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Physics 5D Fall 2008

Assignment 6
Due at 2:00pm on Tuesday, November 25, 2008
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Degrees of Freedom
Description: Use the equipartition theorem to determine the number of degrees of freedom for the molecules in a gas given its specific heat at a constant volume. Thermodynamics deals with the macroscopic properties of materials. Scientists can make quantitative predictions about these macroscopic properties by thinking on a microscopic scale. Kinetic theory and statistical mechanics provide a way to relate molecular models to thermodynamics. Predicting the heat capacities of gases at a constant volume from the number of degrees of freedom of a gas molecule is one example of the predictive power of molecular models. The molar specific heat of a gas at a constant volume is the quantity of energy required to raise the temperature of one

mole of gas by one degree while the volume remains the same. Mathematically, , where is the number of moles of gas, is the change in internal energy, and is the change in temperature.

Kinetic theory tells us that the temperature of a gas is directly proportional to the total kinetic energy of the molecules in the gas. The equipartition theorem says that each degree of freedom of a molecule has an average kinetic energy equal to is Boltzmann's constant . When summed over the entire gas, this gives , where , where

is the ideal gas constant, for each molecular degree of freedom.

Part A Using the equipartition theorem, determine the molar specific heat, freedom. Hint A.1 How to approach the problem , of a gas in which each molecule has degrees of

The molar specific heat of a substance is the amount of energy required to increase the temperature of one mole of the substance by one degree Celsius. Using the equipartition theorem, determine by how much the total energy of a gas increases when its temperature increases by one degree. Then apply the formula given in the problem introduction for . Recall that a change in temperature reflects a change in the amount of energy associated with each degree of freedom. Hint A.2 Monatomic gas: an example .

The molar specific heat for a monatomic gas is

A monatomic gas has three degrees of freedom, one for each of the three Cartesian directions. By the equipartition theorem, when the temperature of the gas changes, the energy in each degree of freedom changes by an amount .

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER:

and .

Experimentally, kinetic theory and the equipartition theorem do a good job of predicting the specific heat of many gases at room temperature as shown in the chart below. Molecule Argon (Ar) Helium (He) Carbon Monoxide (CO) 12.5 12.5 20.7 1.50 1.50 2.49 Degrees of Freedom 3 3 5

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Hydrogen (H2 ) Nitric Oxide (NO) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2 S) Water Vapor (H2 O)

20.4 20.9 25.92 25.24

2.45 2.51 3.12 3.03

5 5 6 6 is about . Diatomic molecules and

For a monatomic gas, there are only three translational degrees of freedom, so

linear molecules have three translational degrees of freedom and two rotational components to the motion (rotation about the axis of the molecule does not contribute much except at high temperatures), giving a value of about . .

Nonlinear molecules have three translational and three rotational degrees of freedom, which gives

Polyatomic molecules also have vibrational degrees of freedom, where the bonds between atoms can vibrate back and forth like a spring being compressed and released as well as possible side-to-side swinging motion from the bonds bending. The vibrational motion does not normally contribute to the degrees of freedom until a high temperature of 400 degrees Celsius or more is reached.

Part B Given the molar specific heat energetically accessible. For example, at room temperature cis-2-butene, freedom of cis-2-butene are energetically accessible? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem in terms of the number of degrees of freedom . Substitute known quantities into , has molar specific heat . How many degrees of of a gas at constant volume, you can determine the number of degrees of freedom that are

In Part A, you derived an equation for that equation and solve for .

