A PAPER PRESENTATION ON A CONTROL STRATEGY FOR UNIFIED POWER QUALITY CONDITIONER (UPQC) BASED ON INSTANTANEOUS ACTIVE AND REACTIVE

POWERS.

BY
D.MOUNICA Y10EE2614 EMAIL:deevimounica6@gmail.com 9390098899 M.L.PRAVALLIKA Y10EE2627

Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering

BAPATLA WOMENS ENGINEERING COLLEGE BAPATLA-522101

directly Abstract: One of the serious problems in electrical systems is the increasing number of electronic- components of devices that are used by industry as well as residences. These devices, which need high-quality energy to work properly, at the same time, are the most responsible ones for injections of harmonics in the distribution system. Therefore, devices that soften this drawback have been developed. One of them is the unified power quality conditioner (UPQC). This paper presents a control strategy for a Unified Power Quality Conditioner. This control strategy is used in three-phase three-wire systems. The UPQC device combines a shuntactive filter together with a series-active filter in a back -to- back configuration, to simultaneously compensate the supply voltage and the load current. Some of the other control strategy for shunt-active filter that guarantees sinusoidal balanced and minimized source currents even if under unbalanced and / or distorted system voltages, also known as Sinusoidal Fryze Currents. Then, this control strategy was extended to develop a dual control strategy for series-active filter. Now, this paper deals about the integration principles of shunt current compensation and series voltages compensation, both based on instantaneous active and non-active powers,

calculated

from a-b-c phase

voltages and line currents. Literaturesimulated results are presented to validate the proposed Index Terms: Active Filters, Active Power Line Conditioners, Instantaneous Active and Reactive Power, Sinusoidal Fryze Currents, Sinusoidal Fryze Voltages. I. Introduction ONE of the serious problems in electrical systems is the increasing number of electronic- components of devices that are used by industry as well as residences. These devices, which need high-quality energy to work properly, at the same time, are the most responsible ones for injections of harmonics in the distribution system. Therefore, them is devices the that soften this drawback have been developed. One of unified power quality conditioner (UPQC), as shown in Fig.1. It consists of a shunt- active filter together with a series-active filter. This combination allows a simultaneous compensation of the load currents and the supply voltages, so that compensated current drawn from the network and the compensated supply voltage delivered to the load are sinusoidal, balanced and minimized. The series and shunt-active filters are connected in a backto-back configuration, in which the shunt

converter is responsible for regulating the common DC-link voltage.

This work exploits the use of that positive-sequence voltage detector to develop a new control strategy for seriesactive filter. It is based on a dual minimization compensation, method together for voltage with a

synchronizing circuit (PLL circuit). The synchronizing circuit is responsible to Fig1. General Configuration of UPQC In the 30s of the last century, Fryze [1] proposed a set of active and non-active (reactive) power definitions in the time domain. From these concepts, Tenti et al [2] developed a control strategy for shunt-active filters that guarantees compensated currents in the network that are sinusoidal even if the system voltage at the point of common coupling (PCC) already contains harmonics. However, this control strategy does not guarantee balanced compensated currents if the system voltage itself is unbalanced (i.e. it contains a fundamental negative-sequence component). In [3], this drawback was overcome, by the addition of a positive sequence voltage detector in the shunt-active filter controller. of the This control circuit positive determines the phase angle, frequency and magnitude fundamental sequence voltage component. This new control strategy strategy. has been denominated as the Sinusoidal Fryze Currents control detect the fundamental frequency, as well as the phase angle of the positive-sequence voltage component. The dual minimization method is responsible This to accurately strategy is determine the magnitude of this voltage component. control denominated here as the Sinusoidal Fryze Voltages control strategy. Further, this paper presents the integration Voltages UPQC the Sinusoidal Fryze Currents and the Sinusoidal strategies Fryze into an control controller.

