals before? Mandy Yes, I 4....................................... (have) a part-time job at the local vet's surgery 5......................... three years. I started it as soon as I was 14. And 6......................... then I 7....................................... (take) two courses on animal welfare. They involved working in a rescue home for animals 8....................................... two weeks. Interviewer That's great. You're obviously really keen to become a vet. Complete these sentences using either for or since and putting the verbs in brackets into the present perfect tense. 1 Ted (live) in London .. three years now. 2 Paula (be) at this school .. last year. 3 My brother (have) his new bicycle . The 1st of October. 4 I (know) John .. ages. 5 Madonna (record) more than ten hits .. the beginning of her career. 6 I (not / see) a good film .. last month.

THE PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE

Have / has + past participle

Have / has + not + past participle

A Una accin que tuvo lugar en un tiempo indeterminado del pasado pero que guarda relacin con el presente. I have lost my keys. He has broken his leg. B Una accin que empez en el pasado y que contina hasta el momento presente, acompaada generalmente con particulas temporales como For : desde hace, durante y Since : desde. Le conozco desde hace 20 aos = I have known him for 20 years. Salgo con Peter desde hace unas semanas = I have gone out with Peter for a few weeks. Cunto hace que conoces a Jane? = How long have you known Jane? Vive aqu desde 1953 = Shes lived here since 1953. C Con ciertas expresiones de tiempo tales como: just, already, yet, ever, never, for, since, lately, recently y expresiones de tiempo que denotan que el periodo sobre el que estamos hablando no ha concluido todava: this morning, this week. Acaba de salir = He has just gone out. El profesor acaba de empezar la leccin = The teacher has just begun the lesson. La campana acaba de sonar = The bell has just rung. La clase acaba de empezar = The class has just started. Ya lo he hecho = I have already done it. No la vemos desde hace meses = We havent seen her for months. No llaman desde febrero = They havent phoned since February. Has acabado ya tus deberes? = Have you finished your homework yet? No ha llamado todava = He hasnt phoned yet. He escrito tres cartas ya esta maana = I have written three letters already this morning. La has visto ltimamente? = Have you seen her lately? Os habis cambiado de casa recientemente?= Have you moved house recently?

D El Presente Perfecto se utiliza para describir acciones que se repitieron varias veces y en un momento indeterminado del pasado. Es decir, no se indica el la frase cundo tuv lugar la accin. Sofia has visited London several times. Nota: Cuando usamos una expresin de tiempo especfica, por ejemplo: las year, nicamente podemos emplear el pasado simple. Sofia visited London several times in 1989.

THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

Have / has + been + ing verb A El present perfecto continuo se emplea generalmente para indicar una accin que comenz en el pasado y que sigue todava en el presente. Se emplea para enfatizar la duracin de la accin. Se suele tracducir al castellano por Llevar + gerundio. Lleva bailando toda su vida = She has been dancing all her life. B Tambin se emplea para acciones muy recientes que acaban de terminarse y que todava tienen influencia en el presente. Julie ha estado llorando. Sus ojos estn todava rojos. = Julie has been crying. Her eyes are still red. Mi pelo est humedo porque he estado nadando = My hair is wet because I have been swimming. For y since tambin se usan con Present Perfect Continuous.

Fill in the blanks with the Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in brackets. Use negative form if necessary.
1. The pupils are very tired. They .. (do) their homework since they came home. They .. (already / do) their English and maths homework, but they .. (do) their history yet. 2. Peter .. (call) me three times today, but my brother .. (call) me even once. Susan .. (call) all morning but I .. (call) her back. 3. Betty is very tired. She .. (clean) the house since 8 o'clock. She .. (clean) the kitchen yet, though. 4. Felix is exhausted. He .. (swim) for two hours. He .. (already / swim) across the pool 30 times. He .. (never / swim) such a distance before. 5. Diane is enjoying herself. She .. (listen) to music all morning. She .. (already / listen) to all her favourite songs, but she .. (listen) to her new record yet. 6. We aren't hungry any more. We .. (eat) biscuits all afternoon. We .. (already / eat) .. too many. 7. Helen .. (prepare) a meal for her parents all day. She .. (prepare) the meat and salads but she .. (prepare) the dessert yet. 8. I .. (read) the book War and Peace over a week now. I .. (read) books by other Russian writers, but I .. (read) anything by Tolstoy before. 9. My new apartment will be ready this week. I .. (live) at my parents house for over a month now. I .. (live) with my parents since I was 17 years old so it has been quite a difficult month. 10. My parents .. (write) invitations for my sister's wedding all morning. They .. (write) 150 so far and they have another 200 to write.

Fill in the blanks with the Past Simple, Present Perfect or Present Perfect Continuous of the verbs in brackets.
This (1) .. (be) a very busy day so far. I (2) .. (work) in my new apartment all day and I (3) .. (not finish) yet. Last week, I (4) .. and rooms. I (7) .. (wash) the rooms (sign) a contract for one year, and the owner (5) .. (give) me the keys. I (6) .. (be) here several times in the last few days to measure the windows and the floor since early this morning and I'm very tired. I (8) .. (not bring) any of my furniture here yet, but yesterday I (9) .. (hang) a name-plate on the door. I (10) .. (try) to contact a plumber for over a week now, but I (11) .. (not have) any success. The tap in the kitchen (12) .. (drip) constantly for days and it needs fixing. I (13) .. (not tell) my relatives and friends yet about my new apartment. My best friend Sally (14) .. (not be) home yesterday, so I (15) .. (phone) her home all morning to give her my new address. Yesterday I (16) .. (ask) the cleaner to come and wash the floors today, but she (17) .. (not arrive) yet. I think there are new neighbours upstairs too. Someone (18) .. (bang) on the wall since breakfasttime. Actually, I (19) .. (not meet) any of the neighbours yet. I (20) .. (look forward to) having a place of my own for years. Moving into a new apartment is a lot of work, but it's also very exciting.

SOME and ANY

Usamos some, somebody, someone, something en oraciones afirmativas y any, anybody, anything, anywhere en negativas. Some We bought some flowers. Hes busy. Hes got some work to do. Theres somebody at the door. Im hungry. I want something to eat. Any We didnt buy any flowers.

There isnt anybody at the door. Im not hungry. I dont want anything to eat.

Tambin usamos any en las siguientes frases porque ya tienen significado negativo. She went out without any money. (She didnt take any money with her) He refused to eat anything. (He didnt eat anything) Hardly anybody passed the examination. Hes lazy. He never does any work. Usamos any en la mayora de las preguntas. Have you got any luggage? No, I havent. Has anybody seen my bag? Yes, its under the table. A menudo usamos any despus de if. If there are any letters for me, can you send them on to this address? If anyone has any questions, Ill be pleased to answer them. Let me know if you need anything. Tambin usamos any significando cualquier/a. You can catch any bus. They all go to the centre. A: Which song shall I sing? B: Any song. I dont mind. Come and see me any time you want. We left the door unlocked. Anybody could have come in. A: Where shall we go? B: Anywhere. I dont mind. Usamos some en preguntas cuando esperamos una respuesta afirmativa. Whats wrong? Have you got something in your eye? Tambin usamos some en preguntas cuando ofrecemos o pedimos algo. Would you like something to eat? Can I have some sugar, please? Usamos estas palabras negativas nothing / nobody = no one / nowhere / no / none al principio de oracin o despus de verbos. No cars are allowed in the city centre. None of this money is mine. What did you say? Nothing. Nobody / No one came to visit me while I was in hospital. Where are you going? Nowhere. Im staying here. The house is empty. Theres nobody there. She had no difficulty finding a job. Weve got no money = We havent got any money. I said nothing = I didnt say anything. Nobody tells me anything. The exam was extremely difficult. Nobody passed. The exam was very easy. Anybody could have passed.

Complete the sentences with some or any. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 We didn't buy flowers. This evening I'm going out with friends of mine. 'Have you seen good films recently?' 'No, I haven't been to the cinema for ages.' I didn't have money, so I had to borrow Can I have milk in my coffee, please? I was too tired to do work. You can cash these traveller's cheques at bank. Can you give me information about places of interest in the town? With the special tourist train ticket, you can travel on train you like. If there are words you don't understand, use a dictionary.

