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M C P >=P CPU
Needsmathpastarithmeticandbasicprobability. Requiresknowinghowtoplaychess. Physicsknowledgeishelpful. Idon'tknowthesolutiontothisproblemmyself. Requirescalculator/computerpower.
relativelyeasy
easy
relativelymedium
med
relativelyhard
hard
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putnam
putnam
RECENTADDITIONS
Checkoutlatestpuzzlesbyperusingthe forumandthe 10mostrecentposts. Latestadditionstocoversitecanbeseenbyclickinghere.
relativelymedium
howmanyplacesarethereontheearththatonecouldwalkonemilesouth,thenonemilewest,thenonemilenorth andendupinthesamespot?tobeprecise,let'sassumetheearthisasolidsmoothsphere,sooceansand mountainsandothersuchthingsdonotexist.youcanstartatanypointonthesphere.also,therotationoftheearth hasnothingtodowiththesolutionyoucanassumeyou'rewalkingonastaticsphereifthatmakestheproblemless complicatedtoyou. Hint1:thinkyou'vefigureditout?doyouknowthatthere'smorethanone?infact,therearemorethantwo.also notethatwalkingnorthfromthenorthpole(orsouthfromthesouthpole)isillogicalandthereforedoesnotenter intotheproblem.allnormalassumptionsaboutdirectionswillbeused. Hint2:christophercolumbus.
GLOBE TRAVERSAL
GHETTO ENCRYPTIONI
GHETTO ENCRYPTIONII
aretakenawayratherthanjustcopied?)
GHETTO ENCRYPTIONII
arrangethenumbers1to8inthegridbelowsuchthatadjacentnumbersarenotinadjacentboxes(horizontally, vertically,ordiagonally).
ADJACENCYGRID
6 2
1 4 7 8
3 5
thearrangementabove,forexample,iswrongbecause3and4,4and5,6and7,and7and8areadjacent.
youdieandthedevilsayshe'llletyougotoheavenifyoubeathiminagame.thedevilsitsyoudownataround
DOMINOESONA CHESSBOARD
Whyaremanholesround?
MANHOLES
Note:ThisisafamousMicrosoftquestion.Yetamusingly,theMicrosoftcampususessquaremanholes.
SQUARE DIVISION
drawasquare.divideitintofouridenticalsquares.removethebottomlefthandsquare.nowdividetheresulting shapeintofouridenticalshapes.
drawanequilateraltriangle(allsidessamelength).divideitintofouridenticalshapes.removethebottomlefthand shape.nowdividetheresultingshapeintofouridenticalshapes.
Youareinaroomwiththreelightswitches,eachofwhichcontrolsoneofthreelightbulbsinthenextroom.Yourtask
LIGHTBULBS ANDSWITCHES
Addpunctuationtothefollowingphrasetomakesomethinggramaticallyandlogicallycoherent:
PUNCTUATIONI
isisnotnotnotisnotisisisisnotisnotisitnot
PAPERCUTTING
InthecityofFunkytown,thefollowingfactsaretrue:
InthecityofFunkytown,thefollowingfactsaretrue:
l l
POPULATIONOF FUNKYTOWN
CHOCOLATE MILK
Thereisanislandofmonkswhereeveryonehaseitherbrowneyesorredeyes.Monkswhohaveredeyesare cursed,andaresupposedtocommitsuicideatmidnight.However,nooneevertalksaboutwhatcoloreyesthey have,becausethemonkshaveavowofsilence.Also,therearenoreflectivesurfacesonthewholeisland.Thus,no oneknowstheirowneyecolortheycanonlyseetheeyecolorsofotherpeople,andnotsayanythingaboutthem. Lifegoeson,withbrown eyedmonksandred eyedmonkslivinghappilytogetherinpeace,andnooneever committingsuicide.Thenonedayatouristvisitstheislandmonastery,and,notknowingthathe'snotsupposedto talkabouteyes,hestatestheobservation"Atleastoneofyouhasredeyes."Havingacquiredthisnewinformation, somethingdramatichappensamongthemonks.Whathappens? Hint:Firstconsiderthecasewherethereareonlyafewmonksontheisland,somewithbrownandsomewithred.