Additionally, the UPQC controller includes an algorithm that provides damping in harmonic voltage propagation and hinders load harmonic currents to flow into the network. II. The UPQC Controller Fig. 2 shows the complete functional block diagram of the UPQC controller. The part shown in Fig. 2(a) is responsible to determine the compensating current references for PWM control of the UPQC shunt converter, whereas the other part shown in Fig. 2(b) generates the

compensating voltage references for PWM series converter. Next, each functional block of Fig. 2 will be detailed.

for

extracting

instantaneously"

the

fundamental positive-sequence component ( V+1 in phasor notation, or va1, vb1, vc1 as instantaneous values, as the outputs of Fig. 3) from a generic three-phase voltage. The distorted and unbalanced voltages vas, vbs, vcs of the power supply are measured and given as inputs to the PLL circuit. As shown in the next section, it determines the signals ia1, ib1, ic1, which are in phase with the fundamental positivesequence component ( V+1 ) contained in vas, vbs, vcs. Thus, only the magnitude of V+1 is missing. The fundamental characteristic of the used PLL allows the use of a dual expression for determining active voltages in the form v ap i a1 v as i a1 + vbs ib1 + vcs ic1 v bp = 2 i b1 (1) ia1 + ib21 + ic21 v i c1 cp As an artifice to extract the V+1 component from vas, vbs, vcs. The reason is that the signals ia1, ib1, ic1 are three symmetric sinus functions with unity amplitude, which correspond to an auxiliary fundamental positive-sequence current I+1that is in phase with V+1. Hence, the average value of the "threephase instantaneous power", 3V+1I+1cos , is maximum (would be zero if V+1and I+1are orthogonal), and the average signal Rbar in Fig. 3 comprises the total amplitude of V+1 . Therefore, it is

Fig 2: The functional diagram of the UPQC Controller (a). Shunt UPQC Converter, (b). Series UPQC Converter A. The positive sequence voltage Detector: A positive-sequence voltage detector is [V+1 voltage detector block in Fig. 2(a)] in terms of "minimized voltages". A dual principle for voltage minimization together with a phase-locked loop circuit (PLL circuit), as shown in Fig. 3. The used PLL circuit is detailed in the next section. In fact, this dual principle of voltage minimization is used here

possible to guarantee that the signals va1, vb1, vc1 are sinusoidal and have the same magnitude and phase angle of the fundamental positive-sequence component of the measured system voltage. B. The PLL Circuit The used PLL circuit, Fig.4 can operate satisfactorily under high distorted and unbalanced system voltages. The inputs are vab = vas vbs and vcb = vcs vbs. The outputs of the PLL circuit are ia1, ib1, ic1. The algorithm is based on the instantaneous active three-phase power expression P3= vabia + vcbic. The current feedback signals ia(wt) = sin(wt) and ic(wt) = sin(wt 2 /3) are built up by the PLL circuit, just using the time integral of output of the PI-Controller. Note that they have unity amplitude and ic(wt) leads 120 ia(wt). Thus, they represent a feedback from a positive sequence component at frequency . The PLL circuit can reach a stable point of operation only if the input P3 of the PI-Controller has a zero average value ( P 3 =0) and has minimized low-frequency oscillating portions in P3 ( P3 = P 3 + P3 ). Once the circuit is stabilized, the average value of P3
is ~ ~

the

fundamental

positive-sequence

component of the measured voltages vas, vcs respectively. Therefore, ia1(t) = sin(t /2) is in phase with the fundamental positive-sequence component contained in vas. .

Fig 3. The V+1 Voltage Detector.

Fig4. The Synchronizing Circuit-PLL Circuit C. The DC voltage regulator The dc voltage regulator is used to generate a control signal Gloss, as

zero and, with this, the phase

angle of the positive-sequence system voltage at fundamental frequency is reached. At this condition, the auxiliary currents ia(t) and ic(t) = sin(t 2/3), becomes orthogonal to

shown in Fig. 2(a). This signal forces the shunt active filter to draw additional active current from the network, to compensate for losses in the power circuit of the UPQC. Additionally, it corrects dc voltage variations caused by abnormal operation and transient compensation errors. Fig. 5 shows the dc voltage regulator circuit. It consists only of a PI-Controller [G(s) = Kp + KI/s], where for normalized inputs, Kp = 0.50 and KI = 80.