Complete the sentences with some- or any- + -body/-thing/-where. 1 I was too surprised to say 2 There's .. at the door. Can you go and see who it is? 3 'Does .. mind if I open the window? 4 I wasn't feeling hungry, so I didn't eat ... 5 You must be hungry. Would you like .. to eat? 6 Quick, let's go! There's .. coming and I don't want .. to see us. 7 Sally was upset about .. and refused to talk to .. 8 This machine is very easy to use. .. can learn to use it in a very short time. 9 There was hardly .. on the beach. It was almost deserted. 10 'Do you live .. near Jim?' 'No, he lives in another part of town.' 11 We slept in a park because we didn't have .. to stay. 12 'Where shall we go on holiday?' 'Let's go .. warm and sunny.' 13 They stay at home all the time. They never seem to go .. 14 I'm going out now. If .. phones while I'm out, can you tell them Ill be back at 11.30? 15 Why are you looking under the bed? Have you lost .. ? 16 .. who saw the accident should contact the police. 17 Sue is very secretive. She never tells .. .. Complete these sentences with no, none or any. 1 It was a public holiday, so there were shops open. 2 I haven't got money. Can you lend me some? 3 I couldn't make an omelette because there were eggs. 4 I couldn't make an omelette because there weren't eggs. 5 'How many eggs have we got? Ill go and buy some from the shop if you like.' 6 We took a few photographs but .. of them were very good. 7 What a stupid thing to do! .. intelligent person would do such a thing. 8 Ill try and answer questions you ask me. 9 I couldn't answer of the questions they asked me. 10 We cancelled the party because of the people we invited were able to come. Complete these sentences with no- or any- + -body/-thing/-where. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 I don't want .. to drink. I'm not thirsty. The bus was completely empty. There was on it. 'Where did you go for your holidays? .. I stayed at home.' I went to the shops but I didn't buy .. 'What did you buy? I couldn't find .. I wanted. The town was still the same when I returned years later. .. had changed. Have you seen my watch? I've looked all over the house but I can't find it .. There was complete silence in the room .. said ..

Translations 1. Ella no dijo nada a nadie. 2. El accidente pareca grave pero afortunadamente nadie fue herido. 3. Mir por la ventana pero no vi a nadie. 4. Mi trabajo es muy fcil. Cualquiera podra hacerlo. 5. La situacin es incierta. Cualquier cosa podra pasar. 6. No s nada sobre poltica. 7. Qu quieres comer? Cualquier cosa. No me importa. 8. Qu clase de trabajo ests buscando? Cualquiera. No importa. 9. Dnde me siento? Es cosa tuya. Puedes sentarte en cualquier lugar que quieras. 10. A qu hora llamo maana? A cualquiera. Estar en casa todo el da. 11. Qu autobs tengo que coger? Cualquiera. Todos ellos van al centro. 12. Si alguien quiere salir temprano, puede. 13. Alguien ha olvidado su paraguas. 14. Salgamos a algn sitio. A dnde vamos? A cualquier lugar. No me importa. 15. No pudimos ir a ninguna parte porque las carreteras estaban cerradas debido a la nieve. 16. Compramos pltanos pero ninguna manzana. 17. Ped al camarero t. 18. Compraste leche? No, no haba nada de leche. 19. Te gustara azcar con el caf? 20. Puedo tomar ms limonada? 21. Todos los billetes han sido vendidos. No quedan. 22. Cunto dinero tienes? Nada (de dinero). 23. Ninguna de las tiendas estaba abierta. 24. No pudimos ir de compras porque no haba tiendas abiertas. 25. No he podido hacer los deberes todava. No tengo tiempo. 26. Nadie me dice nada as que no podr hacer nada al respecto. 27. Nadie en la clase hizo sus deberes. 28. La fiesta fue un desastre. Nadie se lo pas bien. 29. Tuvimos que acostumbrarnos a ir andando a casa porque no haba ningn autobs. 30. Cuntos hijos tenis? Ninguno. 31. Cunto equipaje tenis? Nada (de equipaje).

Subject/Object Relative Clauses

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. A girl is now in hospital. She was injured in the accident. A man told me you were away. He answered the phone. A waitress was very impolite and impatient. She served us. A building has now been rebuilt. It was destroyed in the fire. Some people have now been released. They were arrested. A bus runs every half hour. It goes to the airport. It seems that Earth is the only planet. It can support life. Whats happened to the pictures? They were on the wall. Where is the cheese? It was in the fridge. The woman was away. I wanted to see her. I have found the keys. You have lost them. The dress doesnt fit her very well. Ann bought it. I know the woman. Tom is talking to her. The bed wasnt very comfortable. I slept in it last night. These are the keys. You were looking for them. The woman left him after a few weeks. He fell in love with her. The man talked all the time. I was sitting next to him on the plane. I like the people. I work with them. I didnt get the job. I applied for it. This is the name of the hotel. You told me about it.

What. Se puede usar en casi todos los casos que el pronombre relativo se traduzca al espaol por lo que excepto en los siguientes casos.
Con everything y all no se usa what : Everything they said was true = Todo lo que dijeron era cierto. All you need is love = Todo lo que necesitas es amor. Tampoco se usa what cuando ste se puede traducir al espaol por lo cual. Cuando lo que = lo cual, usaremos which. Es decir, cuando lo que o lo cual se refiera a lo expresado en la oracin principal. La oracin de relativo va siempre separada de la principal por una coma. Sheila couldnt come to the party, which was a pity = Sheila no pudo venir a la fiesta, lo que = lo cual fue una pena. Jim passed his driving test, which surprised everybody = Jim aprob su examen de conducir, lo que = lo cual sorprendi a todo el mundo.

Whose = cuyo. Se utiliza para sustituir los adjetivos posesivos his, her, their etc.
We saw some people. Their car had broken down > We saw some people whose car had broken down. I met a man. His sister knows you > I met a man whose sister knows you.

Whom. Se usa siempre con preposicin to whom, with whom, from whom.
The woman with whom he fell in love left him after a few weeks = La mujer de quien me enamor me dej despus de unas pocas semanas.

Where. The hotel wasnt very clean. We stayed there. > The hotel where we stayed wasnt very clean.
O tambin O tambin > The hotel at which we stayed wasnt very clean. > The hotel we stayed at wasnt very clean.

Pero nunca podriamos decir *The hotel in where we stayed wasnt very clean. 21. I dont know the name of the woman. I spoke to her on the phone. 22. This school is only for children. Their first language is not English. 23. I recently went back to the town. I was born there.

EXTRA INFORMATION relative clauses. As se llaman las oraciones de relativo que aaden informacin extra, pero no
necesaria para la comprensin de la oracin principal. Las EXTRA INFORMATION relative clauses van separadas de la principal por coma(s) y nunca se puede usar el pronombre that. Slo usaremos Who cuando el antecedente sea persona y Which cuando el antecedente sea una cosa. El pronombre de relativo se pondr siempre tanto si funciona de objeto como de sujeto. My brother Jim, who lives in London, is a doctor. This morning I met Diane, who I hadnt seen for ages. Colin told me about his new job, which hes enjoying very much. Amy, whose car had broken down, was in a very bad mood. Mrs Bond is going to spend a few weeks in Sweden, where her daughter lives. Tambin son EXTRA INFORMATION relative clauses aquellas que se construyen con las siguientes expresiones: None of / any of / some of / many of / much of / (a) few of / both of / half of / + whom (personas) o which (cosas). Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him. Theyve got three cars, two of which they never use. Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Ann is very friendly. She lives next door. We stayed at the Grand Hotel. Ann recommended it to us. We went to Sandras party. We enjoyed it very much. I went to see the doctor. He told me to rest for a few days. John is one of my closest friends. I have known him for a long time. Sheila is away from home a lot. Her job involves a lot of travelling. The new stadium will be opened next month. It can hold 90,000 people. We often go to see our friends in Bristol. It is only 30 miles away. Glasgow is the largest city in Scotland. My brother lives there. Mary has three brothers. All of her brothers are married. We were given a lot of information. Most of the information was useless. There were a lot of people at the party. I had only met a few of these people before. Ten people applied for the job. None of these people were suitable. Kate has got two brothers. She hardly ever sees one of them. Norman won $50,000. He gave half of this to his parents. Mr Carter is very interested in our plan. I spoke to him on the phone last night. This is a photograph of our friends. We went on holiday with these friends. The wedding took place last Friday. Only members of the family were invited to it. Sheila finally arrived. We had been waiting for her. We climbed to the top of the tower. We had a beautiful view from there.

All kinds of relative clauses

44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. The woman is a doctor. She lives next door. Ive got a brother called Jim. He lives in London. The strike at the car factory is now over. It lasted ten days. Ive found the book now. I was looking for it this morning. A lot of people applied for the job. Few of them had the necessary qualifications. Margaret showed me a photograph of her only son. He is a policeman.

In some of these sentences you can use which or that; in others, only which is possible. Cross out that if only which is possible. Also, put commas (,) where necessary.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Jane works for a company which / that makes shoes. Colin told me about his new job which / that hes enjoying very much. My office which / that is on the second floor of the building is very small. The office which / that Im using at the moment is very small. She told me her address which / that I wrote down on a piece of paper. There are some words which / that are very difficult to translate. The sun which / that is one of millions of stars in the universe provides us with heat and light.

REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS Speaker's words Reported Statement Speaker's words Here This These May Must Will Can Used to Shall Reported Statement There That Those Might had to Would Could Used to should

Now Then Today That day Yesterday The day before, the previous day Tomorrow The next day, the following day Next week The following week Last week The previous week, the week before A week ago The week before The day after tomorrow In two days time Tonight That night Ago Before/previously Speaker's words Present simple do / does Present Continuous is doing / are doing Past Simple did Present Perfect have done / has done Past Continuous was doing / were doing Past Perfect had done Past Perfect Continuous had been doing REPORTED SPEECH: PRACTICE STATEMENTS 1. "My name is Tom" 2. ''I am not speaking in English now" 3. "I live in Liverpool" 4. "I didn't go to London two years ago" 5. "I've done a lot of things today" 6. "I won't travel to Spain tomorrow" 7. "I'd like to go to New Zealand next year" 8. "My sister can't play the piano" 9. "She's giving a concert next week" 10. "I couldn't do it" 11. "I may go to Madrid soon" 12. "You must write to me" YES/NO QUESTIONS 1. "Are you single?" 2. "Are your parents going on holiday?" 3. ''Do you work here?" 4. ''Did you travel to Italy last summer?" 5. "Have you done your homework today?" 6. "Will you eat spaghetti this week?" 7. "Would you like to live in India?" 8. "Can your brother play the guitar?" 9. "Are you going to play cards today?" 10. "Must I do that? INFORMATION QUESTIONS 1. "What's your name?" 2. "What language are you speaking?" 3. "Where do you live?" 4. "When did you visit Spain?" 5. "How many countries have you visited?" 6. "Where will you travel tomorrow?" 7. "When would you like to go to Spain?" 8. "What instrument can your sister play?" 9. "What are you doing now?" 10. "What must I do to be loved by you?"

Reported Statement Past Simple did Past Continuous was doing / were doing Past Perfect had done Past Perfect had done Past perfect Continuous had been doing Past Perfect had done Past Perfect Continuous had been doing

He said (that)... // He told her (that)... He asked her if/whether... / He wondered/wanted to know... He asked her what / where / when ... / He wondered / wanted to know...

REQUESTS 1. "Please be quiet" 2. "Stand up, please" 3. "Will you marry me?" 4. "Do you think you could give me a hand?" 5. "Could you repeat what you said?" 6. "Can you lend me your newspaper?" 7. "Can you open your bag, please?" 8. "Please don't wait for me if I'm late" 9. "Don't do that, please" 10. "Please, don't go to that shop any more" COMMANDS 1."Hurry up!" 2. "Mind your own business." 3. "Slow down." 4. "Go and jump in a lake." 5. "Do all your homework." 6. "Don't worry!" 7. "Don't repeat that!" 8. "Don't do that any more." 9. "Don't wait for me." 10. "Don't open your mouth!" TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH 1. Tom dijo que era demasiado tarde. 2. Tom le dijo a Anne que ira a Paris. 3. Tom le pregunt a Anne si lea poesa. 4. Tom le pregunt si ira a Londres en enero. 5. Tom le pregunt a Anne que hora era. 6 Tom le pregunt a Anne a donde haba ido. 7. Tom le pidi a Anne que se fuera. 8. Tom le pidi a Anne que no lo esperara. 9 Tom le dijo a Anne que se sentara. 10. Tom le dijo a Anne que no leyera revistas. TRANSFORM INTO DIRECT SPEECH 1. Tom said he was a smart student. 2. Tom told Anne he didn't live in Toro Street. 3. Tom said he would go to Len the next day. 4. Tom told Anne that he couldn't drive a car. 5. Tom asked Anne how she was travelling. 6. Tom asked Anne why she had done that. 7. Tom asked Anne to listen to him carefully. 8. Tom asked Anne not to cross the road there. 9. Tom told Anne to go out for a walk. 10. Tom told Anne not to move.

He asked her to.., / He asked her not to, He told her to... / He told her not to...

REPORTED SPEECH: STATEMENTS

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. She said: I'll see you tomorrow. He said: Peter and Mary are getting married tomorrow. They said: We'll see her next summer. He said: They were here three months ago. He said: Peter's bringing some records to the party tonight. She said: I saw him today. I said to her: I have something to show you. She said: Nothing grows in my garden. It never gets any sun. He said: I'm going away tomorrow, mother. Robert said: I've been in London for a month but so far I haven't had time to visit the tower. I remarked: It isn't so foggy today as it was yesterday. The BBC announcer said: The new underpass is being opened the day after tomorrow. My aunt said: We've moved into our new flat. We don't like it as much as our last one. They said: We have a lift but very often it doesn't work. He said: From one of the windows of my flat I can see the Eiffel Tower. His daughter said: I've no idea what the time is but I'll dial 8081 and find out. He said: My wife has just been made a judge. She replied: I'll come with you as soon as I am ready. The small boy said: I have a German lesson this afternoon and I haven't done my homework yet. I warned her: If you let the iron get too hot you'll scorch clothes. Ann said: Englishmen make good husbands because they are nearly always willing to help in the house. The builders explained: We like working on Sundays because we get double pay. The advertisement said: If you answer the questions correctly, you may win $100. He said: I couldn't get into the house because I had lost my key, so I had to break a window. The owner said: If the ground is dry on the day of the race, my horse might win. She said: They should put traffic lights here, otherwise there'll be more accidents. He said to me: If you leave home at six, you should be here by nine. The captain said: If it rains this afternoon it will be too wet to play the match tomorrow. She said: I'm going out, but I'll be in by nine.

REPORTED QUESTIONS:
1. 2. 3. Who has been using my typewriter? said my mother. Do you want to see the cathedral? said the guide. Do you mind working on the night shifts? he asked.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37.

Would you like to come with us? they said to me. Who did you give the money to? Ann asked me. How long does it take to get to Edimburgh by coach? asked the tourist. How much do you think it will cost? he said. How did you get into the house? they asked me. Have you been here long? the other students asked him. Can you tell me why Jim left the college without taking his degree? Paul's sister asked. Are there any letters for me? said Mary. Have you ever seen a flying saucer? said the man. Who do you want to speak to? said the telephonist. Will it be all right if I come in a little later tonight? asked the au pair girl. Where can I park my caravan? she asked the policeman. Does anyone want tickets for the boxing match? said Charles. Do you think you could live entirely on your own for six months? said Tom. Did any of you actually see the accident happen? said the policeman. How long have you been learning English? the examiner asked. Where are you going for your summer holidays? I asked them. How many people know the combination of the safe? said the detective What are you going to do with your old car? I asked him. What train are you going to get? my friend enquired. Do you grow your own vegetables? I asked her. How do you get on with your mother-in-law? Paul asked me. What happened to Mr Buck? one man asked. Which of his sons inherited his estate? another asked. Who is going to live in the big house? a third enquired. Which team has won? Tom asked. Who has just dropped a $10 note? I wondered. What shall I do with my heavy luggage? she asked. What is your house like? I asked them. Do puppies travel free? a dog owner asked. Why did prices go up so often at that time? she wondered. Who put salt in my coffee? I asked them. How can you run in high-heeled shoes? she enquired. Have you reserved a seat? I asked him.

REPORTED SPEECH: commands, requests, invitations, advice. tell, order, urge, ask, beg, invite, advise, warn, remind + object + infinitive.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. Don't put sticky things in your pockets, said his mother. (tell). Please, please don't do anything dangerous, said his wife. (beg). Would you please wait in the lounge till your flight number is called? she said. (ask). Would you mind moving your case? said the other passenger. It's blocking the door. (ask). Remember to book a table, said Ann. (remind). Avoid Marble Arch, said the policeman. There's going to be a big demonstration there. (warn). Read the questions twice, said the teacher and don't write in the margin. (tell). You'd better not leave your money lying about said one of the students. (warn). Why don't you open a bank account?, said another. (advise). Would you like to have lunch with me today?, said Tom. (invite). Could I speak to Albert, please?, I said. (ask). I'd buy the big tin if I were you, said the grocer. (advise). Don't drive through fog with only a light on, he said, or oncoming drivers may take you for a motorcycle. (warn). Could I see your driving licence?, said the policeman. (ask). You'd better sweep up that broken glass, I said. (advise). Remember to insure your luggage, my father said. (remind). Please, don't drink any more, said his wife. Don't forget we have to drive home. (beg). Go to a dentist, Tom, before your toothache gets any worse, I said. (urge). For suggestions use: Suggest + gerund or suggest + that + subject + should. 1. Why not light a fire on the bank and cook the fish at once?, suggested the fisherman. 2. Let's buy some yeast and make our own bread, said Mary. (suggest) 3. Let's not tell anyone, said Tom, till we are quite certain that the report is true. (suggest) 4. Shall I start tomorrow?, I said. (suggest) 5. Why dont you go for a walk, I said. (suggest) -

Conditional sentences: type 1

If + subject + present simple, subject + will + infinitivo sin to If I go to university, I will study architecture Unless + subject + present simple, subject + will + infinitivo sin to
Unless I go to university, I wont study architecture.

If + subject + present simple, imperative

If it is hot, turn on the air-conditioning Conditional sentences: type 2

If + subject + past simple (went), subject + would (might, could, should) + infinitivo sin to (would go) If I went to university, I would study architecture
Conditional sentences: type 3

If + subject + past perfect (had gone), subject + would have + past participle (would have gone) If I had gone to university, I would have studied architecture
CONDITIONALS Type 1 a. Ill look for your notebook and if I (find) it, I (give) you a ring. b. If you like, I (get) you a job in this company. c. If you wait a moment, I (come) with you. d. If you feel too hot during the night, (turn down) the central heating. e. If you see Tom, (ask) him to ring me. f. If he (pay) me tonight, I (have) enough money for the tickets. g. I (stay) for another six months if I (get) a work permit. h. If London airport is clear of fog, we (land) there. i. If it (be) fine tomorrow, we (go) for a walk. Type 2 a. If I (see) a tiger walking through Hyde Park, I (climb) a tree. b. If I (buy) a ticket, I (lose) it. c. If he (have) a car, he (bring) it to work. d. If he (be) a poor man, he (not stay) at the Savoy. e. I (be) very grateful, if you kindly (sign) this document. f. If I (be) worried, I (not play) golf this moment. g. If I (win) a lot of money, everybody (write) to me asking for money.

