Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

Section 10.6
1 a
Platinum catalyst

49.0 kJ mol1 Enthalpy Enzyme catalyst Reactants H Products Progress of reaction

36.4 kJ mol1

b The rate will be faster for the enzyme-catalysed reaction, as the activation enthalpy is significantly lower. This means that more pairs of colliding molecules have sufficient energy to react at room temperature. 2 a The catalyst is in the same phase as the reactants. b i An intermediate is formed. In this example, the intermediate is the radical, ClO. ii The first peak represents the energy that must be supplied to enable bonds in the reactants (Cl and O3) to stretch and break as new bonds form in the products (ClO and O2). The trough represents the energy released when ClO and O2 are formed from Cl and O3. The second peak represents the energy required for ClO and O to come together and allow the formation of Cl and O2, which are the products.

Section 11.1
d block b p block c s block d f block Peaks: carbon, silicon Troughs: helium, neon, argon b Elements in the same group occur at similar positions on the graph, e.g. Group 4 at peaks, Group 0 in troughs. 3 a They are all in Group 1. b The molar atomic volumes for each period of elements vary in similar regular patterns. 4 a LiCl, BeCl2, BCl3, CCl4, NCl3, OCl2, FCl NaCl, MgCl2, AlCl3, SiCl4, PCl5, SCl4, Cl2 c Second period: number of chlorine atoms same as group number for Groups 14. After Group 4, falls by one chlorine atom for each subsequent group. Similar pattern for third period, rise continues to Group 5 before falling. d Same formulae. 1 a 2 a 5 a Li2O, BeO, B2O3, CO2, N2O5, F2O Na2O, MgO, Al2O3, SiO2, P2O5, SO3, Cl2O7 c Second period: number of oxygen atoms per atom of element increases by a half up to Group 5 before falling. Third period, increases from Groups 1 through to 7. d Same formulae except for halogens where fluorine is unable to form the higher oxides.

Section 11.2
1 Sulfate solubility decreases down group. 2 a magnesium + steam magnesium hydroxide + hydrogen Mg(s) + 2H2O(g) Mg(OH)2(s) + H2(g) b calcium oxide + hydrochloric acid calcium chloride + water CaO(s) + 2HCl(aq) CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) c beryllium carbonate beryllium oxide + carbon dioxide BeCO3(s) BeO(s) + CO2(g) d barium hydroxide + sulfuric acid barium sulfate + water Ba(OH)2(aq or s) + H2SO4(aq) BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l) 3 a b c d 4 a Cs (or Fr) Cs (or Fr) +1 i M2O ii MOH iii M2CO3 lithium + water lithium hydroxide + hydrogen 2Li(s) + 2H2O(l) 2LiOH(aq) + H2(g) b hydrochloric acid + sodium hydroxide sodium chloride + water HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) c Little reaction even at high temperatures. d sodium oxide + sulfuric acid sodium sulfate + water Na2O(s) + H2SO4(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)

Section 11.4
1 a i Deep brown colour 2I(aq) + Cl2(aq) I2(aq/s) + 2Cl(aq) ii No change iii Light brown/red colour deepens in tone, becoming dark brown 2I(aq) + Br2(aq) I2(aq/s) + 2Br(aq) iv Light brown/red colour 2Br(aq) + Cl2(aq) Br2(aq) + 2Cl(aq) b i ii iii c i ii iii iv Ag+(aq) + Cl(aq) AgCl(s) Ag+(aq) + Br(aq) AgBr(s) Ag+(aq) + I(aq) AgI(s) 2Na(s) + Br2(l/g) 2NaBr(s) Mg(s) + Cl2(g) MgCl2(s) 2K(s) + I2(s/g) 2KI(s) Ca(s) + Cl2(g) CaCl2(s)

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Answers to AS problems in Chemical Ideas

2 a b c d e 3 a b I +1, Cl 1 Br +3, F 1 Br +1 I +5 I +7 Cl2(g) + 2NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + NaClO(aq) + H2O(l) i Chlorine ii Cl from 0 in Cl2 to 1 in NaCl, i.e. reduction Cl from 0 in Cl2 to +1 in NaClO, i.e. oxidation i 2NaClO(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + O2(g) ii Oxygen and chlorine. iii Oxygen from 2 in NaClO to 0 in O2, i.e. oxidation. Chlorine from +1 in NaClO to 1 in NaCl, i.e. reduction.
Isotopes and abundances Melting point/K Boiling point/K Solubility at 293 K/g per 100 g water
210

b i

The orange aqueous bromine water turns a dark brown/black and a black precipitate may form. Br2(aq) + 2At(aq) 2Br(aq) + At2(s) ii The orange-brown colour of iodine is replaced by a much darker colour and/or a black precipitate. I2(aq) + 2At(aq) 2I(aq) + At2(s) iii The two colourless solutions produce a yellow precipitate. Ag+(aq) + At(aq) AgAt(s) iv The sodium burns with an orange flame and a white solid is produced. 2Na(s) + At2(g) 2NaAt(s)

4 a
At 575 (allow 480600) 610 (allow 550700) allow any low value

Section 12.1
1
Empirical formula C3H8 CH2 CH C10H21 CH2 CH C5H4 Molecular formula C3H8 C12H24 C6H6 C20H42 C5H10 C2H2 C10H8 Mr 44.0 168.0 78.0 282.0 70.0 26.0 128.0

c H
X X

H
X

H C
X X

H H H C H C
X X

H H C

XXX X

8 a c 9 a

H Cyclooctane Cycloheptane

H H b Methylcyclopentane d Butylcyclohexane

2 a CH2 b C2H4 3 a C2H5 b C4H10 (it is the only multiple of C2H5 that works as a hydrocarbon) 4 a 0.086 g C 0.014 g H b 0.0072 mol C 0.014 mol H c CH2 d C6H12 e
(or a hexene such as )

c d e f 10
butane methylpropane

5 a BDE b ACF 6 a C7H16 7 a H

X

b C8H16 H
X X X

C16H34 H H C H H C H H C H H H

C
X

C
X

C H

H b H
X

H H
X X X

H
X

H
X X X

H
X

C
X

C
X

C
X

C H

11 a C5H12 + 8O2 5CO2 + 6H2O b C5H12 + 5O2 5CO + 6H2O 12 a For cat cracking, high temperature (500 C) and zeolite catalyst. For steam cracking, high temperature (900 C) with short residence time and steam as dilutent. b True: ii, iv, v c Three from:

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