Principle and Implementation of CDMA2000 EVDO System

CBB_T05_E2

ZTE University CDMA-BSS Team

Unit 1

3G and Beyond

Goals of Rev A

Increase peak rates and average throughput

Support for QoS (Quality of Service) Higher reverse link throughput

Backward compatibility with Rel 0

Increase spectral efficiency and throughput

Support for delay-sensitive applications

Lower latency

1x EVDO Network Structure

A Interfaces of 1xEVDO
Um interface carries the signals exchanged between AT and AN over the air. A8 & A9 interfaces are adopted to carry service data and signaling respectively between BSC and PCF. A10 & A11 interfaces are adopted to carry service data and signaling respectively between PCF and PDSN. A12 interface carries signaling information of access authentication (only include 3 messages: access request, access accept, and access reject). A13 interface exchanges signaling when AT is roaming between source AN and target AN RADIUS stands for Remote Authentication Dial In User Service. Provides interface between PDSN and AAA to control access to the data network.

Comparison of EVDO and 1x Networks

MSC

HLR

BTS MS/AT

BSC

PCF

PDSN

AN AAA

AAA

AN AAA provides radio access authentication similar to MSC/HLR for CDMA2000 1x data call setup

Network Implementation

Centralized Structure

Upgrading 1x to DO
BTS side: add EVDO baseband processing part
- If a new EVDO carrier is added,
Add EVDO baseband processing part Add related radio transmission part Keep antenna and feeder.

- If upgrading 1x carrier to EVDO carrier

Add EVDO base band processing part Keep antenna and feeder

BSC side: add EVDO processing part, upgrade related software for EVDO Signaling and increased data service capacity requirement PCF Side: add data processing module for the increased in capacity

Unit 2

Protocol Architecture
Application Stream Session Connection Security MAC Physical Message routing, RLP, flow control Multiplex various application streams Establish and configure data sessions Establish and manage radio connections Provide authentication and encryption Data rate control and scheduling Adaptive modulation, coding and spreading

EVDO Principles
Forward Channel Structure Reverse Channel Structure Key Techniques

Physical Layer Subtypes Physical Layer Subtype 0

Provides backward compatibility to Rel 0 Supports variable data-rate from 38.4 kbps to 2.4576 Mbps for FL, and 9.6 kbps to 153.6 kbps for RL

Physical Layer Subtype 1

Supports 9.6, 19.2 or 38.4 kbps transmission on the access data channel for RL

Physical Layer Subtype 2

Supports variable data-rate from 4.8 kbps to 3.072 Mbps for FL, and 4.8 kbps to 1.8432 Mbps for RL Supports 9.6, 19.2 or 38.4 kbps transmission on the access data channel for RL

Forward Channel Structure

New to Rev A

Forward Data Time Slot

Active Slot
400
Data

64 96

64

400
Data

400
Data

64 96

64

400
Data

MAC Pilot MAC slot = 1024 chips

MAC Pilot MAC slot = 1024 chips

Idle Slot
64 96 64 64 96 64
MAC Pilot MAC MAC Pilot MAC

Forward Pilot Channel

The Pilot channel is transmitted at the full sector power. The Pilot channel is sent as 96 chip bursts, each of which is located at the center of each half slot for easier channel estimation and time synchronization

Forward MAC Channel RA subchannel

Broadcast Reverse Activity Bit to all ATs to indicate the current status of the reverse traffic channel

RPC subchannel
Sends power control commands to the AT for closed loop power control

DRCLock subchannel
Transmits reverse link quality indication used by the AT for forward link serving sector selection.

ARQ subchannel (Subtype 2)

Tells each AT if its reverse traffic channel packet is successfully received or not.

MAC Index

MAC Channel (Subtype 0 and 1)

The RPC and DRCLock sub-channels are time-division multiplexed
RPC is transmitted in DRCLockPeriod 1 times DRCLock is transmitted once every DRCLockPeriod and repeated for DRCLockLength times.

The RA sub-channel is code division multiplexed with either RPC or DRCLock sub-channel

MAC Channel (Subtype 2)

H-ARQ or L-ARQ is timeshared (1:3 slots TDM) with the RPC stream.
H-ARQ bit is used to indicate whether the reception of the subpacket resulted in the correct recreation of the entire packet and is transmitted for every subpacket received except the last subpacket. L-ARQ bit is used to indicate whether the packet was successfully received and is transmitted only after the last subpacket is received

P-ARQ is timeshared (1:3 slots TDM) with the DRCLock stream.

P-ARQ bit is sent in response to the correct or incorrect reception of the entire physical layer packet. It is transmitted after the time period corresponding to the maximum number of subpackets is over.

RA is summed together with the RPC stream and DRCLock stream.