CONDITIONAL. Complete the sentences using your own ideas. 1. Unless we find a baby-sitter, 2. Harry wouldn't have got drunk 3. He will fail the test 4. Barbie wouldn't have broken her arm 5. If it had not snowed so heavily yesterday, 6. I won't take the job 7. I will visit you tomorrow 8. If I get the job, 9. If I weren't so busy, 10. If Helen were a better swimmer, 11. I wouldn't do that 12. If I were stronger, 13. You looked tired. If I were you, 14. If she hadn't worked so hard,

CONDITIONALS Type 1 a. Ill look for your notebook and if I (find) it, I (give) you a ring. b. If you like, I (get) you a job in this company. c. If you wait a moment, I (come) with you. d. If you feel too hot during the night, (turn down) the central heating. e. If you see Tom, (ask) him to ring me. f. If he (pay) me tonight, I (have) enough money for the tickets. g. I (stay) for another six months if I (get) a work permit. h. If London airport is clear of fog, we (land) there. i. If it (be) fine tomorrow, we (go) for a walk. Type 2 a. If I (see) a tiger walking through Hyde Park, I (climb) a tree. b. If I (buy) a ticket, I (lose) it. c. If he (have) a car, he (bring) it to work. d. If he (be) a poor man, he (not stay) at the Savoy. e. I (be) very grateful, if you kindly (sign) this document. f. If I (be) worried, I (not play) golf this moment. g. If I (win) a lot of monev. everybody (write) to me asking for money.

Complete the sentences with the correct form of the verbs. (8 points) a b c d e f g h What ______ you ______ (do) if you ___________ (find) a snake in your bed? (improbable, imaginary situation) If he __________ (have) more money he _______________ (buy) a swimming pool. (improbable, imaginary situation) If I ___________ (feel) better tomorrow I __________ (go) to school. (possible, but not certain, situation) If Brian ____________ (finish) his homework early, he ______________ (come) to the match with us. (possible, but not certain, situation) Sandra and Anne ______________ (not like) it if nobody ______________ (go) to their party. (improbable, imaginary situation) If he _________ (buy) a new computer he says he _____________ (give) me his old one. (possible, but not certain, situation) If Dave _________ (write) faster, he __________ (be) able to go out tonight. (improbable, imaginary situation) I ________ (take) them to the cinema if they _________ (eat) all their dinner. (possible, but not certain, situation)

Complete the first conditional sentences.

1 You ................................. (feel) better if you ................................. (take) an aspirin. 2 If they................................. (come) with us, we ................................. (have) a great time. 3 If it................................. (rain), I ................................. (stay) at home. 4 ................................. (you / post) this letter for me if you ................................. (not be) too busy? 5 You ................................. (should / apologise) if it ................................. (be) your fault. 6 If David ................................. (invite) Janice, I ................................. (not go) to his party. 7 If you ................................. (not know) the answer, ................................. (ask) Mr Walters. 8 Jack ................................. (move) to Scotland if he ................................. (find) a good job there. 9 If the pain ................................. (not stop), I ................................. (see) a doctor. 10 If you ................................. (not like) that dress, ................................. (not wear) it. 11 What................................. (you / tell) Andrew if he ................................. (ask) you? 12 Prudence ................................. (can / borrow) her brother's car if she ................................. (ask) him nicely. A condicin de que, con tal que: provided that, providing that, as long as, on condition that. Te dejar ir a casa de Mary a condicin de que ordenes tu habitacin. Ir contigo a condicin de que termine de trabajar temprano maana. Con tal que me dejes llevar tu abrigo, no le dir a mama lo que hiciste. Ta Mary estar aqu a las ocho a condicin de que su tren llegue a tiempo. Puedes tomar prestado mi coche a condicin de que lo traigas de vuelta a las cuatro. Ir a la fiesta con tal que vengas conmigo. Peter aceptar a condicin de que sea ofrecido suficiente dinero. Te lo contar todo al respecto a condicin de que prometas guardarlo en secreto. Rewrite the sentences using the words given. Recuerda Unless significa a menos que y sustituye a If not. 1 You won't finish on time if you don't start now. (unless) 2 Unless you read the instructions, you won't know what to do. (if) 3 We'll go to the cinema tonight if I'm not too tired. (unless) 4 Unless you study harder, you'll fail the test. (if) 5 If the neighbours don't stop making that awful noise, I'll call the police. (unless) 6 Mum won't let him go out if he doesn't finish his homework first. (unless) 7 The headache won't go away unless you do something about it. (if) 8 She won't hear you if you don't speak louder. (unless) -

9 I'll be back at six unless I have to work late. (if) 10 He will never find a job unless he starts looking for one now. (if) Rewrite the sentences. Use the second conditional. I haven't got any money, so I won't buy that CD. Pigs haven't got wings, so they don't fly. His marks aren't good because he doesn't work hard. I'm busy, so I won't come with you. They don't know her, so they won't invite her to their party. I won't call him because I haven't got his phone number. She walks to school because she hasn't got a bike. It's cold, so we won't go to the beach. I won't join you because I have to stay at home. He won't lend you his camera because he needs it. Rewrite the sentences using the word given. 1 You should talk to William about this. you - If I .........................................., ................................. to William about this. 2 She'll be very worried if I don't call her. unless She'll be very worried ....................................................................................... her. 3 We'll go fishing tomorrow if the weather is fine. providing We'll go fishing tomorrow ....................................................................................... fine. 4 You shouldn't stay up so late. were If..........................................................................................., I wouldn't stay up so late. 5 She forgot to lock the door because she was in a hurry. have If she hadn't been in a hurry, she....................................................................................... to lock the door. 6 I'll make dinner if you promise to wash the dishes. provided I'll make dinner ....................................................................................... to wash the dishes. 7 I'll read that article if I have nothing else to do tonight. long I'll read that article ....................................................................................... nothing else to do tonight. 8 She won't come to the party unless John invites her himself. if She won't come to the party ....................................................................................... her himself. Rewrite the sentences. Use the second or third conditional. She was ill, so she didn't go to school. - If I haven't got a car, so I walk to work every morning. - If I didn't know it was her birthday, so I didn't buy her a present. - If You don't always tell him the truth, so he doesn't trust you. - If They don't work hard, so they do badly at school. - If The old man gave us clear directions, so we found the address. - If You don't get enough sleep, so you feel tired all the time. - If You forgot to bring a map, so we got lost. - If

You didn't water the flowers, so they died. - If She trains hard, so she's a good player. - If Ms Dawson loves animals, so she has six cats. - If We didn't see them, so we didn't tell them about it. - If Max doesn't know about the subject, so he can't help. - If The critic didn't like the film, so she wrote a bad review. - If He likes children, so he gets on well with them. - If She didnt know you were in hospital, so she didnt visit you. We only came by bus because there were no taxis. She didnt speak to him, possibly because she was so shy. We didnt listen carefully; perhaps thats why we made this mistake. We got a lift, so we reached the station in time. Read and complete. Wendy: Hey, Kate. Are you coming to Rachel's house tonight? Kate: Well, I would come if I ............................ (not have) to look after my baby brother. My parents are going out tonight. Wendy: Oh. Rachel ............................. (be) disappointed if you don't come. She'd really like you to be there. It's her birthday, you know. Kate: Her birthday? I didn't know it was her birthday! If I had known, I ............................. (ask) my parents to get a baby sitter. Now they won't let me come unless they ............................. (can / find) someone else to look after Bobby. Wendy: You always look after Bobby when your parents ............................. (go) out. Why don't you ask your sister to do it tonight? Kate: Well, I ............................. (ask) her if today wasn't so special for her. You see, she's going out with Peter. She'll be very angry if she ............................. (have to) stay at home. Wendy: Oh, well. If I ............................. (be) you, I'd give it a try. Anyway, ............................. (give) me a ring if you change your mind. Kate: OK, I will. Bye.

