MATRICES

Definitions:

A matrix is an ordered set of numbers listed in
tabular form.
Example. Let A denote the matrix



This matrix A has three rows and four columns. We
say it is a 3 x 4 matrix.
We denote the element on the second row and
fourth column with a
2,4
.

(
(
(

1 0 9 3
9 8 6 5
8 7 5 2
Square matrix

If a matrix A has n rows and n columns then
we say it's a square matrix.
In a square matrix the elements a
i,i
,
with i = 1,2,3,... , are called diagonal elements.

Remark. There is no difference between a 1 x 1
matrix and an ordinary number.

Diagonal matrix

A diagonal matrix is a square matrix with all 0
as its non-diagonal elements.
The diagonal matrix is completely denoted by
the diagonal elements.
Example.



The matrix is denoted by diag(7 , 5 , 6)
(
(
(

6 0 0
0 5 0
0 0 7
Row matrix
A matrix with one row is called a row matrix


Column matrix
A matrix with one column is called a column
matrix


| | 3 2 1
(
(
(

3
2
1
Matrices of the same kind
Matrix A and B are of the same kind if and only if
A has as many rows as B and A has as many
columns as B

Equal Matrices
Matrix A and B are equal if they are of the same
kind and their corresponding elements are also
equal.

The Transpose of a Matrix

The n x m matrix A' is the transpose of the m x
n matrix A if and only if the ith row of A = the
ith column of A' for (i = 1,2,3,..n) So a
i,j
= a
j,i
'

The transpose of A is denoted T(A) or A
T

(

4 3
2 1
A =
(

4 2
3 1
A
T
=
0-matrix

When all the elements of a matrix A are 0, we
call A a 0-matrix.

(

0 0
0 0
A =
An Identity matrix I

An identity matrix I is a diagonal matrix with
all diagonal element = 1.

What does a 3 x 3 identity matrix look like?

A Scalar Matrix S

A scalar matrix S is a diagonal matrix with all
diagonal elements alike.
a
1,1
= a
i,i
for (i = 1,2,3,..n)

What does a 4 x 4 scalar matrix look like?


The Opposite Matrix of a Matrix

If we change the sign of all the elements of a
matrix A, we have the opposite matrix -A.
If A' is the opposite of A then a
i,j
' = -a
i,j
, for all i
and j.
What is the opposite of the following matrix?

(
(
(

1 2 2
2 2 1
5 3 2
A Symmetric Matrix

A square matrix is called symmetric if it is
equal to its transpose. Then a
i,j
= a
j,i
, for all i
and j.

(

1 2
2 1
MATRIX ARITHMETIC
Sum/Difference of Matrices

To add two matrices of the same kind, we
simply add the corresponding elements.
Example:
(
(
(

5 2
3 1
2 1
(
(
(

1 2
3 1
1 2
A =
B = A + B=
Scalar Multiplication

To multiply a matrix with a real number, we
multiply each element with this number.

(
(
(

5 2
3 1
2 1
A = 2A =
Multiplication of Two Matrices A.B

The product is defined only if A is a (l x m)
matrix and B is a (m x n) matrix. So the
number of columns of A has to be equal to the
number of rows of B.
The product C = A.B then is a (l x n) matrix.
The element of the ith row and the jth column
of the product is found by multiplying the ith
row of A by the jth column of B.
c
i,j
= sum
k
(a
i,k
.b
k,j
)
Multiplication of Two Matrices A.B

Example:

(
(
(

5 2
3 1
2 1
A =
(

1 3 2
3 2 1
B=
A.B=
Inverse of a Matrix
For a square matrix A, the inverse is written A
-1
.
When A is multiplied by A
-1
the result is the
identity matrix I. Non-square matrices do not
have inverses.
Note: Not all square matrices have inverses. A
square matrix which has an inverse is called
invertible or nonsingular, and a square matrix
without an inverse is called noninvertible or
singular.
AA
-1
= A
-1
A = I