BROWNEYES ANDREDEYES
Workthroughthelogicandfindoutwhathappensovertime.ThengeneralizeforthecaseofMmonksontheisland, Nofwhichhaveredeyes.
WHERE'STHE FATHER?
Themotheris21yearsolderthanthechild.In6yearsfromnow,themotherwillbe5timesasoldasthechild. Question:Where'sthefather?
Comparethenumbers0.99999...(infinitelymany9s)and1.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrue?Why?
l l
.999...
Forumthread:Clickhere.CheckoutIcarus's(ourlocalmathematician)insightfulexpositiononthisproblem.
COLOREDDISK SPINSENSORS
amanhasagoldchainwith7links.heneedstheserviceofalaborerfor7daysatafeeofonegoldlinkperday. however,eachdayofworkneedstobepaidforseparately.inotherwords,theworkermustbepaideachdayafter
GOLDCHAIN
DUMBCSJOKE M
WhydocomputerprogrammersalwaysgetChristmasandHalloweenmixedup?
WATERBUCKETS
DUMBCSJOKE M
WhydocomputerprogrammersalwaysgetChristmasandHalloweenmixedup?
WATERBUCKETS
Blackkeypeg=oneofB'spegsisthecorrectcolorandinthecorrectposition Whitekeypeg=oneoftheB'spegsisthecorrectcolorbutinthewrongposition
MASTERMINDI
TWOCHILD FAMILYI
Inatwo childfamily,onechildisaboy.Whatistheprobabilitythattheotherchildisagirl?
TWOCHILD FAMILYII
Inatwo childfamily,theolderchildisaboy.Whatistheprobabilitythattheotherchildisagirl?
2=1
BRIDGE CROSSING
CYCLOID M
CYCLOID M
Tenpeoplelandonadesertedisland.Theretheyfindlotsofcoconutsandamonkey.Duringtheirfirstdaythey gathercoconutsandputthemallinacommunitypile.Afterworkingalldaytheydecidetosleepanddividetheminto tenequalpilesthenextmorning.Thatnightonecastawaywakesuphungryanddecidestotakehisshareearly.After dividingupthecoconutshefindsheisonecoconutshortoftenequalpiles.Healsonoticesthemonkeyholdingone morecoconut.Sohetriestotakethemonkey'scoconuttohaveatotalevenlydivisibleby10.Howeverwhenhetries totakeitthemonkeyconkshimontheheadwithitandkillshim.Lateranothercastawaywakesuphungryand decidestotakehisshareearly.Onthewaytothecoconutshefindsthebodyofthefirstcastaway,whichpleaseshim becausehewillnowbeentitledto1/9ofthetotalpile.Afterdividingthemupintoninepilesheisagainonecoconut shortandtriestotakethemonkey'scoconut.Again,themonkeyconksthemanontheheadandkillshim.Onebyone eachoftheremainingcastawaysgoesthroughthesameprocess,untilthe10thpersontowakeupgetstheentire pileforhimself.Whatisthesmallestnumberofpossiblecoconutsinthepile,notcountingthemonkeys?
COCONUT MONKEY
PRISONER DILEMMAREDUX
Findthesidelengthoftheinternalsquareandtheradiioftheinternalcircles,intermsofa.