Express your answer numerically to the nearest integer. ANSWER: =

Heat versus Temperature

Description: Short conceptual problem on the definition of specific heat capacity using blocks of iron and aluminum. Requires that students use proportional reasoning. This problem is based on Young/Geller Conceptual Analysis 14.2. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is about twice that of iron. Consider two blocks of equal mass, one made of aluminum and the other one made of iron, initially in thermal equilibrium. Part A Heat is added to each block at the same constant rate until it reaches a temperature of 500 statements is true? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem . Which of the following

Heat is added to both blocks at the same constant rate. That is, the same amount of heat is added to each block per unit time. Therefore, the block that reaches the final temperature in the smallest amount of time is the block that requires the smallest amount of heat to undergo the given temperature change. Since both blocks have the same mass and undergo the same temperature change, you can relate the amount of heat absorbed by each block to the block's specific heat capacity. Hint A.2 Specific heat capacity of a certain substance, the amount of heat needed to change its temperature by an amount

Given a sample of mass is given by

, where is the specific heat capacity characteristic of that substance. It follows that the specific heat capacity . of a sample is

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of the sample by 1 Part A.3 Identify which material requires more heat

Consider several one-gram samples of different materials. Heat is added to each sample to increase its temperature by 1 Which material will absorb the most heat? Hint A.3.a Definition of specific heat capacity The specific heat capacity by 1 .

of a sample is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one gram of that sample

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ANSWER:

The material with the smallest specific heat capacity will absorb the most heat. The material with the largest specific heat capacity will absorb the most heat. All the materials will absorb the same amount of heat because they all have the same mass. All the materials will absorb the same amount of heat because they all undergo the same change in temperature.

ANSWER:

The iron takes less time than the aluminum to reach the final temperature. The aluminum takes less time than the iron to reach the final temperature. The two blocks take the same amount of time to reach the final temperature.

Part B When the two materials have reached thermal equilibrium, the block of aluminum is cut in half and equal quantities of heat are added to the iron block and to each portion of the aluminum block. Which of the following statements is true? Hint B.1 How to approach the problem

Since the same quantities of heat are added to samples that have different masses and different specific heat capacities, this may result in different final temperatures for each sample. However, you must keep in mind that each smaller block of aluminum now has half the mass of the iron block, but about twice the specific heat capacity. To solve this problem use proportional reasoning to find a relation between , , and .

Find the simplest equation that contains these variables and other known quantities from the problem. Write this equation twice: once to describe , , and and again to relate , , and , where the subscript i refers to iron and a to aluminum. Write each equation so that all the constants are on one side and the variables are on the other. In this problem the variable is so write your equations in the form . Finally, compare the two cases presented in the problem. For this question you should find the ratio .

Part B.2 Find the temperature change of the iron block When an amount of heat is absorbed by the block of iron, what is its change in temperature ? Use and for the

mass of the iron block and the specific heat capacity of iron, respectively. Hint B.2.a Specific heat capacity Given a mass by , where is a constant, called specific heat capacity, characteristic of that substance. , , and . of a certain substance, the amount of heat needed to change its temperature by an amount is given

Express your answer in terms of ANSWER:

Now find the ratio

to compare the temperature change of iron to the temperature change of aluminum.

Part B.3 Find the temperature change of the smaller aluminum block When an amount of heat is absorbed by the block of iron, what is its change in temperature ? Express the mass of the

block in terms of the mass of the iron block capacity of iron .

and the specific heat capacity of aluminum in terms of the specific heat

Hint B.3.a Specific heat capacity of aluminum Recall that the specific heat capacity of aluminum is about twice the specific heat capacity of iron. Express your answer in terms of ANSWER: , , and .

Now find the ratio

to compare the temperature change of iron to the temperature change of aluminum.

ANSWER:

The three blocks are no longer in thermal equilibrium; the iron block is warmer. The three blocks are no longer in thermal equilibrium; both the aluminum blocks are warmer. The blocks remain in thermal equilibrium.

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How Much Coolant Do You Need?

Description: Find the amount of coolant in an engine using heat transfer as the engine cools. In a bizarre experiment devised by a physics teacher and an industrial arts teacher at a local high school, a cast-iron engine block of mass with coolant of mass is heated to 100 ( ) in a water bath. The engine block is then quickly submerged in an insulated container holding a mass the engine. The final temperature of the water, engine, and coolant is found to be 18 after heat from the engine is transferred to the of . and the of 1000 of water, at a temperature of 15 , to find the mass of the coolant in

water. The engine coolant used is pure ethylene glycol

, which has a specific heat

(Usually you would use a mix of ethylene glycol and water as coolant.) The mass of the engine block used is 275 specific heat of cast iron is . The specific heat of water is 4187 .

