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Water pollution If we think about the items in our classroom, we can probably identify ordinary items such us desks, lights, chalk, paper, pencils and etc. All classroom contains many products, all made from natural resources. Making each product required energy . And the manufacture of nearly all of the product, caused some kind of Pollution. What is pollution? Pollution is the contamination of the air, water, or soil. Pollution can be caused by natural processes. For example the explosive of volcanic eruption, dust and ash that can be spreadout the air. This can make it hard for some people to breath. Most pollution can caused by human activities. What causes pollution? When you think pollution, you may think of litter, such as that cluttering the water or you may think of smog , the clouds of dust, smoke and chemicals. Pollution can be as invisible as a colorless, odorless, gas or as obvious as bad smelling trash leftby the side of the road. Most forms of pollution has several common features. There are three types of pollution, air, water and land. But now we will discuss about water pollution. Water pollution All living things need clean water to survive. In fact, the bodies of most organisms, including humans, are made up mostly of water. Many people believe that water is our most valuable natural resource. Unpolluted water is even more important to acquatic organisms, which spend all their life in a liquid environment. On july 6, 1988, a load of aluminum sulfate was accidentally tipped into the water supply in camelford, England. Before mistake was discovered, people became ill. Accidents are responsible for some water pollution but not all. Most water pollution can be traced to industrial waste, agricultural fertilizers, and everyday human activities. Flushing toilets, washing cars, and pouring chemicals down drains are actions that account to most at the worlds water pollution. Sources and types of Water Pollution Agriculture

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Water pollution from agricultural sources is usually not direct, but enters the water supply via runoff and ground water absorption in areas of agricultural activity. 1. Fertilizers Most modern farms use chemical fertilizers to increase crop fields. These fertilizers can get washed away by rain and end up in streams , rivers , lakes or ponds. The fertilizers may contain nitrate ions , which encourage the growth of bacteria and algae. Animals on land can be affected by another group of chemicals hat eventually make their way into bodies of water. These chemicals called Pesticides. 2. Pesticides It is used to control crop-damaging pests. Like fertilizers, pesticides can be washed by rain into streams, rivers, lakes, or ponds. There they are ingested by fish and other acquatic animals. As larger animals eat the fish, the chemicals are passed along the food chain. In 1970, a pesticide called DDT was widely used to control mosquitos and other insects. DDT caused the eggs of fish eating pelicans and other fish-eating birds to become thin and fragile. 3. Animal wastes Animal waste are a source of water pollution with potential health hazards. With the trend toward raising animals in feed lots, disposal of these wastes become a problem. Industrial One of the more serious forms of water pollution, arises from the disposal of noxious industrial wastes into rivers and streams. Thia has been a common industrial practice for many years, at one time streamflows were adequate to dilute and carry away the wastes without environmental damage, but with the increase of industry and population . Chemical The number of chemical compounds discharged by industry is legion. For example, mercury (Hg) is a readily available element obtained from the abundant ore cinnabar (HgS). Mercury has many industrial uses (as many as 300), and compounds of mercury are used extensively as pesticide. As a form of water pollution, mercury compounds find their way into the food chains of wildlife, particularly fish. Fish are a food supply for many species, including human beings . Another source of chemical pollution that has come to light in recent years is chemical waste burial. At one time, chemical companies buried their waste without standards or specifications.

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Hydrosphere: Comes from the word Hudor>Water and Sphaira>Sphere. The word is referring to Combined bodies of water on the earths surface and in this study of our group, we are primarily concerned with this topic including all matters that it entails, most especially the process of WATER CYCLE and the issue of WATER POLLUTION which affects us most Filipinos to the point that several lives and millions of properties are being sacrificed every year. Therefore, the main objective of our report is geared towards a thorough understanding of how important Water is in our lives and why do we need to give full attention and concern with its preservation to avoid destruction. Objectives of the Study: 1.] To make us learn of what really comprises the Hydrosphere together with all its characteristics and usual processes that normally occur like the Water Cycle. 2.] For our fellow classmates on Physical Science in section BSE1A, as well as those who will be able to see our video, understand what are the causes & effects of Water Pollution and how grievous it is. 3.] That we may realize at the end of the study what NEGLIGENCE and INDIFFERENCE to God given natural wealth like water may result into and how to avoid such destructive consequences. Hydrosphere-One of the spheres of the Earth concerned with the bodies of water located on the Earths surface, such as Oceans, seas, rivers, lakes, streams and ponds. It covers 70% or of the Earth. It is a dynamic mass of water that is continually on the move, evaporating from the oceans to the atmosphere, precipitating back to the land, and running back to the ocean again. Ocean basins occupy much more of the surface than do the continents.

