Unit II Theories related to Socio-Ethical Systems Jainism traditionally known as Jain Dharma is one of oldest religion in the world.

ld. It is religion and philosophy originated in Ancient India. They follow the teaching of 24 Jinas who are also known as Tirthankaras There are two sects - Digamber and Shwetamber There are five basic ethical principles (vows) prescribed. The degree to which these principles must be practiced is different for renunciant and householder. Thus: Non-violence (Ahimsa) - to cause no harm to living beings. Truth (Satya) - to always speak the truth in a harmless manner. Non-stealing (Asteya) - to not take anything that is not willingly given. Celibacy (Brahmacarya) - to not indulge in sensual pleasures. Non-possession (Aparigraha) - to detach from people, places, and material things. 1.

Five Mahavratas

Ahimsa: Non-violence in thought, word and deed Satya: Truth which is (hita) beneficial, (mita) succinct and (priya) pleasing Acaurya: Not accepting anything that has not been given to them by the owner Brahmacarya: Absolute purity of mind and body Aparigraha: Non-attachment to non-self objects

Three Guptis

Managupti: Control of the mind Vacanagupti: Control of speech Kayagupti: Control of body

Five Samitis

Islam

Irya Samiti: Carefulness while walking Bhasha Samiti: Carefulness while communicating Eshana Samiti: Carefulness while eating Adana Nikshepana Samiti: Carefulness while handling their fly-whisks, water gourds, etc. Pratishthapana Samiti: Carefulness while disposing of bodily waste matter

Islam is a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion originating with the teachings of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, a 7th century Arab religious and political figure. The word Islam means "submission" or the total surrender of oneself to God. An adherent of Islam is known as a Muslim, meaning "one who submits [to God]". The word Muslim is the participle of the same verb of which Islm is the infinitive. There are between 1 billion and 1.8 billion Muslims, making Islam the second-largest religion in the world, after Christianity.

# The Five Pillars of Islam are five practices essential to Muslims:

The shahadah, which is the basic creed or tenet of Islam. "I testify that there is none worthy of worship except God and I testify that Muhammad is the Messenger of God." This testament is a foundation for all other beliefs and practices in Islam. Muslims must repeat the shahadah in prayer, and non-Muslims wishing to convert to

Islam are required to recite the creed. Salah, or ritual prayer, which must be performed five times a day. Each salah is done facing towards the Kaaba in Mecca. Salah is intended to focus the mind on God, and is seen as a personal communication with him that expresses gratitude and worship. Salah is compulsory but flexibility in the specifics is allowed depending on circumstances. In many Muslim countries, reminders called Aazan (call to prayer) are broadcast publicly from local mosques at the appropriate times. The prayers are recited in the Arabic language, and consist of verses from the Qur'an. Zakat, or alms-giving. This is the practice of giving based on accumulated wealth, and is obligatory for all Muslims who can afford it. A fixed portion is spent to help the poor or needy, and also to assist the spread of Islam. The zakat is considered a religious obligation (as opposed to voluntary charity) that the well-off owe to the needy because their wealth is seen as a "trust from God's bounty". The Qur'an and the hadith also suggest a Muslim give even more as an act of voluntary alms-giving. Sawm, or fasting during the month of Ramadan. Muslims must not eat or drink (among other things) from dawn to dusk during this month, and must be mindful of other sins. The fast is to encourage a feeling of nearness to God, and during it Muslims should express their gratitude for and dependence on him, atone for their past sins, and think of the needy. Sawm is not obligatory for several groups for whom it would constitute an undue burden. For others, flexibility is allowed depending on circumstances, but missed fasts usually must be made up quickly. Some Muslim groups do not fast during Ramadan, and instead have fasts different times of the year. The Hajj, which is the pilgrimage during the Islamic month of Dhu al-Hijjah in the city of Mecca. Every ablebodied Muslim who can afford it must make the pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in his or her lifetime. When the pilgrim is about ten kilometers from Mecca, he must dress in Ihram clothing, which consists of two white seamless sheets. Rituals of the Hajj include walking seven times around the Kaaba, touching the Black Stone, running seven times between Mount Safa and Mount Marwah, and symbolically stoning the Devil in Mina. The pilgrim, or the hajji, is honored in his or her community, although Islamic teachers say that the Hajj should be an expression of devotion to God instead of a means to gain social standing.