Assume that this is a closed, isolated system. Part A For this experiment, the students were asked to find the mass of the coolant. If pure ethylene glycol is used as the coolant, what is the mass of coolant used in the experiment? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem

Heat flows from the engine and coolant into the water. To determine the relationship between the amount of heat that flows out of the engine and coolant with the amount of heat that flows into the water, use conservation of energy. This will provide you with an equation that you can solve for the mass of the coolant. Part A.2 Find the heat added to the water and , how much heat is added to the water?

Given the initial and final temperatures of the water,

Hint A.2.a The equation for the heat added to the water The equation for the heat added to the water is . Give a numeric answer in joules to three significant figures. ANSWER: =

Part A.3

Find the heat removed from the engine alone and , how much heat is removed from the engine alone

Given the initial and final temperatures of the engine, (excluding the coolant)?

Hint A.3.a The equation for the heat removed from the engine The equation for the heat removed from the engine is . Give a numeric answer in joules to three significant figures. ANSWER: =

Hint A.4

The equation for the heat removed from the coolant removed from the coolant is .

The equation for the heat

Part A.5

Find the heat removed from the engine and coolant is removed from the engine and coolant?

Given the amount of heat added to the water, how much heat Hint A.5.a Which conservation law to use

Conservation of energy says that in a closed, isolated system, there is no net gain or loss of heat. Thus, the heat lost by the engine and coolant and the heat gained by the water must sum to zero. Give a numeric answer in joules to three significant figures.

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ANSWER:

Find the mass of ethylene glycol ANSWER: =

in kilograms to three significant digits.

Relationships between Molar Heat Capacities

Description: Defines molar heat capacities; find C_V and C_p for ideal gas; find gamma. This tutorial requires the first law. The amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 1 mole of a substance by one Celsius degree (or, equivalently, one kelvin) is called the molar heat capacity of the system, denoted by the letter . If a small amount of heat is put into moles of a substance, and the resulting change in temperature for the system is . This is the definition of molar heat capacity--the amount of heat added per infinitesimal change in , per mole. , then

A heated gas tends to expand, and the heat capacity depends on whether the gas is held at constant volume or allowed to expand so that it remains at constant pressure. The molar heat capacities are denoted and for constant volume and constant pressure, respectively. When a gas is held at constant volume and heated, thermodynamics, , so the work, done by the gas is zero. The first law of .

, therefore implies that all of the heat must go into increasing the gas's internal energy

When a gas is held at constant pressure as it is heated, the same amount of heat is required to increase the gas's internal energy. In addition, the gas expands and does work. The first law therefore demands addition of extra heat to do the work. Consequently, for a gas held at constant pressure, it takes more heat for a given increase in temperature than it does for a gas held at constant volume. This problem concerns the important relationship between molar heat capacity at constant volume capacity at constant pressure . and the molar heat

This discussion shows that the molar heat capacity of a gas depends on the circumstances under which the gas is heated. The molar heat capacity for a gas held at constant pressure is greater than that for a gas held at constant volume. In this problem, you will derive a single equation that relates and for an ideal gas. Molar heat capacity at constant volume

Part A Consider an ideal gas being heated at constant volume, and let gas's infinitesimal change in temperature is Part A.1 Find the heat added , the infinitesimal heat put into moles of this gas. , and . be the gas's molar heat capacity at constant volume. If the of moles of gas.

, find the infinitesimal change in internal energy

Find an expression for

Express your answer in terms of some or all of the quantities , ANSWER: =

Hint A.2

Effect of constant volume , where is the heat put into the gas, is the gas's change (since

The first law of thermodynamics states that in internal energy, and ).

is the work done by the gas. For a gas held at constant volume,

Express the infinitesimal change in internal energy in terms of given quantities. ANSWER: =

Part B Rewrite this equation, solving for .