A.)Motion of Hydrosphere Hydrosphere is always in Motion like the atmosphere. Rivers, streams, oceans and seas movement is pretty obvious as compared to lakes and ponds (together with the large scale motions that move water great distances such as the tropics and poles or between continents) which are more difficult to see. These types of motions are in the form of currents that move the warm waters in the tropics toward the poles, and colder water from the Polar Regions toward the tropics. These currents exist on the surface of the ocean & at great depths in the ocean (up to about 4km).

B.)Earths Oceans What is World Ocean-An interconnected System of the Earths oceanic (or marine)waters& comprises the bulk of the hydrosphere, covering almost 71% of the Earths with a total volume of 1.332 billion cubic meters. The major oceans that comprise the World Ocean are the Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Arctic Ocean as well as Antarctic Ocean. Pacific Ocean-Largest Ocean on Earth.>Location: Between Continents of North America & Asia on the California and Japan Sides, respectively. Its Northern Border reaches Alaska & southern border is all the way down to Antarctica.

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Atlantic Ocean-2 Largest Ocean on Earth.>Location: Bounded on the West by North & South America. To the east side, its bounded by Europe, and to the North Side, it connects to the Arctic Ocean through the Denmark Strait, Greenland Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea. rd Indian Ocean Ocean-3 Largest Ocean in the World.>Located between Africa, Asia, Australia & Southern Ocean. / Size (Area):68.556million sq.kms. Arctic Ocean and Antarctic Ocean-Smallest Oceans on Earth (?)Located on North Pole and South Pole respectively.
nd

C.)Characteristics of Ocean which affects its Motion a.)Temperature-The fundamental processes used for defining an absolute temperature scale over the range of temperatures found in the ocean include: 1.]the gas laws relating pressure to temperature of an ideal gas with corrections for the density of the gas; and 2.]the voltage noise of a resistance R. b.)Salinity-Total Amount of Dissolved Material in Grams in 1kg.of Sea Water. D.)Ocean Currents a.)Surface Currents-It is a continuous, directed movement of ocean water generated by the forces acting upon this mean flow, & salinity differences & hides caused by the gravitational pull of the moon & the sun. b.)Deep Currents-A stream like movement of ocean water far below the surface. E.)Oceans 2 Main Purposes in the Climate System: 1.)First, it is a large reservoir of chemicals that can contribute to the greenhouse effect in the Atmosphere & energy absorbing 90% of the solar radiation which hits the surface. This reservoir changes very slowly limiting how fast the climate can change. 2.)It works with the atmosphere to redistribute the energy received from the sun such that the heat in the tropics, when a lot of energy is received from the sun, is transferred toward the poles, where heat is generally lost to space. F.)Topography of the Ocean Floor Topography-Refers to the study of numerous landforms that exist on or below the Earth. Ocean Floor-Refers to the near-horizontal surface of the ocean basin. Also known as one of the principal elements of the relief & geological structure of the bottom of the world ocean. It covers the abyssal part of the Ocean bottom except for the mid-ocean & is characterized by the development of typical oceanic crust. Occupying the lowest hypsometric level of the earths surface (ave. Depth, 4000m; maximum depth, 700m). Area is more than 185 Million sq.km. (Approximately more than 50% of the total area of the bottom of the world ocean.

*A Short History of the Ocean Floor Topography Started with the historic 3 & year voyage of the HMS Challenger which made the st 1 & most comprehensive study of the global ocean.