Note:Thisgeometryproblemcomesfromthetraditionofsangaku.Duringtheperiodbetween1639and1854,many Japanesesamuraiapparentlyadoptedgeometryasaseriousmentaldiscipline!Theywouldsolvemanydifficult geometricproblems,andcarefullyinscribethesolutionsintobeautifulwoodentablets,oftenwithcolor.Thenthey wouldhangtheirsolutionsunderroofsforpublicviewing,eithertoshowrespectfortheeleganceofmath,orperhaps justtoshowofftheirintelligenceandchallengeotherpractitionersofsangakuaJapanesewordthatliterallymeans mathematicaltablet.SangakuproblemsareusuallyjustEuclideangeometry,butothersseemalmostimpossibletodo withoutcheatingandusinghigherlevelmath(e.g.calculus,affinetransformations).Alsonotableisastrongemphasis onellipsesandcircles,anemphasisnotfoundinWesternstudiesofgeometry. Note2:Forahardcopyoftheaboveimageonly,clickhereandprint.Hardcopiesareusefulfordrawinglinesand labelingverticesandwhatnot. Problemsource:Fukagawa,H.andD.Pedoe.JapaneseTempleGeometryproblems.CharlesBabbageResearch Foundation:Winnipeg,1989.
Findtheradiioftheinternalcircles,intermsofa.
Findtheradiioftheinternalcircles,intermsofa.
ThisisthelogicgameofMastermind.Ifyouhaven'tplayeditbefore,here'showitworks.Thereisaboardthatis
Blackkeypeg=oneofB'spegsisthecorrectcolorandinthecorrectposition Whitekeypeg=oneoftheB'spegsisthecorrectcolorbutinthewrongposition
MASTERMINDII
guesses.What'sisA'sarrangement?
Addpunctuationtothefollowingphrasetomakesomethinggramaticallyandlogicallycoherent:
PUNCTUATIONII
ihadhadhadtomhadhadhadhadhadhadhadhadthepraiseoftheteacher
BROKENCLOCK
WHATHAPPENED I
BUS PASSENGERS
SPRINKLERAND PUMP
SOLDERCUBE
Sayyouhavesomebendablewires(anynumber,anylength).Whatistheminimumnumberofsolderconnections neededtomakeacube?Proveit.Also,whatistheminimumnumberofwiresnecessary?Proveit.
ANALOGCLOCK III
ANALOGCLOCK III
PARTY HANDSHAKES
RANDOMIZEDICE CREAM
Youarepresentedwithaladder.Ateachstage,youmaychoosetoadvanceeitheronerungortworungs.Howmany differentpathsaretheretoclimbtoanyparticularrungi.e.howmanyuniquewayscanyouclimbtorung"n"?
LADDERRUNGS
RACETRACKLAPS
IMPATIENT PATIENTS
EVSPI
Withoutcomputingtheiractualvalues,whichisgreater,e^(pi)or(pi)^e?
COINFLIPGAME WORTHII
Game:Youcontinueflippingacoinuntilyougetatails.Ithenawardyouprizemoneyequalto$2^(numberofheads). Howmuchareyouwillingtopaymetoplaythisgame?
EVSPI
Withoutcomputingtheiractualvalues,whichisgreater,e^(pi)or(pi)^e?
COINFLIPGAME WORTHII
Game:Youcontinueflippingacoinuntilyougetatails.Ithenawardyouprizemoneyequalto$2^(numberofheads). Howmuchareyouwillingtopaymetoplaythisgame?
COINFLIPGAME WORTHIII
271
Write271asthesumofpositiverealnumberssoastomaximizetheirproduct.
GivenacylindricaltowerwithadiameterofDandadoorofheightHfromtheground,whatisthelongestladderof
LADDERINTO TOWER
6PERSON ACQUAINTANCE
Provethatinanygroupof6people,atleast3mustbeeithermutuallyacquaintedwitheachother,ormutually unacquaintedwitheachother.
XX
Ifxisapositiverationalnumber,provethatx^xisirrationalunlessxisaninteger.