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Give your answer in terms of ANSWER: =

and

and

Molar heat capacity at constant pressure

Part C Now suppose the ideal gas is being heated while held at constant pressure . The infinitesimal change in the gas's volume is , while its change in temperature is . Find the gas's molar heat capacity at constant pressure, . Part C.1 Let Find the heat added be the infinitesimal heat added to the system. Use the first law of thermodynamics to express , , and . .

Express yout answer in terms of some or all of the quantities ANSWER: =

By definition, . To find an expression for works here only because Express ANSWER: = in terms of the desired quantities, you can "divide" your equation for is a constant. , , , , and . by . This

in terms of some or all of the quantities

This result is quite general and holds for any type of gas. Part D Suppose there are Part D.1 Find moles of the ideal gas. Simplify your equation for from the ideal gas law , and the fact that is constant, find an expression for . using the ideal gas equation of state: .

Using the ideal gas equation of state,

Give your answer in terms of some or all of the quantities , ANSWER:

, and .

Express ANSWER:

in terms of some or all of the quantities = is indeed greater than

, and the gas constant

It is clear from this result that

Part E The ratio of the specific heats is usually denoted by the Greek letter , and . . For an ideal gas, find .

Give your answer in terms of some or all of the quantities , ANSWER: =

Note that, for an ideal gas,

. It is important to remember that the equation found here for , but the specific form for

is only true for ideal will always depend on

gases. In general, for all materials that expand when heated, the equation of state of the material.

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The Overheated Jogger

Description: If a jogger cannot get rid of the heat generated while running, how long will it take before permanent bodily harm is done? While jogging, a 70.037.0 student generates thermal energy at a rate of 1200 . To maintain a constant body temperature of

, this energy must be removed by perspiration or other mechanisms. If these mechanisms failed and the heat could not

flow out of the student's body, irreversible body damage could occur. Protein structures in the body are irreversibly damaged if body temperature rises to 44.0 typical human body is or above. The specific heat of a

, slightly less than that of water. (The difference is due to the presence of protein, fat,

and minerals, which have lower specific heat capacities.) Part A For how long a time Hint A.1 could a student jog before irreversible body damage occurs?

How to approach the problem

Calculate the heat needed to raise the student's temperature to the point at which bodily harm occurs. Use this with the rate of thermal energy generation to find the time needed to reach that point. Part A.2 Calculate the heat needed to cause damage Calculate the heat necessary to cause irreversible body damage.

Hint A.2.a Equation for heat To calculate the heat needed to raise an object's temperature, use the equation is the mass of the object, is the change in temperature of the object, and , where is the heat needed,

is the specific heat of the object, which

depends on the material used to make up the object in question. Express your answer in joules. ANSWER: =

Hint A.3 Units of rate of thermal energy generation Recall that the rate of heat generation was given in watts, where Express your answer in minutes. ANSWER: = .

When a person suffers from heat stroke, the body stops sweating. Sweating is the most important mechanism that the body has to get rid of extra heat, because of the large heat of vaporization of water. At later stages of heat stroke, the only way that the person will be able to get rid of body heat will be by radiation, which is not very effective, particularly on hot days. Now you can see why heat stroke needs to be dealt with as soon as possible!

Various Gas Expansions: pV Plots and Work

Description: Types of gas expansions - what is constant and what changes. How does the work compare? The student is expected to know about different kinds of expansions, i.e. isothermal, adiobatic and isobaric. An ideal monatomic gas is contained in a cylinder with a movable piston so that the gas can do work on the outside world, and heat can be added or removed as necessary. The figure shows various paths that the gas might take in expanding from an initial state whose pressure, volume, and temperature are , , and respectively. The gas expands to a state with final volume . For some answers it will be convenient to generalize your results by using the variable , which is the ratio

of final to initial volumes (equal to 4 for the expansions shown in the figure.) The figure shows several possible paths of the system in the pV plane. Although there are an infinite number of paths possible, several of those shown are special because one of their state variables remains constant during the expansion. These have the following names: Adiabiatic: No heat is added or removed during the expansion. Isobaric: The pressure remains constant during the expansion. Isothermal: The temperature remains constant during the expansion.