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The 110,000 km.(68,000mile)trip took the ship & its crew of scientists, for every ocean except the Arctic. Throughout the voyage, they measured the depth of water by lowering a weight line overload. Later, it further expanded with the laying of transatlantic cables. Then in the 1920s, a technological breakthrough occurred with the invention of electronic depth-sounding equipment (echo sounder). Echo sounder works by transmitting by transmitting sound waves toward the Ocean Bottom. Since the invention of this device, millions of km. of continuous sonic-depth determination have provided a more complete & detailed view of the Ocean Floor. For an idea of how an echo sounder looks like, heres a photo from Wikipedia

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-----Continuation of Ocean Floor Topography----Ocean Floor Topography Refers to the different forms in which the Ocean floor bottom can exist. Science has established that the Ocean floor Topography is similar to the ground features like valleys, mountains & plateaus, but definitely covered with water. It starts with Outer Continental Shelf followed by the Continental Slopes & subsequently Ocean Floor.

*Based on the illustration/diagram above, here are the definitions of the various parts that comprise the ocean floor topography: 1.] Continent-A collective term for the vast landmasses & their submerged margins. 2.] Continental Shelf-Section of the Continental Margin extending from the Coast of the Continent to the Continental Rise; its depth is no more than 660ft. 3.] Continental Shelf-Slope of a few degrees that extends from the Continental Shelf. It is 660 to 6,600 ft. deep 4.] Submarine Canyon-Deep Valley that is frequently the extension of a river; it ends up in a sediment build-up

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5.] Continental Rise-Gently Sloping section of the continental margin. It connects the Continental Slope to the abyssal plain 6.] Mid-Ocean Ridge-A group of underwater Mountain Chains criss-crossing the Oceans; it is formed by an outpouring of magma 7.] Sea Level-Mean Water Level observed for a given duration (day, month, and year); it is used as a reference to define coastal features & calculate the elevation of topographical elements. 8.] Abyssal Plain-Zone located at a depth of 6600 to 20000ft.; it covers most of the Ocean Floor 9.] Abyssal Hill-Rounded Underwater Rise of Low Elevation 10.] Island Arc-String of Volcanic Islands formed when 2 tectonic plates meet 11.]Guyot-Ancient Volcano whose summit has been cut off by erosion & then submerged 12.] Continental Margin-An underwater Extension of the Continent; it is comprise of the Continental Shelf, the Continental Slope and the Continental Rise 13.] Magma-Molten Rock & gas under very high pressure that can reach extremely high temperature 14.] Seamount-Isolated Mountain of Volcanic origin featuring a pointed summit 15.] Trench-Extremely deep elongated depression bordering a continent or island arc; it occurs when 1 tectonic plate moves under another. 16.] Volcanic Island-Volcano whose Summit rises above sea level Actually, the TOPOGRAPHY of Oceans have 3 Major units: A.]The Continental Margins B.]Deep-Ocean Basins C.]Mid-Ocean Ridges o For Continental Margins, as previously mentioned, Continental Shelf is one of its sections and this part is a gently sloping submerged surface extending from the shoreline toward the deep Ocean basin. o Since its underlain by Continental-type crust, it is clearly a flooded extension of the Continents. o Continental Shelf varies greatly in width o Almost non-existent-along some continents & it may extend seaward as far as 1,500 km. along others. o On average, Continental Shelf is about 80kms. wide & 130meters deep at the seaward edge o Average inclination of continental shelf is less than 1/10 of 1 degree; a drop of less than 2meters per kilometre o Slope is so slight that it appears as a horizontal surface Another part of Continental Margin that has been defined earlier was Continental Slope. o Characterized by a step gradient as compared with the shelf & it marks the boundary between Continental Crust & Oceanic Crust. o Average is about 5 degrees and in places may exceed 25 degrees

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Last but not the least is Continental Rise wherein gradient lessens from the 4-8 meters per kilometre. This feature consists of a thick accumulation of sediment that moved downslope from the Continental Shelf to the deep-ocean floor o For Deep Ocean Basin>This lies between the Continental Margin and Ocean Ridge System. Size of this region is almost 30% of the earths surface. We also find flat regions known as Abyssal Plains Steep-sided volcanic peaks called seamounts and deep-ocean trenches are located in the Ocean Basin An example of an abyssal plain is off the coast of Argentina which has less than 3 meters of relief over a distance exceeding 1,300kms. The monotonous topography of abyssal plains will occasionally be interrupted by the protruding summit of a buried volcanic structure Seamounts are isolated volcanic peaks dotting the ocean floors that may rise hundreds of meters above the surrounding topography. Deep-Ocean Trenches which are long, narratively narrow features that form the deepest parts of the ocean. Mostly located in the Pacific Ocean. Mid-Ocean Ridges>These are sites of seafloor spreading Coming from Soundings taken from the Ocean Floor, core samples obtained from deep sea drilling, visual inspection, using deep diving, submersibles & even st 1 hand inspection of slices of ocean floor that have been shoved up into dry land. Ocean Ridge Systems are characterized by an elevated position extensive faulting a numerous volcanic structures which have developed on newly formed crust.