Si ella viniera hoy, yo le dara flores. Si l no aprobara el examen, l estudiara ms la prxima vez. (next time) l comprara la casa si tuviera dinero. Nosotros limpiariamos la casa si tuvieramos tiempo. Ella comprara el libro si pudiera. Si tuviera mucho dinero, viajara alrededor del mundo. (travel around) Si l rompiera la ventana, la pagara. (pay for) Si nosotros ganaramos mucho dinero, nosotros nos tomariamos unas largas vacaciones. (earn, take a longer holiday) -

Si yo fuera t, lo intentara. (try) Si tuviera tu nmero de telfono, yo te llamara. Si ella hubiera estudiado ms, ella habra aprobado el xamen. Si t hubieras visto la pelcula, t habras disfrutado. (enjoy oneself) Si ella no hubiera ido a la fiesta, ella no le habra visto. Si nosotros hubiramos hablado Ingls, nosotros habramos visitado Inglaterra. Si ella hubiera sido ms educada, ella habra conseguido el trabajo. (polite, get) Si yo salgo hoy, comprar el peridico. Si ella llama esta maana, yo estar feliz. Si l no viene temprano, l no la ver. Si veo a Luis, le dir la verdad. (truth) Si ella estudia mucho, ella aprobar. (pass) -

Si l trabaja duro, l tendr mucho dinero. l llorar si ella no llega. Nosotros no le daremos a Mara el regalo si ella no viene. Te sentirs mejor si tomas una aspirina. (take) Si llueve, me quedar en casa. Si el dolor no remite, visitar a un medico. (pain, stop) Si no te gusta este vestido, no te lo pongas. (put sth on) Jack se ir a Escocia si encuentra un trabajo all. Si te gusta ese chico, dselo. Qu hars si ella no va a la fiesta? No me ir si ella no va primero. Si ella llega tarde, se disculpar. (apologize) Tendra ms tiempo libre si estuviera menos ocupado. (busy) Cometera menos errores si fuera ms cuidadoso. (make fewer mistakes) Si ella estuviera enferma, no ira al colegio. (ill) Si leyeras las instrucciones, sabras qu hacer. (read the instructions) Si yo fuera t, yo terminara los deberes ahora. Aceptara el trabajo si la paga fuera buena. (accept, pay) Si tuviera suficiente dinero, me comprara ese CD. Ella ir al partido de baloncesto a menos que est demasiado ocupada. (basketball match, too busy) Si ella se cortara el pelo, estara ms guapa. (look prettier) -

Qu hars si pierdes tu trabajo? Si yo estuviese cansado, me acostara ms temprano. (go to bed) Si ella fuera mayor, podra entrar en la discoteca. (older) Yo te ayudara si pudiera. A menos que deje de llover, no iremos al cine. (stop raining) Si James supiera la verdad, me odiara. Si Melisa no trabaja duro este trimestre, suspender este exmen. (term) Si yo fuese t, dejara de fumar. Si t trabajaras ms duro, tendras mejores notas. (marks) Si no hace fro, ir a dar una vuelta. (go for a walk) Si la polica lo hubiera cogido, l no habra escapado con el dinero. (catch) Yo no habra perdido el autobus si me hubiera levantado ms pronto. (miss) -

VERBS FOLLOWED BY GERUND

To admit doing sth : admitir haber hecho algo eg. She admitted having driven / driving the car without insurance. Be used to doing sth : estar acostumbrado a hacer algo eg. She is used to working late. Cant help doing sth : no poder evitar hacer algo eg. I cant help laughing at the joke. Cant stand / bear doing sth : no poder soportar hacer algo eg. I cant stand doing the washing-up. Imagine doing sth : imaginarse hacer algo eg. Can you imagine being on holiday all through the year? In addition to doing sth = Besides doing sth : adems de hacer algo eg. In addition to working nights, she goes to univerity in the afternoon. Its no use doing sth : no vale la pena hacer algo eg. Its no use telling her how to drive; she doesnt want to learn. Suggest doing sth : sugerir hacer algo eg. John suggested going to see the new play tonight. To avoid doing sth : evitar hacer algo eg. I avoided bumping into the car in front by braking. To be worth doing sth : merecer la pena hacer algo eg. This film is worth watching. To begin = to start doing sth : empezar a hacer algo eg. I started / began working here eight years ago. To consider doing sth : considerar hacer algo eg. I would never consider travelling to warring countries. To deny doing sth : negar haber hecho algo eg. The thief denied stealing the jewels. To dislike doing sth : no gustar hacer algo eg. I love playing tennis but I dislike watching it. To enjoy doing sth : disfrutar haciendo algo eg. I enjoy travelling by train. To feel like doing sth = to fancy doing sth: apetecer hacer algo eg. I feel like going to an Indian restaurant. To finish doing sth : terminar de hacer algo eg. What time did you finish reading last night? To get used to doing sth : acostumbrarse a hacer algo eg. She still hasnt got used to living in rainy England. To involve doing sth: implicar hacer algo eg. She didnt do well at school, which involved failing several subjects. To hate doing sth : odiar hacer algo eg. I hate having to get up early. To keep doing sth : seguir haciendo algo, no dejar de hacer algo eg. If you keep trying, in the end you will succeed. To like doing sth : gustar hacer algo eg. She likes running every morning. To look forward to doing sth : estar deseando hacer algo eg. Im looking forward to taking some great photos. To love doing sth : encantar hacer algo eg. I love playing tennis but I dislike watching it. To mind doing sth : importar hacer algo eg. I wouldnt mind going on a cruise in the Caribbean. To mind sbdy doing sth : importar que alguien haga algo eg. I dont mind you watching TV on condition you have finished your homework. To miss doing sth : echar de menos hacer algo eg. I miss being able to visit my family. To prefer doing sth to doing sth else : preferir hacer algo a hacer otra cosa eg. I prefer studying to working. To recommend doing sth : recomendar hacer algo eg. I would recommend taking pros and cons into consideration. To resist doing sth : resistirse a hacer algo eg. He couldn't resist showing off his new car. To risk doing sth : arriesgarse a hacer algo eg. She risks losing her job for working so little. When it comes to doing sth : cuando se trata de hacer algo eg. When it comes to getting things done, he's useless.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY INFINITIVE

To be up to sbdy to do sth : ser cosa de uno, ser responsabilidad de uno hacer algo eg. Its up to us to end environmental disasters. Cant wait to do sth : estar deseando hacer algo eg. I cant wait to meet them = Im looking forward to meeting them. To advise sbdy to do sth : aconsejar a alguien a hacer algo eg. They advised us to take a taxi. To afford to do sth: permitirse el lujo de hacer algo eg. You cant afford to be careless in this job. To allow sbdy to do sth = to enable sbdy to do sth : permitir a alguien hacer algo eg. The new durable and lightweight running shoes allowed athletes to train longer. To be about to do sth : estar a punto de hacer algo eg. The wedding was about to be a disaster because the bride and groom quarrelled. To convince sbdy to do sth : convencer a alguien a hacer algo eg. She convinced me to volunteer to help needy people. To decide to do sth : decidir hacer algo eg. Why did you decide to look for a new job? To encourage sbdy to do sth : animar / estiumular a alguien a hacer algo eg. Music is used to encourage shoppers to buy more. To expect sbdy to do sth : esperar que alguien haga algo eg. I expect her to come any minute now. To forbid sbdy to do sth : prohibir a alguien hacer algo eg. She forbade me to talk about it. To force sbdy to do sth : obligar a alguien a hacer algo eg. The boss forced the employees to work overtime for nothing. To get sbdy to do sth : conseguir que alguien haga algo eg. I got them to wash the car in less than an hour. To hesitate to do sth : dudar eg. Dont hesitate to contact me if you have any further questions. To invite sbdy to do sth : invitar a alguien a hacer algo eg. Our boss invited us to have a wonderful dinner. To manage to do sth = to succeed in doing sth = to be able to do sth = to be capable of doing sth : conseguir hacer algo, ser capaz de hacer algo eg. Simon has finally managed to pass his driving test. To order sbdy to do sth : ordenar a alguien a hacer algo eg. The officer ordered soldiers to train harder. To persuade sbdy to do sth : convencer a alguien a hacer algo eg. She persuaded me to volunteer to help needy people. To promise to do sth: prometer hacer algo eg. She promised to do her best next time. To refuse to do sth : negarse a hacer algo eg. He flatly refused to discuss the matter. To remind sbdy to do sth : recordar a alguien a hacer algo eg. She reminded me to post the letter. To teach sbdy to do sth : ensear a alguien a hacer algo eg. The teacher taught students to do math exercises. To tell sbdy to do sth : decir a alguien que haga algo eg. A white girl told him to leave the bus seat because he was black. To turn out to be : resultar ser eg. The party turned out to be a success. To want sbdy to do sth : querer que alguien haga algo eg. I wanted them to remain at home. To warn sbdy to do sth : advertir a alguien a hacer algo eg. She warned us not to get into trouble. Would like / hate / love / dislike / prefer + to do sth eg I would (dis)like / hate / love to have a cup of tea.

