Mech-Intro 13.0 L08 Results

Customer Training Material
Lecture 8 L t Results and Postprocessing
Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved. Release 13.0 November 2010
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Chapter Overview
A. Viewing Results B. Scoping Results C. Exporting Results D. Coordinate Systems & Directional Results E. Solution Combinations F. Stress Singularities G. Error Estimation H. Convergence
In this chapter, aspects of reviewing results will be covered:
The capabilities described in this section are applicable to all ANSYS licenses, except when noted otherwise
ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Release 13.0 November 2010
A. Viewing Results
When selecting a results branch, the Context toolbar displays ways of viewing results: Min/Max Probe
Displacement Scaling
Display Method
Contour Settings
Outline Display
Vector Display Controls
In addition, the Timeline also has an animation toolbar which lets the user set animation controls
Distribute Export
Play
Pause
Markers
Frame Rate Control
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Displacement Scaling
For structural analyses (static, modal, buckling), the deformed shape can be changed:
By default, a scale factor multiplies actual displacements. The user can change to true scale or undeformed displays.
Automatic Displacement Scaling
True Scale
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Legend Controls
Right Clicking on the legend in the graphics area allows the user to modify the legend controls.
Edit Value Export/Import/Switch to a saved legend setting Increase/Decrease Contour Bands Horizontal/Vertical legend Display Date/Time Switch to Logarithmic Scale g Display Max/Min label on the legend Switch to Scientific Notation
Number of Significant Digits
Continued . . .
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Legend Controls
The legend bounds can be manipulated to show result distributions more clearly for contour plots.
Max/Min values are unchanged
Click and drag contour dividers (or type in) to specify contour ranges. A non-uniform distribution of contours can be used as well.
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Manipulating the Legend
Independent Bands allow neutral colors to represent regions of the model above or below the specified legend limits.
Legend Contour Range
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Display Method
The Geometry button controls the contour display method. Four choices are available:
Exterior IsoSurfaces
Exterior is the default display option and is most commonly used. IsoSurfaces is useful to display regions with p y g the same contour value. Capped IsoSurfaces Slice Planes Capped IsoSurfaces will remove regions of the model where the contour values are above (or below) a ( ) specified value. Slice Planes allow a user to cut through the model visually. A capped slice plane is also available, as shown on the left.
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Display Method
Capped IsoSurfaces are manipulated by an independent controller:

Icons allow isosurface cap to be top or bottom. The striped areas of the legend show what values will not be displayed. p g p y The cap threshold can be controlled via the slider or by typing the value directly
Top Capped Isosurface

Bottom Capped Isosurface

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Contour Settings
The Contours button controls the way in which contours are shown on the model
Smooth Contours Contour Bands
Isolines
Solid Fill
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Outline Display
The Edges button allows the user show the undeformed geometry or mesh
No Wireframe
Show Undeformed Wireframe
Show Undeformed Model
Show Elements
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Section Planes
Section Planes can be added and edited in both the preprocessor as well as the post processor.
To add a section plane select the Draw Section Plane icon, then click-drag with the left mouse. Selection planes can be turned on/off using the check box in the details view. Delete section planes using the delete icon. Edit section planes by highlighting desired plane name and using the handle in the Graphics window. g p
Move a slice plane by dragging handle Sliced view of geometry in Preprocessor
Sliced view of model in Post Processor with results
Click on one side of bar to cap view
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Probe Tool
The Probe Tool allows you to scope a result object to a location and make that result parametric. The Probe Tool can be scoped to geometry, a local coordinate system or using a remote point. The orientation of the result item can be with respect to global or local coordinate systems.
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. . . Probe Tool
Probe Tool example:
Local coordinate system defined as shown Probe located at local CS Stress results (all) requested
Probe Location Local CS
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Charts and Tables
Combine results data from multiple steps (static or transient) into charts and/or tables:
Select New Chart and Table icon. From the details Apply the desired result(s).
Use the CTRL key to select multiple results.
Select desired display items in details.
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Animation Controls
The animation toolbar allows user to play, pause, and stop animations Note: animations are accessed via the Timeline at the bottom of the graphics screen
Control resolution and speed Start/Stop/Pause
Distributed animation interpolates results while results sets animates only solution points.
Export video (avi) file
Note: pause feature available during playback