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G.]Ocean Zonation/Ocean Zones

The ocean can be divided into many zones, each with its own dominant organisms. The bottom of the ocean is known as the benthic zone, while the pelagic zone extends from the ocean floor to the surface. It is divided according to its proximity to land and the depth of water. The neritic zone is that part of the pelagic zone which extends from the high tide line to the ocean bottom less than 200 m deep while water deeper than 200 m feet is referred to as the oceanic zone. The neritic zone can be partitioned based on tide levels. The upper band is known as the intertidal zone, encompassing the region from the wave splash zone to the low tide mark. The highest zone within the intertidal is known as the supralittoral zone and is the area above the high tide mark that receives only wave splash and seawater mist. Some terrestrial organisms live here, such as saltwater-tolerant lichens. Below the supralittoral zone is the supralittoral fringe, or "splash zone", which receives a regular splashing from waves at high tide. The next zone is the midlittoral zone, which includes the majority of the intertidal zone and receives periodic exposure and submersion by tides. The lowest zone, the infralittoral zone, includes the lowest levels exposed by extreme spring tides and extends into the sub tidal zone, marking the beginning of the marine environment. The oceanic zone is subdivided into the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic zones. The epipelagic (euphotic) zone receives enough sunlight to support photosynthesis. The mesopelagic (disphotic) zone, where only small amounts of light penetrate, lies below and while 90% of the ocean lies in the bathypelagic (aphotic) zone into which no light penetrates.

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Temperature

Seawater temperature map showing areas of warmer water in red and areas of cooler water is blue. White areas represent ice. Notice the upward finger of cold water in the South Pacific off of South America and the downward finger of cold water in the North Pacific off of the West Coast of the USA

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Salinity Salinity map showing areas of high salinity (36 o/oo) in green, medium salinity in blue (35 o/oo), and low salinity (34 o/oo) in purple. Salinity is rather stable but areas in the North Atlantic, South Atlantic, South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Arabian Sea, Red Sea, and Mediterranean Sea tend to be a little high (green). Areas near Antarctica, the Arctic Ocean, Southeast Asia, and the West Coast of North and Central America tend to be a little low (purple). ---------------------------------------------------FRESH Water and River System----------------------------------Fresh Water and River Systems o o o Fresh Water is water that contains insignificant amount of salts. Ground Water is a collective water formation coming from rain & melting snow sink into the ground & run off the land. A river system is a network of streams that drains an idea of land and contains all of the land drained by a river including the main river & all its smaller stream of rivers that flow into larger ones, contributories.

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----------*Bodies of Water*--------1.] Rivers-It is after a perennial & usually flows in a specific channel with a considerable volume of Water. Worlds shortest river is the DRiver in Oregon which is only 120ft. & connects Peril Lake directly to the Pacific Ocean 2.] Pond-A small lake, most often in a natural depression 3.] Sea-A very large lake that contains salt water(Except the Sea of Galilee which is actually a Freshwater Lake) Ex. Caspian Sea, Mediterranean Sea 4.] Ocean-Ultimate bodies of water consists of the 5 members of Oceans of the World or World Ocean. 5.]Coves-Smaller indentations of Land by a lake, sea or ocean. 6.] Bays-Larger than a cove & can refer to any indentation of the Land 7.] Gulf-Larger than a Bay which is usually a deep cut of the Land. Ex. Persian Gulf/Gulf of California 8.] Lagoon-Any Lake or pond directly connected to a larger body of water 9.] Channel-A narrow sea between 2 land masses Ex: English Channel 10.] Strait-A narrow passage connecting 2 large bodies of Water Other Secondary Bodies of Water *Brooks-Smallest water channel *Creek-Larger than brooks which could either be permanent or intermittent *Streams-Intermittent or Permanent & can be on the surface of the earth, underground, or even within an ocean. Ex. Gulf Stream

I.]Composition of Sea Water 1.) Salinity-The main salt ions making the sea salty; usually 35 parts per thousand 2.) Density-Depends on Temperature, Salinity and Pressure 3.) Dissolved Gases-2 most important gases to life, oxygen & Carbon Dioxide. Limiting hydrogen ions and ocean Ph. 4.)Biocarbonate:The life of dissolved carbon dioxide in the sea.