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Part A Which of the curves in the figure represents an isobaric process? ANSWER: A B C D

Part B What happens to the temperature of the gas during an isobaric expansion? Part B.1 Implications of , must hold at all points on the curve; furthermore, is constant since no gas is added or

The ideal gas law,

escapes. For an isobaric process does not change, so the volume and the temperature are simply related. Find the final temperature for the expansion along path A. Express ANSWER: = in terms of , the initial temperature.

ANSWER:

Temperature increases. Temperature remains constant. Temperature decreases.

Here is an explanation of why the temperature increases based on kinetic molecular theory. When the volume is increased, the mean time between collisions with the wall would tend to increase, since molecules need to travel longer distances before hitting the wall. Keep in mind that the pressure on the walls of the vessel is given by , where . If this increase in collision time were the only thing to change, the pressure exerted on the walls would decrease. To keep the pressure the same, the molecules must travel faster, which increases the momentum they impart to the wall at each collision. The molecules are made to travel faster by heating the gas and increasing its internal energy. Part C Which of the curves in the figure represents an isothermal process? Hint C.1 Ideal gas law again . Temperature is constant here so the equation says . Which of the curves shown has that property? . The other way to

The ideal gas law is state this is to say that ANSWER:

A B C D

In cyclic thermodynamic processes such as the one that occurs in heat engines and refrigerators, the system traverses a closed path in the pV plane. In this case there will be curves like those depicted here for which the system traverses from right to left, that is, on which the gas undergoes compression. The sign of the work for compression is the opposite of that for expansion. For compression, the work done by the gas is negative; that is, the world does work on the gas to compress it. Thermodynamic processes like the three discussed here can also be shown in a plot of vs. or vs. . These are

useful for showing changes of phase of the gas--for example the line where gas changes to liquid. However, there is no simple interpretation of the work on such plots, so the pV plot is the most commonly used when discussing the work done by a system.

Part D Graphically, the work along any path in the pV plot ____________. ANSWER: is the area to the left of the curve from is the area under the curve from to requires knowledge of the temperature to

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Part E Calculate Hint E.1 , the work done by the gas as it expands along path A from Expression for . to .

Remember that the work along the pV curve is

Part E.2

Find an expression for , which is an integral with respect to volume of the pressure . What is the pressure

The total work is the integral of along curve A? Express ANSWER: in terms of = .

Part E.3

Do the integral to , of , and . , the final volume.

Calculate the integral from

Express the integral in terms of ANSWER:

Express ANSWER:

in terms of =

, and

Remember that is not always true. For this particular process, the pressure was constant. Now consider a process in which the temperature and not the pressure is constant. Part F Calculate the work Part F.1 done by the gas during the isothermal expansion.

Find an expression for using the fact that for this type of expansion . To find the constant, evaluate

Find the expression for

at the beginning of the process. Give your answer in terms of ANSWER: , , and .

So you can rewrite find the total work done in this process. Hint F.2 Doing the integral .

. Integrate this expression from the initial to the final volume to

Remember that

Express ANSWER:

in terms of =

, and

Part G Which of the curves shown represents an adiabatic expansion? Hint G.1 Pressure and volume in an adiabatic expansion , where for an ideal monatomic gas.

Recall that for an adiabatic expansion

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ANSWER:

A B C D

A Sliding Crate of Fruit

Description: For a crate of fruit sliding down an incline with friction, calculate the work done by the friction and the temperature change of the crate if all of the heat generated is absorbed by the crate. A crate of fruit with a mass of 36.0 an angle of 35.8 Part A If the crate was at rest at the top of the incline and has a speed of 2.05 the crate by friction? Hint A.1 How to approach the problem at the bottom, how much work was done on and a specific heat capacity of 3800 slides 8.20 down a ramp inclined at

below the horizontal.