3. Marxism

Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Marxism holds at its core that class struggle is the central element of social change in Western society. Since the tension between social classes is deemed to be the cause of political unrest, Marxism attempts to solve this problem by establishing public ownership as its dominant feature

Main ideas

The following are key ideas used by most Marxists. Different Marxists emphasize different terms, and many Marxists have argued over the interpretation and application of these ideas:

Exploitation: Marx refers to the exploitation of an entire segment or class of society by another. He sees it as being an inherent feature and key element of capitalism and free markets. Marx emphasises that exploitation takes place in capitalist production, not in circulation. He distinguishes between labour (the activity) and labour-power - a person's ability to labor. The worker's labour-power is, under capitalism, a commodity, which can be bought and sold. When the capitalist hires the worker, the capitalist pays not for a certain labor but rather for the worker's labor-power, because anything the worker produces during the time under contract belongs to the employer. Marx argued that the wage - the price of the labor-power - should reflect the price of the commodity produced when sold on the market. However, the price of the commodity produced, and the price of commodified labor, is determined by two different markets (e.g. the market for sweaters and the market for labor). Since Marx believed that capitalists will always invest in mechanization, capitalists will always depend on unskilled labor. Moreover, Marx felt that the supply of unskilled labor will almost always far exceed the demand for unskilled labor, thus leaving the price of labor low. Observing the conditions of industrial workers at the time he wrote, Marx concluded that capitalists will pay workers only what workers need to survive and reproduce. Marx is at pains to emphasize that capitalism does not cheat the worker. The capitalist pays the worker for the commodity labour-power at its market price. The capitalist's profit comes from the fact that the worker will labour for more hours than are needed to produce the commodities used to

reproduce the worker. Marx calls this 'surplus labour' and, when embodied in a commodity 'surplus-value,' this surplus value is what becomes the capitalist's profit. Alienation: Marx refers to the alienation of people from aspects of their "human nature" ("Gattungswesen", usually translated as 'species-essence' or 'species-being'). He believes that alienation is a systematic result of capitalism. Under capitalism, the fruits of production belong to the employers, who expropriate the surplus created by others and in so doing generate alienated labour. Alienation describes objective features of a person's situation in capitalism - it isn't necessary for them to believe or feel that they are alienated. Base and superstructure: Marx and Engels use the base-structure metaphor to explain the idea that the totality of relations among people with regard to the social production of their existence forms the economic basis, on which arises a superstructure of political and legal institutions. To the base corresponds the social consciousness which includes religious, philosophical, and other main ideas. The base conditions both the superstructure and the social consciousness. A conflict between the development of material productive forces and the relations of production causes social revolutions, and the resulting change in the economic basis will sooner or later lead to the transformation of the superstructure.[6] For Marx, though, this relationship is not a one way process - it is reflexive; the base determines the superstructure in the first instance and remains the foundation of a form of social organization which then can act again upon both parts of the base-structure metaphor. Class consciousness: Class consciousness refers to the awareness, both of itself and of the social world around it, that a social class possess, and its capacity to act in its own rational interests based on this awareness. Thus class consciousness must be attained before the class may mount a successful revolution. Other methods of revolutionary action have been developed however, such as vanguardism. Ideology: Without offering a general definition for ideology Marx on several instances has used the term to designate the production of images of social reality. According to Engels, ideology is a process accomplished by the so-called thinker consciously, it is true, but with a false consciousness. The real motive forces impelling him remain unknown to him; otherwise it simply would not be an ideological process. Hence he imagines false or seeming motive forces.[8] Because the ruling class controls the society's means of production, the superstructure of society, as well as its ruling ideas, will be determined according to what is in the ruling class's best interests. As Marx said famously in The German Ideology, the ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas, i.e. the class which is the ruling material force of society, is at the same time its ruling intellectual force.[9] Therefore the ideology of a society is of enormous importance since it confuses the alienated groups and can create false consciousness such as commodity fetishism (perceiving labor as capital ~ a degradation of human life). Historical materialism: Historical materialism was first articulated by Marx, although he himself never used the term. It looks for the causes of developments and changes in human societies in the way in which humans collectively make the means to live, thus giving an emphasis, through economic analysis, to everything that coexists with the economic base of society (e.g. social classes, political structures, ideologies). Political economy: The term "political economy" originally meant the study of the conditions under which production was organized in the nation-states of the new-born capitalist system. Political economy, then, studies the mechanism of human activity in organizing material, and the mechanism of distributing the surplus or deficit that is the result of that activity. Political economy studies the means of production, specifically capital, and how this manifests itself in economic activity.

Gandhism

(or Gandhianism) is a collection of inspirations, principles, beliefs and philosophy of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (known as Mahatma Gandhi), who was a major political and spiritual leader of India and the Indian Independence Movement.