Whilewillywutangwastryingtobecleverbyusingonly twocondomstosatisfythreewomen,increasedfriction betweenoverlappedlatexlayersproducesatearandadangerousaccident!Hethenbecomesveryworriedabout havingcontractedanSTD,especiallysinceoneofthewomenwasreallyskankylooking.Althougharandomperson hasonlyprobability0.001ofhavinganSTD,poorwillywutangjustcan'tsleepoverthoseodds.Franticallyhehustles tothenearestdrugstore,topurchasetheACMEAll PurposeSTDChecker.Thepackagingboastsa0.93correctness probability.Thatis,iftheuserhasanSTD,theACMESTDCheckerwillreturnpositive93%ofthetimeiftheuserdoes nothaveanSTD,itwillreturnnegative93%ofthetime.Willywutangreturnshomeandusesthecheckerinhis bathroom. Tohisdismay,theresultsarepositive. Assumingthatwillywutang'spromiscuityonaverageisidenticaltothatofarandomlychosenperson,whatisthe probabilitythatwillywutanghasSTDs?
WILLYWUTANG HASSTDS?
KABOUTERS
CIRCUITFAILURE ANALYSIS
a. b.
a. b.
RUMOR SPREADING
TREESFOR WILLYWUTANG
Agroupofprisonersaretrappedinaforcefield.Theseprisonersareperfectlybrave,meaningthattheywouldattempt
FORCEFIELD DETAINMENT
WHATHAPPENED II
WHATHAPPENED III
Mathematicsdepartmentsatsomesouth westernuniversitiesreceivedMr.H.N.sslylettersaskingfortheonereal solutionxofthefollowingtwoequations: 18=((1+x) 18 /x) 17=((1+x) 17 /x) ProfessorA.S.atoneofthosedepartmentssentMr.H.N.thefollowingbriefsolution: 18/17=((1+x) 18 /x)/((1+x) 17 /x)=1+x,sox=1/17 Arethereanyotherrealsolutionsx?Why?
ONEREAL SOLUTION
PROOFTHATY=0
COINSSAME WEIGHT M
PAPERFOLD
Arectangularsheetofpaperisfoldedsothattwodiagonallyoppositecornerscometogether.Thecreasethusformed
COINSSAME WEIGHT M
PAPERFOLD RATIO
Arectangularsheetofpaperisfoldedsothattwodiagonallyoppositecornerscometogether.Thecreasethusformed isaslongasthelongersideoftherectangle.Whatistheratioofthelongersideoftherectangletotheshorter?
FARMER'S ENCLOSURE
Afarmerhasfourstraightpiecesoffencing:1,2,3,and4yardsinlength.Whatisthemaximumareahecanenclose byconnectingthepieces?
GOODANDBAD COMPUTERS
Whitetomove.WhatisoptimalplayforWhite?
CHESSSTUDYI C
Whitetomove.WhatisoptimalplayforWhite?
CHESSSTUDYII C
Note:AnotherRichardReticlassicstudyinvolvingtheendgameandthesurprisingpowerofKings.
1514SLIDE
1514SLIDE PUZZLES
ThereareNpeopleinoneroom.HowbigdoesNhavetobeuntiltheprobabilitythatatleasttwopeopleintheroom
BIRTHDAY PARADOX
WORLDSERIES BETTING
Note:ThistaskwasreputedlysetbeforejobseekersataWallStreetbrokeragein1994.
You'replayingagamewithyourfriendonaninfinitelylargepieceofgraphpaper.Youandafriendeachhavea differentcolorpen.Youtaketurnsmarkingintersectionsofthegrid.Thewinneristhefirstpersontocolor4
SQUARESONA GRID
OBTUSE TRIANGLES
Note:"ThisoneisfromanoldMartinGardnerbook.Gardnerclaimsprofessionalmathematicianshavebeenknownto getitwrong.Thenagain,professionalmathematiciansgettheMontyHallproblemwrongsometimestoo."TimMann
LOADEDCRAPS DICE
Note:WritingcreditstoMattLahut.