If no friction were acting, then the kinetic energy of the crate at the bottom of the incline would equal the difference in gravitational potential energy of the crate between its initial and final positions. The nonconservative (nc) frictional force is responsible for the difference. To find the work done by friction, apply energy conservation: . Part A.2 Find the initial and final kinetic energies ) and after it reaches the bottom of the ramp ( )?

What is the kinetic energy of the crate before it starts to slide (

Express your answer in joules as two terms separated by commas. ANSWER: , =

Part A.3 What is the ramp? Part A.3.a

Find the difference between initial and final potential energy , the change in the potential energy of the crate from when it starts to slide to after it reaches the bottom of

A helpful formula and a helpful diagram , where is the height shown in the

The difference in the potential energy of the crate is given by figure below. What is the value of ? Express your answer in meters.

ANSWER:

Express your answer in joules. ANSWER: =

Use 9.81 ANSWER:

for the acceleration due to gravity and express your answer in joules.

The frictional force opposes the motion of the crate, so the work done on the crate by friction must be a negative quantity.

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Part B If an amount of heat equal to the magnitude of the work done by friction is absorbed by the crate of fruit and the fruit reaches a uniform final temperature, what is its temperature change ? Hint B.1 Equation for temperature change , where is a

The quantity of heat needed to increase the temperature of an object by a certain amount is given by is the object's mass, is its specific heat, and

is the temperature change (in kelvins) of the object. In this case

positive quantity since the temperature of the crate is increasing. ANSWER: =

Of course, the assumptions of "total heat absorption" and "uniform temperature change" are not very realistic; still, this simplified model provides a useful reminder about the transformation of mechanical energy into thermal energy when nonconservative forces are present.

An Expanding Monatomic Gas

Description: Calculate the temperature of an ideal monatomic gas as it is heated while being expanded. We start with 5.00 moles of an ideal monatomic gas with an initial temperature of 125 absorbs an amount of heat equal to 1140 Part A What is the final temperature Hint A.1 of the gas? and does an amount of work equal to 2160 . . The gas expands and, in the process,

First law of thermodynamics

The first law of thermodynamics for an ideal gas system is given by the equation , where 2160 is the final total internal energy, is the initial total internal energy, 1140 is the heat added to the system, and

is the work the gas system does on its surroundings. Thus, when we add heat without the gas doing any work, the

internal energy goes up. If the gas does work on the surroundings by expanding without any addition of heat, the internal energy goes down. Part A.2 Find the change in internal energy of the gas?

What is the total change in internal energy Express your answer in joules. ANSWER: =

Part A.3

Calculate the change in temperature of the gas.

Calculate the change in temperature Hint A.3.a Equipartition Theorem

For an ideal gas with three degrees of freedom (one for each of the dimensions--x, y, and z--that the atoms can move in) the Equipartition Theorem states that the internal energy of the gas is given by , where 5.00 is the amount of gas in moles, 8.3145 Express your answer in degrees Celsius. ANSWER: = is the ideal gas constant, and 125 is the temperature.

Use

= 8.3145

for the ideal gas constant.

ANSWER:

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Problem 19.31
Description: Consider the following two-step process. Heat is allowed to flow out of an ideal gas at constant volume so that its pressure drops from 2.2 atm to 1.4 atm. Then the gas expands at constant pressure, from a volume of 5.9 L to 9.3 L, where the... Consider the following two-step process. Heat is allowed to flow out of an ideal gas at constant volume so that its pressure drops from 2.2 to 1.4 . Then the gas expands at constant pressure, from a volume of 5.9 to 9.3 , where the temperature reaches its original value. (See figure ).

Part A Calculate the total work done by the gas in the process. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Part B Calculate the change in internal energy of the gas in the process. ANSWER: =

Part C Calculate the total heat flow into or out of the gas. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Part D ANSWER: This amount of heat flows into the gas. This amount of heat flows out of the gas.

