All wiring and electrical connections should comply with the National Electrical Code (NEC) and with

local codes and practices. Wire Gage (AWG) Transformer HP 1.5 2 3 2 3 3 5 5 7.5 7.5 10 10 15 15 20 20 25 30 30 40 50 50 30 60 75 75
1)

Distance - Motor to Transformer (Feet) kVA 3 3 3 3 5 5 7.5 7.5 10 10 15 15 20 20

1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1) 1)

Volts 230 460 230 460 230 460 230 460 230 460 230 460 230 460 230 460 230 230 460 230 230 460 230 460 230 460

100 12 12 12 12 12 12 10 12 8 12 6 12 4 12 4 10 2 2 8 1 1 4 1 4 0 4

150 12 12 12 12 10 12 8 12 6 12 4 12 4 10 2 8 2 1 6 0 0 4 0 2 0 2

200 12 12 12 12 10 12 8 12 6 12 4 12 4 10 2 8 2 1 6 0 0 2 0 2 0 2

300 12 12 10 12 8 12 6 10 4 10 4 10 2 8 1 6 0 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0

500 10 12 8 12 6 10 4 8 2 8 1 8 0 6 0 4 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

The local power company should be consulted

1 ft (foot) = 0.3048

Wiring Notes
Wiring of 110 V circuits: European vs USA. Ground Europe USA USAplug Green/White or Green/Yellow Green wire round prong Hot Brown Black Small flat prong Neutral Blue White Large flat prong

Wiring 230 V single phase: European vs USA Ground Europe USA Green/White or Green/Yellow Green wire Hot 1 Hot 2

It makes no difference how the other two wires are matched.

Wiring of 3-phase motors from Europe vs USA Ground Europe USA Green/White or Green/Yellow Green L1 Brown Black L2 Black Red L3 Blue Blue

Phase Rotation Tester This meter indicates which lines are L1, L2, and L3. Sometimes you cannot easily see the wire colors and it is always good to know that the wires were not mixed up when installed. DELTA (230 V) vs WYE (208 V) . There are two common types of 3-phase power. This subject is a little complicated but the important thing to remember is that 208 V means Wye, and 230 V means Delta. Europe is Wye nearly exclusively, while North America is Delta and Wye. Wye has three legs with 208 V between any two legs. There is 120 V from any of the legs to Neutral. Delta has three legs with 230 V between any two legs. There is 115 V between Ground and 2 of the hot legs. The voltage between Ground and the other hot is ~160 V (this is not used). The advantage of Wye is that you get three 120 V services for each three phase service, where as you only get two with Delta. This advantage is useful for large industrial sites. The advantage of Delta is the higher voltage (230 vs 208).

We have been speaking of Delta vs Wye sources. But Delta vs Wye can also refer to the wiring of a 3-phase motor. In Wye, the outlet of the three windings are wired together. In Delta, the outlet of a winding is tied to the inlet of another. It does not make a significant difference in many applications, but Delta will provide more starting torque for most of the motors that we offer. 208 vs 230 Volts. All modern motors run well with voltage variations in this range. Same is true for 120 V vs 115 V. There can however be differences particulalry in starting high torque conditions. Higher voltage 230 V will be better. 50 vs 60 Hz. Europe uses 50 Hz power while USA utilizes 60 Hz. All the machines that we sell are supplied with 60 Hz motors. 50 Hz motors run at 60 Hz (i.e., European motors run in the USA) will run too fast. (and draw a little more current). This is not a big problem for motors run under low load conditions but is serious for medium to high load machines (which is most winery equipment). Single Phase from a 3-phase outlet. If you have a 3-phase outlet and want only single phase power, simply use the ground and two of the hot wires. It doesn't matter which of the hot wires you use. 4-Wire Single Phase 230 V. This is essentially what is provided to every home in America. This is 1-phase 230 V power with a 115 V power in the same line. It is a ground wire, two hot 230 Volt wires, and a Neutral wire. The voltage across the 230 volt wires will be 230 volts, and the voltage across the neutral and the either of the 230 Volt wires will be 115 volts. You may see this type of wiring also on electric driers, travel trailers, etc in which both 230 V and 115 volt service are used in the same unit. 5-Wire 3-Phase 208 V. This is Wye. This is the simply 3-phase power (3 hot wires and a ground) with a neutral wire to provide 120 V. Wire Gauge. 3-phase power draws less current than single phase (given same horsepower). More current dictates larger wire (heavier gauge). Thus, extension cords and wiring for single phase motors should be larger gauge and shorter in length than for 3-phase motors. As a rule of thumb, use minimum 12 gauge extension cords. kW vs HP (kilowatt vs horsepower). European motors are often labelled with kilowatts. 0.75 kW = 1 HP. 3-Phase Power and Direction of Rotation. To change the direction of rotation of a 3-phase motor, simply switch any two of the hot wires.

Distribution System Wiring Electric distribution systems can be classified as Single Phase and 3 Phase. Three Phase systems can be wired according to a 'Delta' or 'Wye' ("Y") design. The exact voltages will vary with the local utility and the equipment they use, but the following schematics are typical of utility distribution wiring.

Single Phase is most easily identified by the presence of only 2 conductors on the poles - a 'hot' or power conductor, and a neutral or ground conductor. Single Phase transformers have 2 power conductors coming out of them. The voltage across any one of the power conductors and the common neutral is 120 Volts (nominally). The voltage across the 2 power conductors is 240 Volts (nominally). Three conductors are run to the load service entrance/panel making it possible to have both 120 and 240 Volt loads served on the same service entrance. A fourth conductor is grounded (literally, by connection to a rod that is driven into the ground) at the service entrance so that all (at least all newer) Single Phase services have 4 wires coming into the load service panel. Delta systems are 3 Phase run with only 3 conductors. The ground or neutral is done locally, near the point of service. Voltage measured 'phase to phase' is 240 Volts, and when measured 'phase to neutral' is 120 Volts.

Wye systems are run with 4 conductors all the way from the substation. They

are more common on higher voltage distribution systems and can be used to deliver higher voltages to the load. The voltages are determined by the transformer used. In the 480 Volt system in the second diagram, there is likely a second transformer, either utility or customer owned, that takes 480 Volts and further reduces it to 120/208 for Single Phase loads, such as lighting and office equipment. Additional pros/cons/considerations of Delta and Wye systems include: Delta Good for balanced loads. Generally ungrounded. Although it is possible to ground any corner of the delta. Since the system is ungrounded, most plants that use delta systems have some sort of ground detection system to ensure safety. "Stray Voltage' is usually not a problem because there is not connection to the ground. No ground means the potential for high voltage due to lightning surges is greater.

Wye Allows for unbalanced single phase loads. Generally is safer because a ground exists. This means the next instance of a ground (fault) causes the circuit protection device (fuse, breaker) to open. "Stray Voltage" may be present because distributed ground systems (wye) allow for multiple paths for current to flow through the ground. Is the preferred system for power distribution. Does permit a two-phase to three-phase transformer connection (not used much).