PENNYTRACK GAME
Whatshouldyourfirstmovebe?
PENNYTRACK GAME
Whatshouldyourfirstmovebe?
POSITIVEMATRIX SUMS
Iftilesofbothkindsareabundant,andiftilesmayberotated,canthemutilatedcheckerboardbecoveredexactly withnonoverlappingtilesthatmatchthecolorsofcoveredsquares?Why?
InanpresidentialelectionbetweenWillywutangandBillybutane,thewinningcandidateWillywutanghasreceivedn+k
ALWAYSAHEAD
Adeckof26redand26blackcardsisshuffledintorandomorderandplacedfacedown.Thenthecardsareturnedup
CALLINGA CARD'SCOLOR
COMPLEX MULTIPLICATION
CRAZY SPRINKLER
3.
Note:WritingcreditstoJamesFingas!
Whatrowofnumberscomesnext?
CONWAY SEQUENCE
Note:MathematicianJohnConwayspentconsiderabletimestudyingthissequence.
WillyWutangiswritingtohisoverseassweetheart.Hewritesasteamyloveletter,sealstheenvelope,andthen inscribesthefollowingcrypticaddressonthefront:
CRYPTIC ADDRESS
Strangelyenough,theletterreachesitsintendedrecipient.WhatisWilly'ssweetheart'saddress?
Note:WritingcreditstoJamesFingas:)
WillyWutangismakingarobot,andhehasboughthimselfasetof24fingergauges.Forthoseofyouwhohave neverseenasetofthese,eachgaugeisastripofmetalabout1/2"wideandaboutonefootlong.Eachisadifferent thickness(0.001"upto0.024").Eachhasaholeinoneend,andtheyarefastenedtogetherwithanutandbolt,in orderofthickness. Willy'scalculationsindicatethat,withtheflamethrowerattachmentextended,hemustadjustthesparkplugtobe 0.086"fromthejelliedgasolinenozzle.Hepullsouthistrustyfingergaugeset,andrealizestheyonlygoupto 0.024".Howcanheaccuratelysetthesparkplugdistance? Ifyou'vefiguredouthowWillymeasured0.086",whatisthesmallestmeasurement(inthousandthsofaninch)that Willycan'tmakeusinghissetoffeelergauges?Whatisthesmallestmeasurement(inthousandthsofaninch)that Willycan'tapproximateto+/ 0.001"?
FINGERGAUGES
Note:WritingcreditstotheprolificJamesFingas.
Anacrobatthiefentersanancienttemple,andfindsthefollowingscenario:
Note:WritingcreditstotheprolificJamesFingas.
SUMOF RECIPROCALS
Showthatthesumofthereciprocalsofthefirstnpositivenumbersisnotanintegerforn>1.
CAKEDIVISION
LEMMING DROWNINGS
Author:WilliamWu Note1:Ifyoumakeacertainobservation,thecalculationsrequiredbecomeverytrivial! Note2:Yes,IknowLemmingsdon'treallycommitgroupsuicides.Problemandstorylinewasinspiredbythe Lemmingsvideogame.
1/27/20038:30PM
RESISTORCUBE
Imagineacubewhereeachedgeisa1ohmresistor.Findtheresistancebetweenoppositecornersofthecube. Therearemanywaystosolvethisproblem,butsomewaysaremorecleverthanothers.
ASTROWRENCH P
Note:Bewarygrasshopper.Thereareseveralcommonwronganswerstothisproblem!
2/2/20033:31AM Whatarethenextfewtermsinthesequence? /\ /\
SLASHAND DASHSEQUENCE
JEWELTHIEVES
WIRECUFFS
BUFFON'S NEEDLE M
Note1:Afamousproblemposedandsolvedin1777byFrenchnaturalistBuffon.Ithaslongsincefascinated scientists,andmarkstheoriginofgeometricalprobability theanalysisofgeometricalconfigurationsofrandomly placedobjects. Note2:These19thcenturyexperimentsbegandevelopmentoftheMonteCarlomethod,whichusesrepeated simulationtoapproximatetruestatistics. Note3:Thisisn'tmuchofariddle...morelikejustaninterestingmathematicalexercise.Themostchallengingpartis settinguptheproblem.
