EXPERIMENT NO:1

V-I Characteristics of PN junction Diode Learning Objectives: To learn about

Properties of Diode 1N 4001 Cut-in voltage of Ge diode Static & dynamic resistance Of Ge diode Properties of Diode OA 79 Cut-in voltage of Si diode Static & dynamic resistance Of Si diode

Aim: 1. To plot V-I characteristics of Silicon and Germanium diodes. 2. Compare the forward characteristics of ge diode with that of Si diode. 3. Calculate the forward static and Dynamic resistance of the diodes at a particular operating point.

Apparatus Required: 1. Experimental board with Si and Ge diodes. 2. Regulated power supply. 3. Multi meters ( as volt meter and ammeter)

Circuit Diagram: 1K
mA 0-200 mA V 0-2 V

1N 4001

Circuit for Diode forward bias

1K
A 0-200 A V 0-20 V

1N 4001

Circuit for Diode reverse bias

Procedure: 1. Find the type number of the diodes connected in the experimental board. 2. Trace the circuits and identify different components used in the circuit. Read the value of the resistor using the color code. 3. Connect the millimeter and voltmeter of suitable ranges, say 0-to-25mA for ammeter and 0-to-2v for voltmeter in forward bias and 0-100 micro A for ammeter and 0-to-30v for voltmeter in reverse bias. 4. Switch on the power supply. Increase the voltage range from 0 to 30v in proper steps. 5. Note the ammeter and voltmeter readings for each input voltage. Tabulate the observations Tabular forms: Forward Bias: S.no Vd volts Id mA Reverse Bias:

S.no Vr volts

Ir A

Model Graph:

Forward current Id

Reverse voltage Vr

Cut-in voltag e

Forward voltage Vd

Reverse current Ir

Result: V-I characteristics of both Ge and Si diodes are verified.

Date:

Signature of Instructor

Review Questions 1. What is the cut-in voltage of Ge and Si diodes? 2. List out the important properties of PN junction diode. 3. What is static and dynamic resistance of diode? 4. What is reverse saturation current? 5. What are majority and minority charge carriers?

EXPERIMENT NO:2

V-I Characteristics of Zener Diode Learning Objectives: To learn about

Properties of Zener diode Break down voltage Voltage regulation Zener diode is never used as voltage regulator as the current of zener diode is less and there is a maximum dissipation across zener diode when the current is zero and this is generally as a voltage reference.

Reverse bias characteristics of Zener diode Dynamic resistance of Zener diode

Aim: 1. To plot V-I characteristics of Zener diode under reverse biased condition. 2. Compare the forward characteristics with reverse characteristics. 3. Calculate the Dynamic resistance under reverse bias of Zener diode.

Apparatus Required: 1. Experimental board with Zener diode 0-30V, 1A dc. 2. Regulated power supply. 3. Multi meters ( as volt meter and ammeter)

10

Circuit Diagram: 1K

A
0-200 mA

V
6Z8v 0-2 V

Zener Diode forward bias

1K

A
0-200 mA

V
6Z8v 0-20 V

Zener Diode reverse bias

11

Procedure: 1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure with zener diode in forward bias. 2. Switch on the power supply 3. Set the voltage across the Zener diode at 0.0 V and observe the current. 4. Increase the Zener voltage in steps of 0.1 V upto 0.7 V and note down the readings of the milli ammeter for each voltage. 5. Connect the circuit for the Zener diode in reverse bias. 6. Set the voltage across the Zener diode at 0.0 V and observe the current. 7. Increase the Zener voltage in steps of 0.2 V until the diode goes into breakdown and note down the reading of the ammeter for each voltage. 8. After the diode goes into breakdown take two or three readings of current at the breakdown voltage. 9. Supply voltage must be greater than Zener break down voltage.

Tabular forms: Forward Bias: S.no Vz volts Iz mA Reverse Bias:

S.no Vz volts

Iz mA

12

Model Graph:

Result: V-I characteristics of Zener diode are verified.

Date: Review Questions

Signature of Instructor

1. What is Zener diode and at what range of voltage, it shows breakdown characteristics? 2. What is the difference between Zener and avalanche breakdowns which is greater of the two?. 3. Distinguish between an ordinary diode and Zener diode w.r.t their operational characteristics. 4. Mention the Practical applications of a Zener diode. 5. Is the Zener voltage temperature dependent, if yes how?
13