Fig5. The DC Voltage regulator Fig.6 shows in details that functional block named "Current Minimization" in Fig. 2(a). It determines current the instantaneous which compensating references, Fig.6 The Current Minimization control algorithm The conductance G is determined in Fig. 6 corresponds to the active current of the load. In other words, it comprises all current components that can produce active power with the voltages va1, vb1, vc1. A lowpass fifth order Butterworth filter is used to extract the average value of G, which is denominated as Gbar. Now, since va1, vb1, vc1 comprises only the V+1 component, Gbar must correspond to the active portion of the fundamental positive-sequence component ( I+1) of the load current. The control signal Gcontrol is the sum of Gbar and Gloss, which, together with the control voltages va1, vb1, vc1, are used to determine the currents iaw, ibw, icw. These control

should be synthesized by the shunt PWM converter of the UPQC. It has the same kernel as the Generalized Fryze Currents methods widely used, like in [4], [5] and [6]. The inputs of the controller are the load currents ia1, ib1, ic1, the control voltages va1, vb1, vc1 determined by the V+1 detector, and the DC voltage regulator signal Gloss.

signals are pure sinusoidal waves in phase with va1, vb1, vc1 and include the magnitude of the positive-sequence load current (proportional to Gbar) and the active current (proportional to Gloss) that is necessary to compensate for losses in the UPQC. Since the shunt active filter of the UPQC compensates the difference between the calculated active current and the measured load current, it is possible to guarantee that the compensated currents ias, ibs, ics drawn from the network are always sinusoidal, balanced and in phase with the positive sequence system voltages. This characteristic represents a great improvement done at the Generalized Fryze Currents control strategy D. The Damping Control Algorithm In a UPQC configuration, instability problems due to resonance phenomena may occur. In order to enhance the overall system stability, an auxiliary circuit can be added to the controller of the series active filter. The basic idea consists is increasing harmonic damping, as a series resistance, but effective only in harmonic frequencies, others than the fundamental one. This damping principle was first proposed by Peng [7], in terms of components defined in the pq Theory and used by Aredes [8] and Fujita [9]. This damping control algorithm, now is in terms of abc variables (in the phase mode), can be seen in Fig. 7. where are

The inputs to the damping circuit the source currents ias, ibs, ics (compensated currents), which are flowing through the series transformers of the UPQC, and the voltages determined by the V+1 voltage detector va1, vb1, vc1. The active and non-active instantaneous powers are determined by using the equations (2) and (3);

Fig.7. Damping control algorithm in terms of abc variables

P = va1ias + vb1ibs + vc1ics Q = vaq ias + vbqibs + vcq ics ( 2)

vaq = (vb1 vc1 ) / 3 ., vbq = (vc1 va1 ) / 3 ., vcq = (va1 vb1 ) / 3 (3)

references of the series active filter of the UPQC, as will be explained in the next section. Thus, the gain K acts as a harmonic resistance to damp resonance phenomena. E. Compensating Voltages Calculation The block diagram that determines the compensating voltages vac, vbc, vcc [Fig. 2(b)], which is synthesized by the series PWM converter, is shown in Fig. 8. The inputs are the control voltages determined by the V+1 voltage detector: va1, vb1, vc1, the source voltages: vas, vbs, vcs, and the damping voltages: vah, vbh, vch. The compensating voltages are: vac = va1 (vas + vah ) ., vbc = vb1 (vbs + vbh )
.,

Note that the voltages vaq, vbq, vcq are achieved from the fundamental positive-sequence voltages va1, vb1, vc1. Therefore, it is possible to guarantee that the voltages vaq, vbq, vcq are still sinusoidal and lag 90 the voltages va1, vb1, vc1, respectively. A conductance G and a susceptance B are determined from the calculated active and non-active instantaneous powers, as shown in Fig.7. Then, high-pass, fifth order Butterworth filters are used to extract the oscillating parts of that conductance and susceptance. The auxiliary currents iap, ibp, icp and iaq, ibq, icq, are determined as follows: iap = Gosc .va1 ., ibp = Gosc .vb1 ., iap = Gosc .vc1 (4) iaq = Gosc .vaq ., ibq = Gosc .vbq ., iaq = Gosc .vcq (5) Damping signals (harmonic components still present in the source currents) are determined as described in (6). iah = iaq + iap ., ibh = ibq + ibp ., ich = icq + ic p (6) Finally, the multiplication between the

vcc = vc1 (vbs + vch ) (7) the compensated voltages

Ideally,

delivered to the critical load will comprise only the fundamental positive-sequence component (va1, vb1, vc1) of the supply voltage vS. The damping voltages will improve stability and provide harmonic isolation

damping signals iah, ibh, ich and a gain K determines the damping voltages vah, vbh, vch that will be added to the compensating voltage