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Alerts
Alerts are simple ways of check to see if a scalar result quantity satisfies a criterion:
Highlight the particular result branch, RMB and insert an Alert. In the Details view, specify the criterion.
In the Outline tree, a green checkmark indicates that the criterion is satisfied. A red exclamation mark indicates that the criterion was not satisfied.
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Vector Plots
Vector plots involve any result quantity with direction, such as deformation, principal stresses/strains, and heat flux
Activate vectors for appropriate quantities using the vector graphics icon
Once the vectors are visible their appearance can be modified using the vector display controls (see next slide for examples)
Vector Length Control
Vector Density Control
Proportional Vectors
Equal Length Vectors
Element Aligned
Grid Aligned
Line Form
Solid Form
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Vector Plots
Examples
Solid Form, Grid Aligned
Proportional Length p g
Equal Length
Solid Form, Equal Length
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Multiple Viewports
Multiple viewports can be used to display various images at the same time (model or postprocessing data).
Useful to compare multiple results, such as results from different environments or multiple mode shapes
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B. Scoping Results
Limiting results displays can be useful when postprocessing:

Scoping automatically scales the legend to results for selected regions.
To scope contour results: p

Pre-select geometry then request the result of interest. The non-selected geometry will be displayed as translucent.
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Scoping Surface/Part Results

Some examples of scoping results on surfaces/parts:
Stress results on selected surfaces Scoping results on a single part
Vector Principal Stresses on single part

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Scoping Edge & Vertex Results

Results can be scoped to a single edge (or vertex): Select edge(s) for results scoping.
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. . . Construction Geometry
Construction geometry consists of either a path or surface. Paths are defined using coordinate systems, model edges or existing points. Surfaces are located and oriented using coordinate systems.
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. . . Scoping to a Path or Surface
Results may be mapped onto construction geometry in the details:
Path Plot Example
Surface Plot Example
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. . . Scoping to a Path
Path results may also be displayed in graphical form. The X axis may be displayed as path location (S) or time (transient analyses).
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. . . Linearized Stress
Using the path plot feature a linearized stress calculation can be plotted (commonly used various structural codes such as ASME).
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C. Exporting Results
To export Worksheet tab information:
Select the branch and click on the Worksheet tab. Right-click the same branch and select Export. g p
To export Contour Results:

Right-click on the result branch of interest and select Export.
Tabular data from Mechanical can be exported to Excel: p

Select the cells to be exported. Right click > Copy cell to copy all the data from the cells. Paste into Excel.
Export Worksheet p
Export Results Export Tables
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Exporting Results
To include node locations and vector directions in results exports, change the Include Node Location option to Yes under Tools menu > Options > Mechanical: Export
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D. Coordinate Systems
Results containing directional components can be mapped to a local coordinate system:

Select from defined coordinate systems in the drop down list shown in y p the detail window. Direction Deformation, Normal/Shear Stress/Strain, and Directional Heat Flux can use coordinate systems.
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Coordinate Systems
For the model shown below, displaying results in the local cylindrical system transforms stresses into that system.
Stresses in Global Y-Direction
Stresses in Local Cylindrical Y-Direction
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E. Solution Combinations
In the project schematic, duplicating an analysis cell below the Model branch (Setup, Solution or Result), allows the creation of Solution Combinations to quickly evaluate results combinations.
Solution combinations are only valid for linear static structural analyses. The supports must be the same between Environments (only the loading can change). ANSYS Professional license and above.
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. . . Solution Combinations
With the Model branch highlighted a Solution Combination can be chosen from the context C bi ti b h f th t t menu. A new branch is inserted where combined results can b requested and retrieved. be t d d ti d With the Solution Combination branch highlighted, the worksheet view allows multiple environments to be combined. Note: a multiplication factor may combined be included in combinations (see below).
Solution Combination = Coef 1 * Environment 1 + Coef 2 * Environment 2 + . . .