Problem 19.48
Description: The specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas is 0.182 ( kcal/kg) * K at room temperature, and its molecular mass is 34. (a) What is its specific heat at constant pressure? (b) What do you think is the molecular structure of this gas? The specific heat at constant volume of a particular gas is 0.182 Part A What is its specific heat at constant pressure? ANSWER: = at room temperature, and its molecular mass is 34.

Part B What do you think is the molecular structure of this gas? ANSWER: monatomic

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diatomic triatomic tetraatomic

Problem 19.33
Description: Suppose n of an ideal gas of volume V_1 at T_1 is allowed to expand isothermally to V_2 at T_2 = T_1. (a) Determine the work done by the gas. (b) Determine the heat added to the gas. (c) Determine the change in internal energy of the gas. Suppose 2.10 = 293 Part A Determine the work done by the gas. ANSWER: = . of an ideal gas of volume = 4.00 at = 293 is allowed to expand isothermally to = 16.0 at

Part B Determine the heat added to the gas. ANSWER: =

Part C Determine the change in internal energy of the gas. ANSWER: =

Problem 19.35
Description: One and one-half moles of an ideal monatomic gas expand adiabatically, performing W of work in the process. (a) What is the change in temperature of the gas during this expansion? One and one-half moles of an ideal monatomic gas expand adiabatically, performing 9700 Part A What is the change in temperature of the gas during this expansion? ANSWER: = of work in the process.

Problem 19.43
Description: (a) If a heater supplies P to a room 3.5 m x 4.6 m x 3.0 m containing air at T and 1.0 atm, by how much will the temperature rise in one hour, assuming no losses of heat or air mass to the outside? Assume air is an ideal diatomic gas with molecular... Part A If a heater supplies 1.4!10 6 to a room 3.5 x 4.6 x 3.0 containing air at 23 and 1.0 , by how much will

the temperature rise in one hour, assuming no losses of heat or air mass to the outside? Assume air is an ideal diatomic gas with molecular mass 29 . Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

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Problem 19.50
Description: A n sample of an ideal diatomic gas at a pressure of P_1 and temperature of T_1 undergoes a process in which its pressure increases linearly with temperature. The final temperature and pressure are T_2 and P_2. (a) Determine the change in internal... A 1.00 sample of an ideal diatomic gas at a pressure of 1.00 and temperature of 390 undergoes a process in which and 1.60 .

its pressure increases linearly with temperature. The final temperature and pressure are 690 Part A Determine the change in internal energy. (Assume five active degrees of freedom.) ANSWER: =

Part B Determine the work done by the gas. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Part C Determine the heat added to the gas. ANSWER: =

Problem 19.51
Description: A 1.00-mol sample of an ideal diatomic gas, originally at 1.00 atm and T, expands adiabatically to k times its initial volume. (a) What are the final pressure for the gas? (Assume no molecular vibration.)... (b) What are the final temperature for... A 1.00volume. Part A What are the final pressure for the gas? (Assume no molecular vibration.) ANSWER: = sample of an ideal diatomic gas, originally at 1.00 and 29 , expands adiabatically to 1.70 times its initial

Part B What are the final temperature for the gas? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Problem 19.53
Description: A n sample of an ideal diatomic gas expands adiabatically from a volume of V_1 to V_2. Initially the pressure was 1.00 atm. (a) Determine the initial and final temperatures. (b) Determine the change in internal energy. (c) Determine the heat lost... A 3.05 sample of an ideal diatomic gas expands adiabatically from a volume of 0.1400 . to 0.719 . Initially the

pressure was 1.00 Part A

Determine the initial and final temperatures. Enter your answers numerically separated by a comma. ANSWER: , =

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Part B Determine the change in internal energy. ANSWER: =

Part C Determine the heat lost by the gas. ANSWER: =

Part D Determine the work done on the gas. (Assume no molecular vibration.) ANSWER: =

Problem 19.55
Description: A n sample of an ideal monatomic gas, originally at a pressure of P, undergoes a three-step process: (1) it is expanded adiabatically from T_1 to T_2; (2) it is compressed at constant pressure until its temperature reaches T_3; (3) it then returns to... A 1.00 sample of an ideal monatomic gas, originally at a pressure of 2.00 = 595 to = 382 , undergoes a three-step process: (1) it is ;

expanded adiabatically from

; (2) it is compressed at constant pressure until its temperature reaches

(3) it then returns to its original pressure and temperature by a constant-volume process. Part A Determine ANSWER: = .