VERBS FOLLOWED BY BARE INFINITIVE (INFINITIVO SIN TO) Had better (not) do sth = should (not) do sth : debera hacer algo eg. Theyd better not be so careless. To let sbdy do sth : permitir que alguien haga algo eg. She didnt let the news affect her. To make sbdy do sth : hacer / obligar a alguien a hacer algo eg. The burglars made my aunt give them her jewels. Would rather (not) do sth : preferira hacer algo eg. Id rather study than work. eg. Id rather not go out tonight. GERUND OR INFINITIVE WITH CHANGE OF MEANING Forget doing sth : olvidarse de haber hecho algo eg. I will never forget visiting the Leaning Tower of Pisa = Nunca olvidar haber visitado la torre inclinada de Pisa. (cronolgicamente primero visit la torre y posteriormente afirmo no haberlo olvidado) Forget to do sth : olvidar hacer algo eg. Oliver forgot to revise his notes before the class = Oliver se olvid de repasar las notas. (cronolgicamente primero se olvid y consecuentemente no repas) Regret doing sth : lamentar haber hecho algo eg. I regret telling her so much about myself = lamento haberle dicho tanto sobre m (cronolgicamente primero lo dije y despus lo lamento). Regret to do sth : lamentar hacer algo eg. I regret to tell you that you have failed your exam. (informar de malas noticias). Remember doing sth : acordarse de / recordar haber hecho algo eg. I remember talking to him about the subject = recuerdo haber hablado con l sobre el tema (cronolgicamente primero habl con l y despus lo recuerdo). Remember to do sth : acordarse de hacer algo eg. I remembered to look for her passport = Me acord de buscar su pasaporte (cronolgicamente primero me acord y despus lo busqu). Stop doing sth = To give up doing sth : dejar de hacer algo eg. I am trying hard to stop smoking. Stop to do sth : parar (dejar de hacer lo que se estaba haciendo) para hacer otra cosa eg. The workers stopped to have lunch. Try doing sth : probar hacer algo (experimentar algo) eg. I tried using the new method, but it didnt work. Try to do sth : intentar hacer algo (hacer un esfuerzo o intento) eg. Jane tried to pass the driving test. Mean to do sth = intend to do sth : tener la intencin de. eg.What does he mean to do if hes elected? Mean doing sth: significar eg. His new order means working overtime. Need doing sth : necesitar ser hecho algo eg. The floors need cleaning. Need to do sth : necesitar hacer algo eg. She needs to find a job. Neednt do sth: eg. She neednt do the test. Dont / doesnt need to do sth: eg. She doesnt need to do the test.

Choose the correct answer.

Tina began ......................... (fill out) the job application. She noticed that she had forgotten ......................... (get) a recent photograph of herself. Tina hated ......................... (go) to be photographed, but she knew she had no choice. She didnt feel like ......................... (go) to town to a professional photographer, so she decided ......................... (find) her own camera. Im not interested in ................. (take) my own photograph, she thought. I will try to convince my brother ................... (help) me. I remember .........................(take) your picture once before, her brother said. It was a disaster. I advise you ........................ (smile). Just take the picture, said Tina. Then I can finish ......................... (fill out) my application.

Complete the following sentences using a suitable verb phrase.

My parents often remind me .................................................................................................. .............................. Sometimes I cant help ........................................................................................................................................ Some people never make an effort ...................................................................................................................... In the winter, we enjoy ..................................................................................................... ................................... My brother gets easily bored with ........................................................................................... ............................ Its no use ............................................................................................................................................................

GERUND, INFINITIVE OR BARE INFINITIVE

1.- Te gustara venir conmigo? Me encantara. (would like + to) 2.- Te importara no fumar en clase? (mind + ing) 3.- Lamento haber gastado tanto dinero. 4.- Recuerdo claramente haber cerrado las ventanas. 5.- Lamento informarle que su padre ha fallecido. (pass away) 6.- No estoy acostumbrado a levantarme tan temprano. 7- Espero con impaciencia tener noticias tuyas. (look forward to + ing, hear from sbdy) 8.- A parte de tener dificultades con el idioma, es lento. 9.- No pudo permitirse comprar un coche nuevo. (afford + to) 10.- Me hizo repetir eso dos veces. (make sbdy + infinitivo sin to) 11.-No permitir que hagas eso. (allow sbdy + to) 12.- Les aconsej que no lo hicieran. (advise sbdy + to) 13.- Ella me oy entrar. 14.- Yo quera que mi amiga viniera a la fiesta. (want sbdy + to) 15.- Me ense cmo apretar el botn. 16.- Ella me dijo que me quedara. (tell sdby + to) 17.- Quiero que l venga conmigo esta noche. 18.- Yo no le dije a ella que se fuera, le dije que se quedara. (tell sbdy + to) 19.- Le pediste a tu hermano que viniera a la fiesta? (ask sbdy + to) 20.- Quieres que yo escriba la carta hoy? (want sbdy + to) 21.- Di a Marta que se lo de. 22.- Quieres que te diga lo que sucedi? 23.- Ella espera que la visitemos cada vez que vengamos a Madrid. (expect sbdy + to) 24.- Ellos no esperaban que viniramos a verles. 25.- Te gustara que pidiera un caf con leche para ti? (like sbdy + to) 26.- El profesor quera que los alumnos hiciesen un dictado. 27.- Yo no esperaba que lo hicieras tan pronto. 28.- Decidimos que ellos vinieran con nosotros. 29.- El profesor nos hizo hablar en ingls. (make sbdy + infinitivo sin to) -

30.- Suelo hacer los ejercicios todos los das. (usually) 31.- Cada dos horas paramos el coche para cambiar de asientos. 32.- No pude evitar rerme cuando o el chiste. (couldnt help + ing) 33.- Un da lamentars haber perdido el tiempo. 34.- No puedo impedir que ella hable a la prensa. (prevent sbdy from doing sth) 35.- No me olvidar de llamarte. 36.- Se acuerda perfectamente de haber echado las cartas al correo. (post) 37.- No permiten que la gente fume en la oficina. (allow sbdy + to) 38.- Ese hombre parece estar siguindonos. (seem + to) 39.- No quiero que ella se case con ese chico. (marry sbdy) 40.-No me gusta que me grites. (shout at sbdy) 41.- Los nios suelen jugar en los parques. 42.- A mis padres les encantara que yo estudiara en el extranjero. (abroad) 43.- Ella no ha dejado de fumar todava. (stop / give up + ing) 44.- Cuando era nio no sola ver dibujos animados. (watch cartoons) 45.- Cuando viva en Palma sola ir a nadar todos los das. (go swimming) 46.- Mi hermana no sola tener miedo a las araas hasta que vio una tarntula. (be afraid of) 47.- Hacer el examen no debera llevarte ms de hora y media. 48.- Imagnate ensear en Nueva York. No debe ser fcil. 49.- Quiero dejar de fumar. 50.- Quiero que t dejes de fumar. 51.- Quieres que yo deje de fumar? 52.- Comer fruta fresca es bueno para ti. 53.- Ella es muy buena resolviendo problemas. (good at doing sth, solve) 54.- Me encanta ir de vacaciones pero echo de menos ver a mis amigos. (love doing sth, go on holiday, miss doing sth) 55.- Ella acaba de terminar de hacer sus deberes. (finish doing sth) 56.- Los nios han dejado de dar guerra y se han dormido. (act up, fall asleep) 57.- No me puedo imaginar sacar buenas notas al final del trimestre. (imagine doing sth, get good marks, at the end of) -

Qu hacemos este fin de semana? SHALL (OFRECIMIENTOS, SUGERENCIAS CON PREGUNTAS) Vamos al cine? Abro la puerta? Te echo una mano? Nos vamos de vacaciones al extranjero? Tienes que hacer deberes para maana? DOES / DO / DID + SUBJECT + HAVE TO Nosotros no tenemos que hacer este ejercicio. DONT / DOESNT / DIDNT HAVE TO No tienes que darme este libro ahora. Ella tiene que llevar gafas porque no ve bien. HAVE TO / HAS TO (OBLIGACIN IMPUESTA) l tuvo que quedarse en casa porque tena examen al da siguiente. Ellos no tenan que llevar uniforme en el colegio. No tienes que venir conmigo, puedo ir solo. Tiene Peter que levantarse temprano todos los das? Ella tiene que ir al supermercado porque no tiene comida. Te gustara dar un paseo por el parque? WOULD + BARE INFINITIVE Me gustara tomar una taza de t. Te gustara ir a un restaurante de comida rpida? No necesitas llevar uniforme en este colegio. NEEDNT + INFINITIVO SIN TO / DOESNT / DONT NEED TO No es necesario que vengas conmigo. No es necesario que ella trabaje tan duro. No necesitas comprarme regalos. -

l quizs no vaya a la fiesta. MAY (POSIBILIDAD) Ella puede que llame hoy. Puede que nieve este fin de semana. Ella quizs no estudie tan duro. Ella quizs vaya a la fiesta esta noche. Ellos puede que escriban la carta maana. l sabe montar a caballo. CAN (HABILIDAD EN EL PRESENTE) Cuando era joven saba montar en bicicleta. COULD (HABILIDAD EN EL PASADO) l sabe hablar cuatro idiomas. l saba caminar cuando tena un ao. Debes estar en casa a las diez. MUST (OBLIGACIN DE HABLANTE HACIA OYENTE) l debe ser extranjero porque no entiendo lo que dice. Debes estudiar ms si quieres aprobar todas las asignaturas. Debo ir al mdico, me duele la cabeza demasiado a menudo. MUST (OBLIGACIN AUTOIMPUESTA) l debe haberse ido de vacaciones porque no le veo desde hace una semana. MUST (DEDUCCIN RAZONABLE) Ella debe de estar bromeando, lo que dice no puede ser verdad. (joke) Debes pararte en la seal de stop si no quieres ser multado. (at the stop sign, fine) No debes fumar en el lugar de trabajo y no debes fumar en los restaurantes. MUSTNT (PROHIBICIN) No debes tocar ese enchufe o recibirs una descarga elctrica. (plug, electric shock) No debes hablar en clase o se lo dir a tu madre. l debera visitar a su abuela ms a menudo. SHOULD (CONSEJO) -