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Solution Combinations
Example: a brake caliper is simulated in both standing and rolling configurations. After the 2 environments have solved a resulting combination shows the effect of both.
Solution Combination
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F. Stress Singularities
In most finite-element analyses as the mesh is refined one expects to get mathematically more precise results.
Quantities directly solved for (degrees of freedom) such as displacements and temperatures typically converge with little difficulty. Derived quantities, such as stresses, strains, and heat flux, should also converge as the mesh is refined but typically not as smoothly as DOF. I some cases these derived quantities will not converge as the mesh is In th d i d titi ill t th hi refined and may even diverge. These cases are sometimes the result of some form of stress singularity.
Force o ce = As Area Area
Zero
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Stress Singularities
In a linear static structural analysis there are several situations which may cause artificially high stresses:
Idealized Geometry
Point Constraints
Point Loads
In the above situations, refining the mesh at the artificially high stress area will keep increasing the stresses.

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Stress Singularities
The Remedy:
If the singularity is not in an area of interest one can usually scope results to regions of interest. If the singularity is in the area of interest there are several ways to obtain more accurate stress results:
Model geometry with fillets or other details which do not cause geometric discontinuities. discontinuities Apply loads and/or constraints spread over areas rather than point locations (see below).
Example
Point Loading
Distributed Loading
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G. Error Estimation
You can insert an Error result based on stresses (structural), or heat flux (thermal) to help identify regions of high error (see example next page). These regions show where the model could benefit from a more refined mesh in order to get a more accurate answer. Regions of high error also indicate where refinement will take place if convergence is used.
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. . . Error Estimation
Error plot shows region of high element energy where mesh refinement may improve the quality of the result. In the thin plate example the initial solution shows higher energy levels between the 2 holes. The refined mesh (bottom plot) shows a reduction in local error. Please note, error is a relative measure comparing individual elements to one another. another The actual value of the energy is generally not significant.
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H. Convergence
As the mesh is refined, typically the mathematical model becomes more accurate. However, there is computational cost associated with a finer mesh mesh. Obtaining an optimal mesh requires the following:
Having criteria to determine if a mesh is adequate. I Investing more elements only where needed. ti l t l h d d
Performing these tasks manually is cumbersome and inexact:

The user would have to manually refine the mesh, resolve, and compare results with previous solutions. lt ith i l ti
Mechanical has convergence controls to automate adaptive mesh refinement to a user-specified level of accuracy. Convergence controls cannot be used on all result items.
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Convergence
To use this feature select a result item RMB and insert Convergence:
Select max/min value for convergence and allowable change. In the Solution branch details input the max number of refinement loops.
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Convergence
After the solution is complete one can view the results and the last mesh (symbols in the tree indicate success or failure to converge):
The mesh is refined only where needed (see below) below). The Convergence branch shows the trend for each refinement loop.
Convergence
Divergence
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Convergence & Scoping
A useful technique to avoid stress singularities when using convergence is to scope results away from them. If the singularity region is not of interest, one can scope results on selected part(s) or surface(s) and add convergence controls to those results only:
Provides control on where to perform mesh refinement. Ignores areas of artificially high stresses which are not of interest. Example:
Possible stress singularity
Region of interest
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Convergence & Scoping Example

Convergence controls added to the entire model. Geometric discontinuity causes a stress singularity causing divergence. Solution becomes very costly by including the stress singularity.
Convergence controls on scoped results allows adaptive refinement only in user-specified locations. Provides more control over the mesh and the adaptive solution. Accurate stresses realized in the region of interest.
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I. Workshop 8.1 Advanced Results Processing

Workshop 8.1 Results Processing Goal:
A l Analyze th mechanical arm shown below and then use some of the h i l h b l d th f the advanced postprocessing features to review the stress and estimate the error associated with a default mesh.
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Customer Training Material

Lecture 8 L t Results and Postprocessing

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

In this chapter, aspects of reviewing results will be covered:

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Vector Display Controls

Frame Rate Control

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Automatic Displacement Scaling

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Number of Significant Digits

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Max/Min values are unchanged

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Manipulating the Legend

Customer Training Material

Legend Contour Range

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Capped IsoSurfaces are manipulated by an independent controller:

Top Capped Isosurface

Bottom Capped Isosurface

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Show Undeformed Wireframe

Show Undeformed Model

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Sliced view of model in Post Processor with results

Click on one side of bar to cap view

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

ANSYS, Inc. Proprietary 2010 ANSYS, Inc. All rights reserved.

Release 13.0 November 2010

Introduction to ANSYS Mechanical

Customer Training Material

Probe Location Local CS