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Obj.

7 Zeros of Polynomial Functions


Unit 2 Quadratic and Polynomial Functions

Concepts and Objectives


Zeros of Polynomial Functions (Obj. #7) Find rational zeros of a polynomial function Use the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra to find a function that satisfies given conditions Find all zeros of a polynomial function

Factor Theorem
The polynomial x k is a factor of the polynomial f(x) if and only if f(k) = 0. Example: Determine whether x + 4 is a factor of f ( x ) = 3x 4 48 x 2 + 8 x + 32
4 3 0 48 8 32 12 48 0 32

3 12

0 8

Yes, it is.

Rational Zeros Theorem


If p/q is a rational number written in lowest terms, and if p/q is a zero of f, a polynomial function with integer coefficients, then p is a factor of the constant term and q is a factor of the leading coefficient. In other words, the numerator is a factor of the constant term and the denominator is a factor of the first coefficient.

Rational Zeros Theorem


Example: For the polynomial function defined by f ( x ) = 8 x 4 26 x 3 27 x 2 + 11x + 4 (a) List all possible rational zeros For a rational number to be zero, p must be a factor of 4 and q must be a factor of 8:
p {1, 2, 4} , q {1, 2, 4, 8}
p q

p 1 1 1 1, 2, 4, , , q 2 4 8

Rational Zeros Theorem


Example: For the polynomial function defined by f ( x ) = 8 x 4 26 x 3 27 x 2 + 11x + 4 (b) Find all rational zeros and factor f(x) into linear factors. Look at the graph of f(x) to judge where it crosses the x-axis:

Rational Zeros Theorem


Example: For the polynomial function defined by f ( x ) = 8 x 4 26 x 3 27 x 2 + 11x + 4 Use synthetic division to show that 1 is a zero:
1 8 26 27 11 4 8 34 7 4 8 34 7 4 0

f ( x ) = ( x + 1) 8 x 3 34 x 2 + 7 x + 4

Rational Zeros Theorem


Example, cont. f ( x ) = ( x + 1 ) 8 x 3 34 x 2 + 7 x + 4 Now, we can check the remainder for a zero at 4:

4 8 34

32 8 4 2 1 0

f ( x ) = ( x + 1 )( x 4 ) 8 x 2 2x 1

f ( x ) = ( x + 1)( x 4 )( 4 x + 1)( 2x 1)
1 1 zeros are at 1, 4, , 4 2

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra


Every function defined by a polynomial of degree 1 or more has at least one complex zero.

A function defined by a polynomial of degree n has at most n distinct zeros.

The number of times a zero occurs is referred to as the multiplicity of the zero.

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra


Example: Find a function f defined by a polynomial of degree 3 that satisfies the following conditions. (a) Zeros of 3, 2, and 5; f(1) = 6 Since f is of degree 3, there are at most 3 zeros, so these three must be it. Therefore, f(x) has the form
f ( x ) = a ( x ( 3 ) ) ( x ( 2 ) ) ( x 5 )

f ( x ) = a ( x + 3)( x + 2)( x 5)

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra


Example, cont. We also know that f(1) = 6, so we can solve for a: f ( 1) = a ( 1 + 3)( 1 + 2)( 1 5)

6 = a ( 2)(1)( 6 ) = 12a 1 a= 2 1 Therefore, f ( x ) = ( x + 3)( x + 2)( x 5) or 2 1 19 f ( x ) = x 3 + x + 15 2 2

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra


Example: Find a function f defined by a polynomial of degree 3 that satisfies the following conditions. (b) 4 is a zero of multiplicity 3; f(2) = 24 This means that the zero 4 occurs 3 times: f ( x ) = a ( x 4 )( x 4 )( x 4 ) or f ( x ) = a( x 4)
3

Fundamental Theorem of Algebra


Example, cont. Since f(2) = 24, we can solve for a: f ( 2) = a ( 2 4 )
3 3

24 = a ( 2) = 8a a =3 3 Therefore, f ( x ) = 3( x 4 ) or

f ( x ) = 3x 3 36 x 2 + 144 x 192

Conjugate Zeros Theorem


If f(x) defines a polynomial function having only real coefficients and if z = a + bi is a zero of f(x), where a and b are real numbers, then z = a bi is also a zero of f(x). This means that if 3 + 2i is a zero for a polynomial function with real coefficients, then it also has 3 2i as a zero.

Conjugate Zeros Theorem


Example: Find a polynomial function of least degree having only real coefficients and zeros 4 and 3 i. The complex number 3 + i must also be a zero, so the polynomial has at least three zeros and has to be at least degree 3. We dont know anything else about the function, so we will let a = 1. f ( x ) = ( x ( 4 ) ) ( x (3 i ) ) ( x (3 + i ) )
f ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) x 2 (3 + i ) x (3 i ) x + (3 i )(3 + i ) f ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) x 2 3x ix 3x + ix + 9 i 2

f ( x ) = ( x + 4 ) x 2 6 x + 10 = x 3 2x 2 14 x + 40

Homework
Page 337: 5-60 (5s)

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