Charcoal Making technology for livelihood for rural people

Vivek Kumar Singh & R C Pal

Vsingh@teri.res.in & rcpal@teri.res.in

TERI New Delhi

Charcoal
Charcoal, as differentiated from coal, is obtained by heating wood in the absence of oxygen and is considered to be a relatively better source of energy than wood. The conversion of wood into charcoal is described by following chemical equationHeat strongly in absence of Air

Wood

Charcoal + Volatile matter + Moisture (Black residue) Charcoal has higher calorific value (33 kjg-1) than wood (17kjg-1). Charcoal are classified in various category as lump charcoal, briquette charcoal, and extruded charcoal.

Charcoal Making technology (CMT)

Charcoal making by two following method as given below Direct method (high emission of pollutant) -The direct method uses heat from the incomplete combustion of the organic matter, which is to become charcoal. Indirect method ( higher yield of high quality charcoal )-Indirect method uses an external heat source to "cook" organic matter contained in a closed but vented airless chamber (retort).

(CMT)

Prosopis Juliflora wood piled for charcoal making photo by Dr. N. Sai Bhaskar Reddy

(CMT)

Fig-2

Missouri-type charcoal kiln

CMT

Fig-3 Flow diagram for charcoal briquette production

Khoya making stove with by product as charcoal (Indirect method)

Secondary air

Gate shaker Gate Primary Air Opening for Hand Blower Charcoal Removal

AC Or D C Blower

Controller

(CMT), for Khoya making stove

khoya making from gasifier stove

Khoya making from conventional stove

Charcoal from gasifier stove after making khoya

Charcoal can use in bangle making in Karauli

10

The users visited to see Khoya making from gasifier stove.

11

Emissions and controls

There are five types of products and byproducts from charcoal production operations: charcoal,Noncondensible gases asCarbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2), Methane, and ethane) Pyroacids (primarily acetic acid and methanol) Tars and heavy oils, and water. With the exception of charcoal, all of these materials are emitted with the kiln exhaust. Constituents vary, depending on raw materials and carbonization parameters. Organics and CO are naturally combusted to CO2 and water before leaving the retort. Some of the specific organic compounds that may be found in charcoal kiln emissions include ethane, methane, ethanol, and polycyclic organic matter (POM). Particulate matter emissions from briquetting operations can be controlled with a centrifugal collector (65 percent control) or fabric filter (99 percent control).

Advantages of the charcoal making technologyCooking fuel Livelihood for rural people Clean Environment for women in cooking Other Area of uses

Livelihood for rural people

The biomass charcoal technology will be led to significant increase in the income of rural people (women). As Capacity for construction, repair, and maintenance of new the technology making direct (wood pile), Missouri-type charcoal kiln. Charcoal briquette production has provided opportunities for income generation activities and livelihood enhancement. Khoya making stove with by product as charcoal (Indirect method) these charcoal can also attribute to income for women.

Contd..
In conventional stove required SFC (specific Fuel Consumption) 10-12kg wood for 5 kg of milk
S.No 1 2 3 4 5 Description Milk SFC / hours Cost for wood Time Charcoal Quantity 5kg 10-12kg 30 Rs 60 minute

In gasifier stove required SFC 4 5kg wood for 5kg of milk

S.No 1 2 3 4 5

Description Milk SFC / hours Cost for wood Time Charcoal

Quantity 5kg 5kg 12 Rs 40 minute

1.5-2kg#

Table -1 conventional stove Observation Data

Table -2 Gasifier khoya making stove Observation Data

# SFC 4-5 kg wood consumption for 1 hour .only half hour time required for processing of 5- 6 kg of milk & Charcoal formation about 1.5- 2kg , market cost of charcoal will be 8 Rs/kg in Rajasthan village

Other area of uses

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Laundry units. Lead extracting. Metal processing. Dhania dal( coriander seeds )processing. Agarbatti (incense) manufacturing Food vendors

Conclusion
Care must be taken to ensure that modern technology does not merely become a preserve but that its benefits reach also the fields and villages of rural India - Smt. Indira Gandhi December 9, 1982. IIT Bombay Charcoal, an old age refined from of wood fuel. It still remains an important energy source for domestic cooking. Biomass Charcoal technology should be permitted in rural area so that we can conserve and optimize the use of inefficient fuel wood, especially in the rural area. Charcoal remains a neglected subject within the concerned government departments/ministries. What is needed is a bold policy statement making adequate financial, administrative, and extension provisions to encourage charcoal making as a vibrant activity.

AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful to Dr. R k Pachauri, Director- General, TERI, New Delhi, Mr. I H Rehman Director of Social Transformation Division for his inspiring, dynamic and thoughtful guidance throughout this work. We would like to thank to my sincere gratitude to Dr. V.V.N Kishore & Mr. P.Raman and all professionals of Rural Extension Activity group for their support and valuable guidance. My thanks are also to my beloved parents whose inspirations always guide me whenever I am in need.

ReferenceIyer, P.V.R.2005, Biomass Briquetting Department of chemical Engineering Sri Venkateswara college of Engineering Sriperumbudue-602105 Pal , R C. and Rehman I H2007,Empowering rural charcoal-making through collective action and technology option in arid region of rural India j. Rural dev.40(2)pp.86-95 Singh, V K.2008, Development of biomass gasification based on turbo stove(Microgasifiers), M.Tech thesis, Vellore Institute of technology University Vellore Tamilnadu M.tech Course material for Bio-Energy , prepared by Dr.R Natrajan (Professor ) Biomass & hydrogen Storage School of Mechanical & Building Science VIT-University, Vellore-14 http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch10/final/c10s07.pdf1 10/08/2008 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charcoal 11/08/2008 http://www.fao.org/docrep/x5328e/x5328e05.htm#4.1. how wood is transformed into charcoal 10/08/2008 http://www.indg.in/rural-energy/technologies-under-rural-energy/energyefficiency/biomass-charcoal-briquetting/view?set_language=en11/08/2008 http://www.epa.qld.gov au/publications/p00835aa.pdf/Green_waste_to_charcoal__energy.pdf 10/08/2008

THANK YOU