total simulation time is 0.8s. The thyristor rectifier is connected at t = 0.1s. An inductor and a resistor, whose values correspond to 0.1 % of the system base impedance, compose the source impedance. In this case, the short-circuit power at the load terminal is equal to 10 p.u. The small high-pass filters to mitigate switching frequency harmonics at the Fig.8. Compensating voltages calculation. As conclusion, the UPQC control strategy provides compensated voltages and currents that are sinusoidal balanced and minimized (in phase). Therefore, the power factor is ideal, the voltages delivered to the load are sinusoidal and balanced, and it is possible to guarantee that the source currents will be sinusoidal, balanced and minimized even if under unbalanced and / or distorted system voltages. RESULTS Some of the simulated results are presented based on the literature for the threephase six pulse thyristor rectifier, with 0.2 A DC-current (20 %), used as a non-linear load. The results are based on the per unit bases. Thus, 1V (phase to ground) and 1A (line current) were used as the basis of the system and a balanced,1V, three-phase, voltage source is used. The shunt-active filter and the seriesactive filter start its operation in 0.2s. The series and shunt PWM converters are R=0.6 and C = 170 F. Although it seams a high capacitor, it corresponds to 5% of the system base impedance. A capacitor of 2400F is used at the DC link of the UPQC. The reference voltage is equal to 4.5 V. To give an idea of the capacitors dimension, the unit capacitor constant (UCC) is calculated, by the following equation: 1 2 1 cv .2400 ( 4.5) 2 2 2 Ucc = = (8) p 3.1.1 Fig. 9 shows the load, shunt and source currents ial, iac,ias, before, and after the start of the shunt-active filter. After the start of the shunt active filter, the source current becomes almost sinusoidal. It may be noticed, that the time that the source currents take to reach the steady state is pretty small. This demonstrates that the proportional and integral gains of the DC voltage regulator are well dimensioned.

compensated voltage vaw are almost in phase after the start of the UPQC. It confirms that the control strategy proposed is useful in a three phase three-wire Fig.9. Load currents of the shunt active filter and source current. Fig. 10 shows the supply voltage vas (uncompensated, left side of the UPQC), the compensating voltage vac of the UPQC, and compensated voltage vaw, delivered to the critical load, before and after the start of the series active filter. The vaw voltage, after the start of the series active filter, becomes almost sinusoidal. system, where the system voltages are unbalanced and distorted and the load currents with high contents of harmonics. CONCLUSIONS A control strategy for Unified Power Quality Conditioner based on instantaneous active and reactive powers for three-phase three-wire systems is explained. In case of using in three phase four-wire systems, there is the necessity of compensating the neutral current. In this case, three-phase four wire PWM converter is necessary. The computational effort to develop this control strategy is less as compared controllers, transformation Fig.10. Supply voltages, Compensating voltage, and the compensated voltage delivered to the critical load. Fig. 11 shows the source currents ias, ibs, ics, the compensated voltages vaw, vbw, vcw, and the current ias together with voltage vaw repeated in a separated graphic, before and after the UPQC energization. It may be seen that, when the UPQC start its operation the source currents, as well the compensated voltages become almost sinusoidal and balanced. The source current ias and the Fig.11 Source currents, Compensated voltages and the compensated voltages vaw together with the source currents. is avoided. For three-phase three-wire systems, the performance of the proposed with since pq-Theory-based the (o -d-q)

approach is comparable with those based on the pq Theory, without loss of robustness even if operating under distorted and unbalanced system voltage conditions.

[6] M. Depenbrock, D. A. Marshall, J. D. van Wyk, "Formulating Requirements for a Universally Applicable Power Theory as Control Algorithm in Power Compensators," ETEP Eur. Trans.

References
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Elect.Power Eng., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 445455, Nov./Dec. 1994. [7] F.Z. Peng, H. Akagi, A. Nabae, A New Approach to Harmonic Compensation in Power Systems A Combined System of Shunt Passive and Series Active Filters, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl , vol.26, no.6, Nov./Dec. 1990, pp. 983-990. [8] M. Aredes, J. Hfner, K. Heumann, A Combined Series and Shunt Active Power Filter, IEEE/KTH Stockholm Power Tech Conf., vol. Power Electronics, pp. 237-242, Stockholm, Sweden, June 1995. [9] H. Fujita, H. Akagi, The Unified Power Filters, [10] Quality IEEE Power Conditioner: Trans. system On The Power Integration of Series and Shunt Active Electronics, vol.13, No.2, March 1998. Harmonics fundamentals, Analysis and Filter design, by G.J.Wakileh.