It is a body of ideas and principles that describes the inspiration, vision and the life work of Gandhi. The term also encompasses what Gandhi's ideas, words and actions mean to people around the world, and how they used them for guidance in building their own future. Gandhism also permeates into the realm of the individual human being, nonpolitical and non-social. A Gandhian can mean either an individual who follows, or a specific philosophy which is attributed to, Gandhism.

The basic aim of Gandhian economics is to provide full employment for the poor, really for all potential members of the work force, so that these workers can provide for their own necessities by their own efforts, in dignity,

without depending on charity. Gandhi was not opposed to technology, but advocated a proper mix (depending on prevailing conditions) of technology-intensive and labor-intensive production. The economist's task should be to determine what the proper mix is; econometric calculations based on facts can help determine this. In short, the amount of available investible resources must keep pace with the population increase of employable workers. This is the basic principle, on which the economist must base his/her other recommendations, e.g. how much external trade the country should engage in. -Capitalist economics does not care about the fate of the unemployed, because they cannot buy the luxury goods being produced anyway. If not enough people buy the luxury goods, which could happen if too many are poor, leaders of capitalist businesses put on expensive and wasteful advertising campaigns, to convince people that the luxuries are really necessities. Many, especially in experienced young people, fall for this, and get themselves deeply into debt. This also applies to whole countries, which acquire debts so horrendous that they can never hope to repay them, and bankrupt themselves just keeping up with interest payments. -While capitalism leads to very skewed distribution of goods and services (some get too much and most get too little), and real-existing socialism tends to under-produce consumer goods because of the inefficiency of large-scale planning and the postponement of consumer goods production, Gandhian economics would strive for income and wealth equalization by providing productive meaningful work for every one, even if the full use of the latest industrial technology is provisionally postponed. After all, what is the benefit of being on the cutting edge of technology if it increases human misery? -Under Gandhian economics, fewer luxury goods would be produced, because the emphasis would be on producing enough necessities for everyone. This would simplify life styles, which could be of benefit in causing people to focus on the real values that produce happiness, such as family solidarity devotion to the arts and sciences, and spiritual pursuits. Gandhi defined "happiness" as the ratio between want satisfaction and the number of wants. We can increase this ratio (and therefore happiness) either by increasing want satisfaction (as we are doing under capitalism) or by decreasing wants, i.e. living lives of voluntary simplicity. - Technology, like fire, is a good servant, but a poor master. Gandhi, like E.F. Schumacher ("Small Is Beautiful") later, advocated "economics as if people mattered."

Indian Ethos in Management

Inspite of Indian having an ancient culture and philosophy about worklife, we in India have not yet managed to develop our own management styles in consonance with our own cultural ethos and have been systematically importing management systems and styles from foreign countries. While successful countries like the USA, UK,Germany are rediscovering Indian ethos, we in India are in the process of losing it. While the success of Japan in managing her economy and enterprise lies in Japanising the management process within the framework of Japanese ethos, culture and value system. Indian companies will find in India itself, an ancient tradition and an unique heritage to draw from, all that they need for their management styles and practices. Indian philosophy regards work as worship and the customer as God himself. Such Indian tradition and heritage, its culture and philosophy, ethos and values are a treasure house, where the richest and the rarest of gems are stored.

Indian Ethos for the worklife

Mans Unique inner resource

Indian ethos states that all human beings and indeed, all creatures are but a spark of the Divine. We all are a part of the same God. Even animals and plants have the potential of God so we worship them. This divinity in man has immense perfection in knowledge, wisdom and power with this capacity, human beings can achieve all impossible goals.

Holistic Relationship between man and nature

Indian ethos emphasizes the holistic aspect between man and the cosmic. This view states that all human beings and nature are interconnected and interdependent. Thus, the only law {dharma} of life is service to each other. If man protects environment in turn will provide amn with shade, firewood, food and like. There is emphasis on both spirit and matter. These both are interlinked in holistic approach. This means that man is permitted to enjoy both the internal as well as the external quality of life. That is why there

existed ashrama system. (Balaka, grihastha, vanaprastha, sanyasa)

Cooperation with each other

Indian ethos stress upon cooperation amongst others at work and otherwise; integration, synthesis and teamspirit for peaceful co-existence and mutual interdependence team work reduces stress can lead to all round prosperity and success for everyone concerned

Self Management

Indian ethos prescribes that a man should be able to control himself first before he can control anybody. He must know himself - his strengths, weaknesses, his dreams and desires, his goals and ambitions before he can be an effective manager. Self management through control, harmony and integration between the body, mind, emotions, intellect and soul is the essence.