ARQ Early Termination

ARQ for Failed Transmission

Forward Pilot / MAC

Pilot All 0s RPC bit for each MAC index i 1 bit / 4 slots (150 bps) HARQ / LARQ for MAC index i 3 bits / 4 slots RA bit 1 bit / slot PARQ for MAC index i 3 bits / 4 slots DRC Lock
Bit Repeat RPC Gain ARQ Gain

I
192 chips / slot W0
T D M

I for even MAC index Q for odd MAC index

Wi 128

T D M Summer Seq. Rep x2

Bit Repeat

RA Bit Gain

I Q

W2 128
ARQ Gain DRCLock Gain T D M

256 chips / slot

I for even MAC index Q for odd MAC index Wi 128

600 / DRCLockLength bps 1 bit / 4 slots

Rev A Key Enhancements Transmission Format

Notation to define transmission format and interpret the DRC value to determine the data rate (<packet length (bits)>, <number of slots>, <preamble length (chips)>) The turbo coding rate, modulation type and number of available repetition is specified for each transmission format.

Multi-user Packet
More than one AT (up to 8) receives data during a 1.67 ms timeslot Contains one or more Security layer packets destined for one or more ATs and is identified by a multi-user preamble

Forward Control Channel

Transmission Formats
(128, 4, 1024) (256, 4, 1024) (1024, 16, 1024) (512, 4, 1024) (1024, 8, 512) 19.2 kbps 38.4 kbps 38.4 kbps 76.8 kbps 76.8 kbps

Synchronous Capsule (SC).

Broadcast Overhead messages Page messages

Sub-Synchronous Capsule (SSC)

Facilitates shorter wake intervals for enhance standby time.

Asynchronous Capsule (AC)

deliver ACK messages and RLP Control messages may be sent at any time during which the AN is not sending a synchronous or sub-synchronous capsule.

Forward Control Channel

Forward Traffic Channel Supported data rates:

38.4 to 2457.6 Kbps (Subtype 0 and Subtype 1) 4.8 to 3072 Kbps (Subtype 2)

Modulation

QPSK, 8PSK or 16-QAM 1/3 or 1/5.

Channel coding rate

A preamble is attached as the header of each physical layer packet. The transmitted packet = preamble + physical layer packet

Modulation Parameters (Subtype 2)

Transmission Format
(128, 16, 1024) (128, 8, 512) (128, 4, 1024) (128, 4, 256) (128, 2, 128) (128, 1, 64) (256, 16, 1024) (256, 8, 512) (256, 4, 1024) (256, 4, 256) (256, 2, 128) (256, 1, 64) (512, 16, 1024) (512, 8, 512) (512, 4, 1024) (512, 4, 256) (512, 4, 128) (512, 2, 128)

Code Rate
1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5

Modulation Type
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK

Nominal Data Rate (Kbps)

4.8 9.6 19.2 19.2 38.4 76.8 9.6 19.2 38.4 38.4 76.8 153.6 19.2 38.4 76.8 76.8 76.8 153.6

Modulation Parameters (Subtype 2)

Transmission Format
(512, 2, 64) (512, 1, 64) (1024, 16, 1024) (1024, 8, 512) (1024, 4, 256) (1024, 4, 128) (1024, 2, 128) (1024, 2, 64) (1024, 1, 64) (2048, 4, 128) (2048, 2, 64) (2048, 1, 64) (3072, 2, 64) (3072, 1, 64) (4096, 2, 64) (4096, 1, 64) (5120, 2, 64) (5120, 1, 64)

Code Rate
1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

Modulation Type
QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8-PSK 8-PSK 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM 16-QAM

Nominal Data Rate (Kbps)

153.6 307.2 38.4 76.8 153.6 153.6 307.2 307.2 614.4 307.2 614.4 1,228.8 921.6 1,843.2 1,228.8 2,457.6 1,536.0 3,072.0

Modulation Parameters (Subtype 0/1)

Number of Slots per Packet Size Code Modulation Modulation Repetition Packet (bits) Rate Symbols Provided Number of Modulation Symbols Provided

Data rate (kbps)

Preamble (chips)

The transmitted packet

38.4 76.8 153.6 307.2 307.2 614.4 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1228.8 1843.2 2457.6

16 4 2 4 1 2 2 1 2 1

1024 1024 1024 1024 2048 1024 2048 3072 2048 4096 3072 4096

1/5 1/5 1/5 1/5 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3 1/3

QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK QPSK 8PSK QPSK 16QAM 8PSK 16QAM

2560 2560 2560 3072 1536 3072 3072 3072 3072 3072

9.6 4.8 2.4 1.2 49/48 1 49/48 49/48 0.5 49/48 0.5 0.5

24576 6144 3072 6272 1536 3136 3136 1536 3136 1536

1024 512 256 128 128 64 64 64 64 64 64 64

25600 6400 3200 6400 1600 3200 3200 1600 3200 1600

Preamble Assists the AT with synchronization of variable rate transmissions on the Forward Traffic Channel and Control Channel Contains all 0 and covered by 64-chip (32-chip for subtype 0 and subtype 1) sequence then repeated several times according to the transmit mode

Forward Traffic / Control / Preamble

Forward Traffic of Control Channel Physical Layer Packets

Coding Scrambling Interleaving

Modulation (QPSK, 8PSK, 16QAM)

