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Metamorphic Rocks
Metamorphism refers to solid-state changes to rocks in Earths interior
Produced by increased heat, pressure, or the action of hot, reactive uids Old minerals, unstable under new conditions, recrystallize into stable ones
Rocks produced from pre-existing or parent rocks(protolith) in this way are called metamorphic rocks Metamorphic rocks common in the old, stable cores of continents, known as cratons
Rocky Mountains
Appalachian Mountains
Best US exposures
Usually buried deep, metamorphic rocks are seen when erosion removes covering rocks, and in the cores
Directional Pressure
7
Foliation
Metamorphic Grade
15
Types of Metamorphism
Art Soldier
Types of Metamorphism
High T, Low P Metamorphism Contact metamorphism
High temperature is dominant factor Produces non-foliated rocks Occurs adjacent to magma bodies intruding cooler country rock Occurs in narrow zone (~1-100 m wide) known as contact aureole Rocks may be ne- (e.g., hornfels cooked rock) or coarse-grained (e.g., marble, quartzite)
Contact metamorphism
Metamorphic aureole
Contact Metamorphism
Quartzite
metamorphosed sandstone
Types of Metamorphism
Increase of T and P Together
Regional metamorphism
High pressure is dominant factor Results in rocks with foliated textures Prevalent in intensely deformed mountain ranges
Dynamothermal Metamorphism
May occur over wide temperature range Higher pressure and temperature will produce increased metamorphic grade
Felsic continental materials and sediments are buoyant, they have low density They float, cannot be subducted, so they get squashed.
24
Regional Metamorphism
Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Composition
Minerals present in metamorphic rock indicate the levels of temperature and pressure present when created
Nonfoliated
Foliated
Foliated Texture
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Protolith: Shale
Slate
Phyllite
Schist
Gneiss
Migmitite
Metamorphism of Shale
Increasing (Prograde) metamorphism of shale produces:
41
Non-foliated Rocks
Marble:
metamorphosed limestone
Quartzite:
Field Geologists are grateful for quartzites. They dont foliate, so you can see the folds. Mudrocks foliate; much harder to map.
Sample of quartzite
7_18
Fracture
Fracture
NonFoliated Rocks
Sandstone
Metacoglomerate
Conglomerate
Composition - Minerals
580oC
220oC
460oC
690oC
Metamorphic Facies
Barrovian
CANADA
MAINE Montpelier
Augusta
Concord
. .
. .
Boston
R.I. Providence Unmetamorphosed Chlorite/muscovite zone Biotite zone Garnet zone Staurolite zone Sillimanite zone
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Increasing pressure and temperature DIAGENESIS LOW GRADE HIGH GRADE INTERMEDIATE GRADE Chlorite and muscovite Biotite Garnet Staurolite MELTING
Sillimanite
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Temp C Temp F Coal
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Limestone
Sandstone Basalt
Shale
Index Minerals
500 300 600 700 800 500 900 1000 600 1100 1200 700
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Types of Metamorphism
Blueschist Metamorphism
High-pressure, low-temperature Where would you get it?
Subduction zones!