Deberas comer menos porque ests cada vez ms gordo. Deberas haber trabajado ms duro en el primer trimestre. Puedo abrir la ventana, por favor? CAN (PERMISO INFORMAL) Podra abrir la ventana? COULD (PERMISO FORMAL) Podra usar tu telfono? Es imposible que ella haya suspendido. Es brillante en matemticas. CANT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE Lo que acabas de decir no puede ser verdad. Ella no debe haber aprobado el examen porque no ha estudiado lo suficiente. Es imposible que hayas visto a Peter esta maana. Est en Berlin No haca falta que me regalaras los bombones por mi cumpleaos. NEEDNT HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE No haca falta que vinierais a clase. l no tena que haber trado el paraguas porque finalmente no llovi. -

Jeff debera trabajar un ao y ahorrar dinero. Yo no podra haber encontrado este sitio sin un mapa. Jean debe de haberse marchado despus de verme. Podramos quedarnos en la fiesta hasta medianoche. Rob se sent en una esquina donde nadie podra verle. (in a corner, no one) Sheila llevaba leyendo durante mucho tiempo cuando finalmente se cans de leer. (for a long time, get tired of) Ella es tu amiga. Realmente deberas ayudarla. Si, los nios pueden ir a la playa, pero no deben quedarse durante mucho tiempo. (for a long time) Te gustara que te ayudase? Te ayudo con los platos? (dishes) No debes tocar el baln con tus manos. Est en contra de las reglas. (touch, against, rules) Te o la primera vez! No hace falta que me lo digas de nuevo! No tienes que traerme un pastel, a menos que realmente quieras. (want to) Ella debe trabajar duro para pagar el alto alquiler por su piso. (pay the high rent) No dependas de otros. Deberas intentar ser ms independiente. (depend on) No se lo menciones a ella! Ella podra avergonzarse. (be embarrassed) Te recojo a las nueve? (pick sbdy up) No entiendo porqu no la ayudaste. Deberas haber ofrecido algo de ayuda. (offer) Terry puede que haya ledo ese libro. No estoy seguro. Las luces estn apagadas. Todo el mundo debe haber salido. (out, leave) No haca falta haber grabado esa escena de nuevo. (shoot, scene) Cmo sabe ella que hoy es mi cumpleaos? Alguien debe habrselo dicho. Puede que haya una tormenta esta noche. Quieres quedarte en casa? -

Complete the sentences with these modal verbs. Use each expression once. must mustnt ought to shouldnt neednt have to dont have to a b c d e f g You ____________ bring any money. Ill pay for everything. I dont think its right that young children stay up till midnight. They ___________ go to bed earlier. When you work, the law says you __________ pay tax. In my opinion, people ___________ have big dogs as pets if they live in very small flats. You ______________ come on the trip if you dont want to. Its optional. Doctor, you __________ come quickly, a man is having a heart attack! It is totally forbidden to write in red ink in exams. You __________ do it or you will get no marks.

Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs. a b c d e f It is obligatory to wear a helmet. You ________________________________________________________________. Perhaps Peter will see him tomorrow. Peter ______________________________________________________________. Carol is a very good singer. Carol _____________________________ very well. Smoking is prohibited on this train. You ________________________________________________________________. It is not obligatory for employees to wear a tie. Employees ____________________________________________________________. It is possible that it wont rain. It ______________________________________________________________.

Choose the correct alternative. a b c d e f g One day everybody can/will be able to live to 100. William isnt at school today. He couldnt/mightnt be well. The weather looks bad today. It can/may rain. They arent eating anything. They might/might not like the food. The experts arent sure but they think there can/could be life on that planet. If he isnt careful he could/couldnt have an accident. She can/may swim. She learned when she was a little girl.

Choose the correct alternative in each sentence. a b c d e f g h You neednt/mustnt copy the words on the blackboard because theyre already in your book. We ought to/shouldnt arrive late because mum will be angry. They dont have to/mustnt pay. They get free tickets. You dont have to/mustnt make a lot of noise in a library. Robert ought to/neednt go to bed early tonight because he has an important match tomorrow morning. Adults dont have to/mustnt give scissors or knives to young children. You need to/dont have to bring food because a buffet will be provided. They ought to/dont need to rush. Theyve got lots of time to do it.

Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs. a It is obligatory to wear a uniform in this job. You ______________________________________________________________________ b It isnt necessary to have any previous experience. You ______________________________________________________________________ c Its not a good idea for you to give him your keys. You ______________________________________________________________________ d Students are recommended to bring a calculator to the exam. Students ___________________________________________________________________ e Customers are not allowed to bring food into the restaurant. Customers _________________________________________________________________ f It is not obligatory to pay by cash. You ______________________________________________________________________ g You are not allowed to play ball games in this area. You ______________________________________________________________________ h It is essential to speak English in my job. I _________________________________________________________________________ Rewrite each sentence using can(not), may (not), might (not) or could. a b c d e f g h Steve knows how to play the guitar well. Steve ___________________________________________________________________ I dont know if George is definitely coming tomorrow. George __________________________________________________________________ Perhaps they wont send the letter. They ____________________________________________________________________ Im not sure if thats Harrys son. That _____________________________________________________________________ Perhaps it wont rain after all. It _______________________________________________________________________ It is possible that Milan wont win the final. Milan ____________________________________________________________________ Tanya is very good at chess. Tanya ____________________________________________________________________ Perhaps well meet a famous person. We ______________________________________________________________________ It is obligatory to wear a helmet. You ________________________________________________________________. Perhaps Peter will see him tomorrow. Peter ______________________________________________________________. Carol is a very good singer. Carol _____________________________ very well. Smoking is prohibited on this train. You ________________________________________________________________. It is not obligatory for employees to wear a tie. Employees ____________________________________________________________. It is possible that it wont rain. It ______________________________________________________________.

Rewrite the sentences using modal verbs. a b c d e f

BE GOING TO and WILL

Be going to se usa para expresar intencin. I am going to try hard to pass every subject. Be going to se usa para indicar un plan futuro que ha sido hecho antes del momento de hablar. I am going to see Pat tomorrow we arranged it this morning. = Vamos a ver a Pat maana lo planificamos esta maana. Be going to se usa para expresar deducciones basadas en evidencias en el presente. He doesnt study hard enough. He is going to fail. = No estudia lo suficiente. Va a suspender. Look at those black clouds. Its going to rain.= Mira esas nubes negras. Va a llover. I feel terrible. I think Im going to be sick.= Me siento fatal. Creo que voy a vomitar. Will se usa para indicar una decisin repentina, tomada en el momento de hablar. How can we get to the airport? I know! Ill borrow Sues car. = Cmo podemos llegar al aeropuerto? Ya s. Pedir prestado el coche de Sue. Will se usa para expresar ofrecimientos (offers) y sugerencias (suggestions). Ill carry the bag for you. Its too heavy for you to carry.= Te llevo la bolsa. Es demasiado pesada para que tu la lleves. Shall I open the door for you? = Te abro la puerta? Shall we go to the cinema? = Vamos al cine? Will se usa para predecir el futuro. Suele usarse con oraciones que contienen el adverbio probably. I think the weather will be nice tomorrow.= Creo que el tiempo ser bueno maana. Tom will probably arrive at about 8 oclock. = Tom probablemente llegar a las ocho aprximadamente. Will se usa para expresar determinacin, disposicin (willingness) en futuro. I wont do it. = No lo har = No lo pienso hacer. I know she wont agree with this idea. = S que no estar de acuerdo con esta idea. Will se usa para pedir en bares y restaurantes. Ill have an orange juice, please. = Tomar (voy a tomar) un zumo de naranja, por favor. Complete the sentences using will (ll) or be going to. 1 A: Why are you turning on the television? B: I (watch) the news. 2 A: Oh, I've just realised. I haven't got any money. B: Haven't you? Well, don't worry I (lend) you some. 3 A: I've got a headache. B: Have you? Wait there and I (get) an aspirin for you. 4 A: Why are you filling that bucket with water? B: I (wash) the car. 5 A: I've decided to repaint this room. B: Oh, have you? What colour (you/paint) it? 6 A: Where are you going? Are you going shopping? B: Yes, I (buy) something for dinner. 7 A: I don't know how to use this camera. B: It's quite easy. I (show) you. 8 A: What would you like to eat? B: I (have) a sandwich, please. 9 A: Did you post that letter for me? B: Oh, I'm sorry. I completely forgot. I (do) it now.

10 A: The ceiling in this room doesn't look very safe, does it? B: No, it looks as if it (fall) down. 11 A: Has George decided what to do when he leaves school? B: Oh, yes. Everything is planned. He (have) a holiday for a few weeks and then he (have) a computer programming course.