Yoga and meditation

Yoga basically stands for excellence. Excellence at work can also be achieved through yoga. Similarly meditation stands for concentration means to reflect upon deeply on anything or to contemplate upon something. This method can be used for focusing the eye of wisdom can be opened. It helps to solve many complex problems of the organisaton demanding higher consciousness. A karma yogi who practices the technique of meditation can end up with a calm and serene mind which is not perturbed and perplexed with every day worries of the workplace through intuition and creativity.

Dharma

Dharma in Indian philosophy means duty and is almost synonymous with integrity and righteousness. Dharma stands for all those ideals, philosophies, purposes, influences, teachings and experiences that shape our character. Dharma is spiritualism and is essentially divinity. Each organisation in Indian ethos is considered to be a living entity, having its own dharma and character. Thus, an orgnisation is supposed to inculcate within itself, all essential human and ethical values, like courage, fairness, justice, righteousness, self-discipline, fearlessness etc. Everyone should perform owns duty to the best ones capacity.

The spirit of Renunciation

The spirit of renunciation, also known as the spirit of sacrifice of worldly goods and all material possessions is advocated by Indian philosophy and ethos. The spirit of tyaga is epitomized in Indian philosophy as a very great virtue. There are two levels of human consciousness. the lower level through five senses, the higher level through vision of inner mind. Spiritually a refined state of the mind, is one of the resources of consciouness. It is the ability to transcend oneself, to see oneself from a distance in a detached way to analyse ones action and intentions, and to correct them, if necessary.

 Insider trading is the trading of a corporation's stock or other securities (e.g. bonds or stock options) by individuals with potential access to non-public information about the company. In most countries, trading by corporate insiders such as officers, key employees, directors, and large shareholders may be legal, if this trading is done in a way that does not take advantage of non-public information. However, the term is frequently used to refer to a practice in which an insider or a related party trades based on material non-public information obtained during the performance of the insider's duties at the corporation, or otherwise in breach of a fiduciary duty or other relationship of trust and confidence or where the non-public information was misappropriated from the company. "insiders" are not just limited to corporate officials and major shareholders where illegal insider trading is concerned, but can include any individual who trades shares based on material nonpublic information in violation of some duty of trust. This duty may be imputed; for example, in many jurisdictions, in cases of where a corporate insider "tips" a friend about non-public information likely to have an effect on the company's share price, the duty the corporate insider owes the company is now imputed to the friend and the friend violates a duty to the company if he or she trades on the basis of this information.

1. TQM Definition
TQM is composed of three paradigms: Total: Involving the entire organization, supply chain, and/or product life cycle Quality: With its usual definitions, with all its complexities [1] Management: The system of managing with steps like Plan, Organize, Control, Lead, Staff, provisioning and organizing[citation needed].

As defined by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO): "TQM is a management approach for an organization, centered on quality, based on the participation of all its members and aiming at long-term success through customer satisfaction, and benefits to all members of the organization and to society." The FDA has identified in the QS regulation the essential elements that a quality system shall embody for design, production and distribution, without prescribing specific ways to establish these elements. These elements include: Quality System personnel training and qualification; controlling the product design; controlling documentation; controlling purchasing; product identification and traceability at all stages of production; controlling and defining production and process; defining and controlling inspection, measuring and test equipment;

validating processes; product acceptance; controlling nonconforming product; instituting corrective and preventive action when errors occur; labeling and packaging controls; handling, storage, distribution and installation; records; servicing; statistical techniques;

all overseen by Management Responsibility and Quality Audits. Stress Management Stress management is the need of the hour. However hard we try to go beyond a stress situation, life seems to find new ways of stressing us out and plaguing us with anxiety attacks. Moreover, be it our anxiety, mind-body exhaustion or our erring attitudes, we tend to overlook causes of stress and the conditions triggered by those. In such unsettling moments we often forget that stressors, if not escapable, are fairly manageable and treatable. Stress, either quick or constant, can induce risky body-mind disorders. Immediate disorders such as dizzy spells, anxiety attacks, tension, sleeplessness, nervousness and muscle cramps can all result in chronic health problems. They may also affect our immune, cardiovascular and nervous systems and lead individuals to habitual addictions, which are inter-linked with stress. Like "stress reactions", "relaxation responses" and stress management techniques are some of the body's important built-in response systems. As a relaxation response the body tries to get back balance in its homeostasis. Some hormones released during the 'fight or flight' situation prompt the body to replace the lost carbohydrates and fats, and restore the energy level. The knotted nerves, tightened muscles and an exhausted mind crave for looseners. Unfortunately, today, we don't get relaxing and soothing situations without asking. To be relaxed we have to strive to create such situations.