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J.]Tides

Tides are daily changes in the elevation of the ocean surface Easiest Ocean movements to observe According to Isaac Newton, there is a mutual attractive force between 2 bodies, & since oceans are free to move, they are determined by this force. Tides, therefore, result from gravitational attraction exerted upon earth by the moon and to a lesser extent by the sun. a.)Causes of Tides 1.] Gravity-Since this is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between 2 objects, this means simply that gravity weakens with distance. The 2 objects involved are Moon and Earth. Because gravitational force decreases with distance, the moons gravitational pull on earth is slightly greater on near side of Earth than on the far side. The result of the differential pulling is to stretch (elongate) the solid earth very slightly. In contrast, the World Ocean, which is mobile, is deformed dramatically by this effect to produce the 2 opposing tidal bulges. And this is what you call LOW and HIGH tides. Every day we have 2 low tides and 2 high tides. 2.] Position of the Moon-This moon usually changes position moderately in a single day so that tidal bulges remain in place while earth rotates through them. These tides are known as LUNAR tides. 3.] Tide bulges migrate as the moon revolves around earth about every 29 days. The tides, like the time of moonrise, shift about 50 mins. Later each day. After 29 days, the cycle is complete & a new one begins. *LOW TIDES AND HIGH TIDES* A.)Low Tides-Tides at its lowest level at a particular time and place. o o The lowest tides reached under normal meteorological conditions (Spring Tides) take place when the Moon and the Sun are directly aligned with respect to Earth. Low tides are less extreme when the moon and sun are at right angles(the Neap Tides).

B.)High Tides-Tides when it is at its highest level at a particular time and place. Highest tides reached under normal meteorological conditions (Spring Tides) take place when the Moon and Sun are directly aligned with respect to Earth. High tides are less extreme (Neap Tides) when Moon and Sun are at right angles. *Storms & other meteorological conditions can greatly affect the height of the tide as well. *Shapes of Coastlines & the configuration of Ocean Basins greatly influence the tides.

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b.)Tidal Currents Horizontal flow of water accompanying the rise & fall of the tide. Flood currents are Tidal Currents that advance into the Coastal Zone as the tide rises Ebb Currents-Seaward-moving water generates this current as tide falls. Slack Water is a period of little or no current at all, separating flood & ebb current, and the areas affected by these alternating tidal currents are Tidal Flats. Tidal Deltas are deposits created by tidal currents. There are 2 types, namely: *Flood Deltas-landward of an Inlet *Ebb Delta-Seaward Side of an Inlet K.)Tidal Waves

A wave that moves up to 200 miles per hour & is up to 1000ft. High Causes of Tidal Waves: 1.) Hurricane (a Storm surge) Underwater Earthquake Unusual Astronomical Conditions (?) *Effects: Flooding, Destruction of Coastline, Damage to Property and Homes and most of all DEATH. Types of Tidal Waves a.)Tsunamis-earthquakes in the ocean floor

b.)Storm Surge- Caused by Hurricane

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THE WATER CYCLE The earth contains water divided in 2 parts: 97.5% - ocean 2.5% - fresh water -70% is ice -30% is groundwater - 1% of freshwater for direct human use -70% for irrigation -22% for industry -0.08% for domestic use Transpiration plant evaporation. Ground water subsurface water contained in pore spaces of rocks.

Effect of humans in the water cycle: -Hydroelectricity: affects function of rivers -Irrigation: removes water from natural resource -Deforestation: affects transpiration -Greenhouse effect: increase of earths temperature

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Hand outs for report on: Hydrosphere Water Cycle Water Pollution

Members: Alexander Alo Vivien Valdez Marjorie Ibabao Rafael Barrios

BSE1A

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