Read the situations and complete the sentences using will ('ll ) or be going to. 1 The phone rings and you answer. Somebody wants to speak to Jim. CALLER: Hello. Can I speak to Jim, please? YOU: Just a moment. I (get) him. 2 It's a nice day. You've decided to sit in the garden. Before going outside, you tell your friend. YOU: The weather's too nice to stay indoors. I (sit) in the garden. FRIEND: That's a good idea. I think I (join) you. 3 Your friend is worried because she has lost an important letter. YOU: Don't worry about the letter. I'm sure you (find) it. FRIEND: I hope so. 4 There has been a job advertised in the paper recently. At first you were interested but then you decided not to apply. FRIEND: Have you decided what to do about that job that was advertised? YOU: Yes I (not/apply) for it. 5 You and a friend come home very late. Other people in the house are asleep. Your friend is noisy. YOU: You (wake) everybody up. 6 John has to go to the airport to catch a plane tomorrow morning. JOHN: Ann, I need somebody to take me to the airport tomorrow morning. ANN: Thats no problem. I (take) you. What time is your flight? JOHN: 10.50. ANN: OK. We (leave) at about 9 o'clock then. Later that day, Joe offers to take John to the airport. JOE: John, do you want me to take you to the airport? JOHN: No thanks, Joe. Ann (take) me.

Tiempo verbal de la frase activa present present continuous past past continuous present perfect past perfect future future II modals modals modals

Frase activa I write a letter I'm writing a letter I wrote a letter I was writing a letter I've written a letter I had written a letter I will write a letter I'm going to write a letter I have to write a letter I should write a letter I must have written a letter

Frase pasiva The letter is written The letter is being written The letter was written The letter was being written The letter has been written The letter had been written The letter will be written The letter is going to be written The letter has to be written The letter should be written The letter must have been written

The passive: Present Simple and Past Simple form My car / damage / last night. (past) This computer / make / in the USA. (present) The machines / make / in Scotland. (present) The President / kill / last night. (past) The money / change into dollars / at the bank. (present) The parcel / post / yesterday. (past) Cheese / make / from milk. (present) The children / give / some food. (past) The house / paint / every year. (present) Several people / be hurt / in an accident last night. (past) The passive: Present Simple, Past Simple, Present Perfect Simple Rewrite these verbs as passives, keeping them in the same tense, and removing they, we, someone, etc: 1 We clean the garages every day. 2 Someone has given him a lot of money. 3 The police arrested two hundred people. 4 We check every car engine thoroughly. 5 We export this computer to seventy different countries. 6 They have cancelled the meeting. 7 We opened the factory at nine o'clock. 8 They send two million books to America every year. 9 We have invited all the students in the school. 10 We have told him not to be late again. -

11 They posted all the letters yesterday. 12 The machine wraps the bread automatically. 13 They paid me a lot of money to do the job. 14 Fortunately, they didn't damage the machinery. 15 We send the newspapers to Scotland by train. Rewrite these sentences in the passive: Someone washes the towels in the hotel every day. Someone built the house ten years ago. They grow this fruit in very hot countries. They pay the office workers weekly. Someone bought all this cheese in France. Someone found Emily's bike in the river. Someone visits most of the prisoners once a week. Someone cleans this car every week. They play a lot of sport on the beach. Someone stole all my best jewellery. They carried the children all the way home. Someone watches the palace twenty-four hours a day. They leave the grapes to dry in the sun. They lock the office every evening. They stole my car last night. Someone is painting the house at the moment. They were repairing the bridge last week. Peter has invited Sarah to the party. Someone will clean the room. They had to cut down that tree. Someone should tell Sally what happened. They are going to build a new hospital. We can solve the problem. Someone has to finish the job. -

They may send the man to prison. We must do something now. PASSIVE VOICE Change the following sentences from the active voice to the passive voice. Be sure to keep the same tense. 1. Wayne is going to deliver the mail every day. Is Wayne going to deliver the mail every day? 2. Fire destroyed that house. Did fire destroy that house? 3. The audience enjoyed the concert very much. Did the audience enjoy the concert very much? 4. Bob has taken that book from the desk. Has bob taken that book from the desk? 5. Walter will eat the cake. Will Walter eat the cake? 6. Beth has finished the report. Has Beth finished the report? 7. Ms. Duke is going to leave the tickets at the box office. Is Ms Duke going to leave the tickets at the box office? 8. The messenger has just left a box of flowers for you. Has the messenger just left a box of flowers for you? 9. The police can easily capture the thief. Can the police easily capture the thief? 10. Many people attended the lecture. Did many people attend the lecture? 11. The movie may disappoint us very much. May the movie disappoint us very much? 12. Mr. Jones manages the export division. Does Mr. Jones manage the export division? 13. John returned the money last night. Did John return the money last night? 14. Andy Murphy is writing that book.

Is Andy writing that book? 15. The fire may have destroyed the city. May the fire have destroyed the city? 16. The enemy might have captured the town. Might the enemy have captured the town? 17. Someone has stolen the money from my purse. Has anyone stolen the money from my purse? 18. Mary found the book. Did Mary find the book? 19. John has returned the book. Has John returned the book? 20. Many people are reading the book all over the world. Are many people reading the book all over the world? 21. Paula should have delivered the mail. Should Paula have delivered the mail? 22. They have to repeat the essay. Do they have to repeat the essay? PASSIVE VOICE Form the passive voice of can, have to, may, must, ought to, and should with be and the past participle of the main verb. I have to finish this work. This work has to be finished. You can see it now. It can be seen by you now. He should type his term paper. His term paper should be typed. Form the passive voice in the continuous tenses with being and the past participle of the main verb. She is lighting the candle. The candle is being lit by her. Change the following sentences from the active to the passive voice. 1. We may finish the leftovers in the refrigerator. 2. They should send it to us at once. 3. The mailman is delivering the mail now. 4. He must finish it today. 5. The police are holding him for further questioning. 6. They may organize a new group next week. 7. You ought to send the package by airmail. 8. The citizens are defending the city bravely. -

9. They cannot hold the meeting in that room. 10. They may deliver the merchandise while we are out. 11. He may pay the bill for us. 12. Congress is debating that question today. 13. For the time being, Karen is teaching that group. 14. You should water the plant once a week. 15. The company is shipping the merchandise today. 16. We must warn them of the danger. 17. They couldn't sell the house at that price. 18. They are sending my aunt to Europe on a special mission. 19. You should insure the package. Rewrite these sentences in the passive: 1. I have told the children about the party. The children .... 2. About thirty million people are watching this programme. This programme .... 3. We expect students not to talk during the examination. Students .... 4. You mustn't touch this button while the experiment is in progress. This button .... 5. Someone will blow a whistle if there is an emergency. A whistle .... 6. Someone was carrying the bomb to a safe place when it exploded. The bomb .... 7. Someone's moved my chair! My chair.... 8. The police are questioning Mr and Mrs Davidson. Mr and Mrs Davidson .... 9. Someone checks the water level every week. The water level.... 10. We invited two hundred people to the wedding. Two hundred people .... PASSIVE VOICE Change the following sentences from active to passive. Do not change the tense. 1. The teacher corrects our exercises at home. 2. They started a dancing class last week. 3. Mr. Smith saw the accident. 4. He left the report on the desk. 5. Everybody will have see this film by now. 6. He has just finished the report. 7. An economic crisis followed the war. 8. Somebody may have taken my book.

9. The teacher returned our written work to us. 10. Valerie buys books from that store. 11. She had finished the report by noon. 12. The mad dog bit the little boy. 13. The wind blows the fog away by midmorning. 14. The committee will choose you as its representative. 15 The maid broke the plate and the glass. 16. Tall telegraph poles should have lined the street. 17. The newspapers reported the event immediately. 18. We could have heard the sound of music. 19. The police have arrested five suspects. 20. The neighbourhood children discovered our club. 21. The doctor ordered him to take a long rest. 22. Lightning struck the house. Change the following sentences from active to passive voice. They are building a new garage here. We should abolish such laws. Peter and Jack have found the missing child. They publish a lot of new books every year. Paul and Maria have already signed the contract. She will finish the work tomorrow. My uncle and David put off the meeting last night. Your nephew has not cleaned this room since last week. Albert feeds the animals at the same time every day. Shean must sharpen the knives. Bob sent an invitation to every member. Someone should do something about this. We might increase production if we raised the salaries. The fire destroyed completely the house. We will prosecute trespassers. They will bury the climber at the foot of Mount Everest.

I.B.M. has sold computers all over the world. You must sterilize a baby' s bottle to kill germs. They first developed the V.C.R. in the early 80s. J.L. Bird produced the first TV pictures in 1926. To make tea, you must boil water and pour it in a kettle. The mechanics were repairing my car when I telephoned. This postman delivers a lot of letters every day. The new waiter is serving the customers. An American reached first the moon. Sharon is preparing our dinner. Their Member of Parliament has advised them. They have built a lot of houses since 1.990. We give tourists an 18% discount on everything they buy. They promised John a quick promotion. Someone brought back the stolen library books. They will pay Susan's telephone bill before Friday. I shall leave the key under the mat. We must settle the matter before we leave. They must sell the house before the end of the month. Harry has ironed his trousers. We havent started serious negotiations yet. We're going to solve the problem as soon as possible. The management turned down our suggestion. Someone ate my cake while I was visiting my brother. They aimed the campaign at wiping out drug abuse. The British don't accept fascism any more than communism. Someone showed the child how to use the telephone. They were cleaning the room when I arrived. Why did not David tell it to me earlier? We must tell Laura the news before she leaves. -