CONSTRUCTION METHODS OF REINFORCED CONCRETE

POSITION AND DISTRIBUTION OF REINFORCEMENT BAR.

THE ARRANGEMENT OF DISTRIBUTION BAR After cutting bars, tying bars with fine wire. The purpose is to avoid the movement especially during the concrete works. Bonding wire is 0.8mm to 1.6mm in diameter. To get the distance between the mold and the reinforcement bars according the plan, small concrete block are used.

CONNECTION FOR COLUMN Good connection must be made in 1/3 from the height of the pile.

CONNECTION FOR BEAM Beam connection must form beam distance from both ends.

CONNECTION MOORING Occur when connecting the two parts of a reinforced concrete building where the bar presented to the other. Example are the pillars and beams or between the base and the column.

FORMWORK AND ITS CONSTRUCTION.

DEFINATION: Formwork is the molding into which wet concrete is poured to give the user greater control over the exact shape of the finished, cured concrete. THE DIFFERENT FORMWORK FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF STRUCTURE USAGE OF FORMWORK: For filled the wet concrete before compressed so that it can achieve the required strength. To perform a concrete structure member according to the form and required size. To obtain good finishing.

FORMWORK CHARACTERISTIC: The formwork should be strong enough to withstand the form of the deflection during placement of concrete wet. Must be strong enough to support working load. Must be built correctly without exceeding the set limits All the connections should be tight enough to prevent loss of mortar from the wet concrete. Size panel and the unit should be easy to conduct and design should take into account the method of enforcement and the opening.

THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATERIAL TO MAKE FORMWORK. For huge construction work s, the formwork is part of a working system. Scaffolding system used to support a formwork. The purpose is to support the imposed load upon it. Often scaffolding used are steel scaffolding or steel support. The materialused were the wood, polywood, steel, rubber polystyrene, thermo system and others. THE MINIMUM TIME BEFORE REMOVING FORMWORK AFTER CONCRETING. Opened period of the formwork is dependent on the types of concrete used, water conditions, methods of curing and others. The formwork is open when it is strong enough to carry the loading including self load. Mold Placed Floor(Slab) width 3.3 m Floor(Slab) width more than 3.3 m Concrete beam Column Wall Open Period 21 days 28 days 28 days 14 days 7 days

THE DEFECT OF HONEY COMB AND THE METHOD OF REPAIRING THE DEFECT Wood to be used to build the formwork must be goob types of wood and has been completely drained. This is because this type of wood has the quality and strength that can ensure its strength when the concrete is poured, packed, vibrated and the concrete is set. While if the wood used to make boxes of concrete is too dry then the defect will accur such as disability honeycomb. But if the wood is too wet it will be used to serve the formwork connection and the form will result in an unevenly concrete surface. The use of wood for the formwork is more economical if the usage is not repeated not more than 4 times HONEYCOMB Honeycomb refers to voids left in concrete due to failure of the mortar to effectively fill the spaces among coarse-aggregate particles.

HONEYCOMB AND VOID REPAIRS IN NEW CONCRETE POURS. Reinforcement concrete one of the most commonly used construction material is a combination of concrete (cement and aggregates) and reinforcing steel. The cement mortar protion of this composite (approx 25% of the concrete) act as a paste or glue that binds all of the many sized aggregate together. When properly designed and placed these three materials create a unique composite that can be cast into thousnds of different infrastructure applications. In oder to have a reinforcement concrete beam, column, slab and wall function properly, the concrete must be properly consolidated in the forms, i.e it must completely encapsulate the reinforment and be free of voids or honeycomb. Voids are completely empty or hollow spaces in the form in which no concrete exists. Honeycomb based on a Portland Cement Association definition, are voids left in concrete due tp failure of the cement mortar to effectively fill all the spaces between the coarse aggregate particles. Severe honeycomb (sometimes known as rock pockets) occur when an excessive amount of aggregate is found without the presence of cement paste

couses: primary causes of voids or honeycombs in reinforced concrete Rebar Congestion: if rebar is placed too close together or too close to formwork it will trap the larger pieces of aggregate while the mortar in the mixture may or not pass throught. Other causes related to rebar congestion include excessive reinforcement splices that prevent the concrete from properly filling the form. Mix Design: improper mix design can lead to low workability, early stiffening or an aggregate that is too large to properly consilidate the concrete for a given application. A good mix design should take in consideration the issues noted for rebar congestion and lift depth. Lift Depth: when single concrete placement or lift are too deep, proper vibration can fall become very difficult or impossible. Excessive lift depth can also allow too much free-fall of the concrete that can create a separation of the cement mortar and aggregate as the aggregate impacts the reinforceing steel wheng falling throught the forms. Inadequate Vibration: When the concrete is properly vibrated it acts more like a liquid allowing it to better settle in the form , consolidate around the reinforcement and completely fill the forms.It also helps in releasing any of the air voids in the mix to the surface.Improper vibration can be related to:

Too small or large a vibrator for the size of the pour and mix design Too low a frequency or amplitude of the vibrator for the size of the pour and mix design Too short or long an insertion time of the vibrator in the concrete in a single location Too wide of a spacing between each insertion of the vibrator Lift depths too deep to actually vibrate the concrete Congested reinforcing that will not allow a standard vibrator to reach all areas required Form Leaks:Leaks in the formwork can allow the cement paste to escape out of the form leaving behind only un bonded aggregate and rock pockets.

REPAIR PROCESS There are several factors to consider when repairing honeycombs and voids: Void size and depth Access to the repair area Rebar details and congestion within the repair area Quality assurance ( how do you determine actual void size and prove the problem is fixed ) Cost from a repair or replace? perspective...which is more cost effective?

These critical items will clearly define the following key steps and sequential order of repairing a void which are:

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Define the size of the repairs Define the depth of the repairs Is shoring required? Select the type of removal Select the material for repairs Select the proper placement technique of this material to ensure filling of the void AND create a composite bond with the substrate.