Part B Calculate the change in internal energy for each process. Enter your answers numerically separated by commas. ANSWER: , , =

Part C Calculate the work done by the gas for each process. Enter your answers numerically separated by commas. ANSWER: , , =

Part D Calculate the heat added to the gas for each process. Enter your answers numerically separated by commas. ANSWER: , , =

Part E Calculate the change in internal energy, the work done by the gas, and the heat added to the gas for the complete cycle.

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Enter your answers numerically separated by commas. ANSWER: , , =

Problem 19.73
Description: During light activity, a m person may generate Q. (a) Assuming that 20% of this goes into useful work and the other 80% is converted to heat, estimate the temperature rise of the body after t if none of this heat is transferred to the environment. During light activity, a 72 Part A Assuming that 20 body after 40 of this goes into useful work and the other 80 is converted to heat, estimate the temperature rise of the person may generate 220 .

if none of this heat is transferred to the environment.

Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Problem 19.78
Description: A bicycle pump is a cylinder 20 cm long and 3.0 cm in diameter. The pump contains air at T and 1.0 atm. (a) If the outlet at the base of the pump is blocked and the handle is pushed in very quickly, compressing the air to half its original volume,... A bicycle pump is a cylinder 20 Part A If the outlet at the base of the pump is blocked and the handle is pushed in very quickly, compressing the air to half its original volume, how hot does the air in the pump become? ANSWER: = long and 3.0 in diameter. The pump contains air at 30.0 and 1.0 .

Problem 19.88
Description: A diesel engine accomplishes ignition without a spark plug by an adiabatic compression of air to a temperature above the ignition temperature of the diesel fuel, which is injected into the cylinder at the peak of the compression. Suppose air is taken... A diesel engine accomplishes ignition without a spark plug by an adiabatic compression of air to a temperature above the ignition temperature of the diesel fuel, which is injected into the cylinder at the peak of the compression. Suppose air is taken into the cylinder at 281 and volume and is compressed adiabatically to 580 ( 1600 ) and volume . Part A Assuming that the air behaves as an ideal gas whose ratio of engine. ANSWER: = to is 1.4, calculate the compression ratio of the

Problem 19.40
Description: In the process of taking a gas from state a to state c along the curved path shown in the figure , Q_ac of heat leaves the system and W_ac of work is done on the system. Suppose a gas is taken clockwise around the rectangular cycle shown in the... In the process of taking a gas from state , 90 of heat leaves the system and 59 to state along the curved path shown in the figure of work is done on the system.

Suppose a gas is taken clockwise around the rectangular cycle shown in the figure, starting at

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, then to , to

, to , and returning to

Part A Describe each leg of the process. ANSWER: Answer Key: Leg Leg Leg Leg ba ad dc cb is is is is an an an an isobaric expansion, and so the work done is positive. isovolumetric reduction in pressure, and so the work done on that leg is 0. isobaric compression, and so the work done is negative. isovolumetric expansion in pressure, and so the work done on that leg is 0.

Part B When the gas is taken along the path , the work done by the gas is -40 . If , calculate the net work done during the cycle.

Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Part C Calculate the total internal energy change during the cycle. ANSWER: =

Part D Calculate the net heat flow during the cycle. Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Part E What percentage of the intake heat was turned into usable work: i.e., how efficient is this "rectangular" cycle (give as a percentage)? Express your answer using two significant figures. ANSWER: =

Summary

0 of 21 items complete (0% avg. score) 0 of 109 points

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