SAMWISEAND GANDALF
SAMWISEAND GANDALF
4/7/200312:47AM
RETROGRADE CHESSI C
Whatwasthelastmovemade?
Note:FromKarlFabel's1955bookRundumdasSchachbrett.
5/11/200310:44PM
PATHCOLLISION
ConsideranNxNgrid.DenoteonecorneraspointA,andtheoppositecorneraspointB.GeorgeiswalkingfromAto B,andLennieiswalkingfromBtoA.Allpathsareequallylikely,aslongastheyfollowthegridandnevermoveaway fromthedestination.(HenceGeorge'spathcannevermovedownorleft,andLennie'spathcannevermoveupor right.)
l l
WhatistheprobabilitythatGeorgeandLenniecollide? IfGeorgerunsandthusmovesthreetimesfasterthanLennie,whatistheprobabilityofcollision?
5/11/200310:44PM
ROPEAROUND THEEARTH
MOLINA'SURNS
Author:E.C.Molina.
5/27/20032:24PM
Author:E.C.Molina.
TWOGAMBLING MACHINES
Canyouwinmoneywiththismachine?Whichisthebetterwaytoplay?Howcanthisbe?
HEXAGONIN CIRCLE
5/11/200310:44PM Ahexagonwithsidesoflength2,7,2,11,7,11isinscribedinacircle.Findtheradiusofthecircle.
Contributor:MarkNewheiser
5:15PM8/3/2004
Youhave1000pirates,whoareallextremelygreedy,heartless,andperfectlyrational.They'realsoawarethatallthe otherpiratessharethesecharacteristics.They'reallrankedbytheorderinwhichtheyjoinedthegroup,frompirate onedowntoathousand. They'vestumbledacrossahugehordeoftreasure,andtheyhavetodecidehowtosplititup.Everydaytheywillvote toeitherkillthelowestrankingpirate,orsplitthetreasureupamongthesurvivingpirates.If50%ormoreofthem votetosplitit,thetreasuregetssplit.Otherwise,theykillthelowestrankingpirateandrepeattheprocessuntilhalf ormoreofthepiratesdecidetosplitthetreasure. Thequestion,ofcourse,isatwhatpointwillthetreasurebesplit,andwhatwilltheprecisevotebe? Afterthat,considersolvingtheproblemwhenatwo thirdsorthree fourthsmajorityisrequired.Trytogeneralizethe result.
ELEGANTLY GREEDYPIRATES
Contributor:WilliamWu
9:00PM8/19/2004
FAIRCOIN GAMBLING
Forumthreads:MoreHeadsThanTailsandLazyhuntercatchtherabbit.
Contributor:WilliamWu
9:00PM8/19/2004
JUMPINGFROG ONLADDER
Author:WilliamWu
Contributor:Eigenray
9:00PM8/19/2004
LetQdenotethesetofrationals.HowmanycolorsarerequiredtocoloreverypointofQ^kinsuchawaythatnotwo
COLORINGTHE RATIONALPLANE
Contributor:JocKoelman
9:00PM8/19/2004
RANDOMPOINTS ONSPHERE
Twopointsonthesurfaceofaspherearedrawnuniformlyatrandom.Whatisthemaximumlikelihoodestimateofthe distancebetweenthesetwopoints?Theanswermaybeshockingatfirst.Aftergettingtheanswer,trytoexplainit
3.
Hard:k>3
Contributor:JocKoelman
9:00PM8/19/2004
RANDOMPOINTS ONSPHERE
Contributor:Aryabhatta
9:00PM8/19/2004
Youaregivenn>=2pointsinthe2 Dplane.Foreachpairofpoints(P,Q)fromthenpoints,markthemidpointofPQ
NUMBEROF MIDPOINTS
Source:IranianMathematicalOlympiad
ThankstoContributors
DavidLau,SiddharthaDoshi,JiongShen,CarlWang,PhoebusChen,AlanLiu,HansenBow,ErnestZhu,ElaineLo,YosenLin,DonBarkauskas,Katherine Chan,JasvirNagra,TauBetaPi(TBP),EtaKappaNu(HKN),DannyDulai,HisGraceTheDukeOfAnkh MorporkCommanderSirSamuelVimes,Michael Snyder,DipanK.Ghosh,EricCole,LouisWainwright,BenBardill,PatrickDreker,AutumnLooijen,StephenChampailler,ChristopherKingsLynne,BartSamwel, KannanRamchandran,NickYee,StevePlimpton,LevsenHendrik,RemcoHartog,[I.M._Smarter_Enyu],PhilipMock,MichaelChang,JonMeilstrup,Ryan Russell,MattYoung,JonathanHaas,GeoffCanyon,PeterSurda,CoryOndrejka,SatishRao,[gcooper],TedPowell,BraveSirRobin,EricCole,J.A.H.Hunter, SeanR.Owen,AndrewGlenn,BrucePreston,PeterRatiu,MichaelMendelsohn,RobMahurin,JamesFingas,BryanOrgan,JeroenRutten,Stephen Montgomery Smith,MarkoLukat,EricYeh,NickHobson,MikeLawther,[anshil],RichardFeynman,DouglasHofstaeder,DacherKeltner,DavidMace,[SAS], MatthewSchultheis,JohnLeen,AndrewOoi,FolkertHindriks,SteveRagle,DanielFilner,KarlBarrus,MishaKruk,KeithLloyd,DaveMinott,JetteRandlov,Eric Winger,NathanHellweg,TomVanCourt,ChrisSeaton,MitchellMorris,MichaelStyer,ZameerAndani,JonathanBlow,JeffThompson,JonathonDuerig,Dan Hanson,GabrielSechan,TomSaxton,[HunterWare],[alsee],JamesAntill,TomBarringer,BartMassey,DavidKrikorian,EricSharkey,[tudorb],KevinDay,Milan Ramaiya,RobertMerkel,JamesJones,HaimBitner,AdamBarth,OscarLazzarino,DamienFisher,[DrkShadow],ErikBlankendaal,EricSmith,JamesDemmel, JonathanShewchuk,AlexHarris,MichaelKelley,[Mr._Martingale],KaisenLin,HakanYilmaz,FreddyMercury,JustinRising,MarkoLukat,WilliamKahan, JeremyRandolph,MichaelSinatra,DavidMesserschmitt,PatrickMasterson,FrederikBonte,RandyWilliams,PietroK.C.,BrettDanaher,DerekAbbott,Ralph Boleslavsky,Ruidel Negro,[collegemathjournal],[amer.mathmonthly],SpyrosPotamianos,GaryHsieh,[rec.puzzles],StevenRudich,MattLahut,Richard Reti,PaulSinclair,TimMann,[ucbengineeringnews],LukePercival,AnwisDas,MikeWhite,LouisePoon,JeffreyWilhelm,AnthonyCammon,[BNC],A.Frieze &D.Sleator,[SWF],TedStevens,FrankWang,DannyP,PatrickSesulka,[towr],ChiSumCheung,RanjitJhala,JacobScott,DavidMcKay,EamonWarnock (THUDandBLUNDER),KozoMorimoto,AbhijitJoshi,DeveshParekh,AmnonMelzer,MaryLou,LeonidBrouhkis,AllistairSinclair,MarkNewheiser,JocKoelman, PaulJung,Aryabhatta,ThomasCover,Barukh,Nootch,Eigenray
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