I Q

I Q

Repetition - Puncturing

I Q

Walsh Cover Gain Summer

I Q

T D M

Preamble All 0s Wi 64

Seq. Rep x2

I
64 to 1024 chips

Forward Traffic Modulation Example

Example for (1024,16,1024)

Packet size = 1024

38.4 kbps
5120 coding symbol 1 modulation symbol

Coding (1/5)

5120

Modulation (QPSK)

2560

Repetition / Puncturing (x 9.6)

24,576 symbols

24,576

Preamble (1024 chips)

1024 25,600 chips

24576

Time-Division Multiplexing

1024

24576

MAC

Pilot

400

64

96

64

400

224

176

64

96

64

400

1st slot

nth slot

nth slot

nth slot

2nd slot

16th slot

EVDO uses 4-slot interlace time division multiplexing of users

Scheduling Algorithm
Round Robin (RR) lets every active data flow (that has data packets in queue) to take turns in transferring packets on a shared channel in a periodically repeated order Maximizing Throughput selects the users which have excellent channels to get as much data as possible through the system. Proportional Fair (PF) takes into account latency while selecting the user with the largest instantaneous data rate relative to its average throughput. However, consistently underserved users receive scheduling priority to promote fairness. Most common scheduling algorithm used in EVDO.

EVDO Principles
Forward Channel Structure Reverse Channel Structure Key Techniques

Reverse Channel Structure

New to Rev A

Reverse Access Channel The Access Channel is used by the AT to initiate communication with the access network or to respond to an access terminal directed message. The Access Channel consists of a Pilot Channel and a Data Channel. The AT shall transmit on the Access Channel at a data rate of 9.6 kbps (packet size 256) for Subtype 0, data rates of 9.6,19.2, or 38.4 kbps (packet sizes 256, 512,1024) for Subtype 1 and Subtype 2.

Access Channel Probe

Subtype 1 or 2 Subtype 0

Data channel (Q Phase) Pilot channel (I Phase) Pilot channel (I Phase)

Data channel (Q Phase)

Pilot channel (I Phase)

Preamble Frames

Capsule Frames (Access channel physical layer packets) Preamble slots

Pilot channel (I Phase)

Capsule Frames

Probe

Preamble (Pilot) + Capsule Frames (Pilot + Data)

The output power of the preamble is independent of the data rate and is set equal to that of the data portion transmitted at 9.6 kbps.

Reverse Traffic Channel The Reverse Traffic Channel is used by the AT to transmit user-specific traffic or signaling information to AN. The Reverse Traffic Data Channel is transmitted in frames = 26.67ms
RRI Data Data DRC ACK PILOT RRI ACK DRC DSC

Aux PILOT PILOT Subtype 2

Subtype 0 and Subtype 1

Subframe (4 slots ) is the minimum transmission of the Data channel for Subtype 2

Pilot /Auxiliary Pilot Subchannel The Pilot Channel enables coherent demodulation at the AN. In the case of Subtype 0/1 , the pilot is time-division multiplexed with RRI --- the pilot channel occupies the last 7/8 of one slot.

The Auxiliary Pilot Channel is used by the AT to aid reverse link channel estimation by the AN. (Subtype 2 only)

Reverse Rate Indicator Subchannel The RRI Channel is used to indicate the payload size and the sub-packet identifier of the physical layer packet transmitted on the Reverse Traffic Channel. Subtype 0/1
3-bit symbol identify corresponding reverse data rate.

Subtype 2
A 6-Bit RRI symbol used to indicate the data payload size (4-bits) and to provide the sub-packet identifier (2-bits). The sub-packet identifier of the current transmission facilitates reverse link H-ARQ. The payload size identification assists in avoiding blind rate detection at the AN.

Data Rate Control Subchannel The DRC Channel is used by the AT to indicate to the AN the requested Forward Traffic Channel data rate and the selected serving sector on the Forward Channel.
DRCValue (4-bit) : specifies the requested Forward Traffic Channel data rate DRCCover (8-ary Walsh cover) : indicates the selected serving sector DRCLength : number of consecutive slots the DRC is repeated

Serving sector is the sector the AT selects for receiving the Forward Traffic channel

Data Source Control Subchannel The DSC Channel is used by the AT to indicate to the AN the selected serving cell on the Forward Channel. (Subtype 2 only) It provides advance notice of the ATs intent to switch cell to reduce inter-cell handoff latency.
DSCValue (3-bit) indicates the selected serving cell DSCLength number of slots the DSCValue stays in effect.

Time division multiplexed with ACK subchannel and transmitted on the 2nd half slot.
Serving cell is the cell that contains the serving sector

ACKnowledgement Subchannel The ACK Channel is used by the AT to inform the AN whether or not the physical layer packet transmitted on the Forward Traffic Channel has been received successfully.
Type Binary Keying On-Off Keying (OOK) Positive Acknowledgement 1 1 Negative Acknowledgement -1 0 Use Single User Packet Multi User Packet

Using ACK allow AN to early-terminate multi-slot packet transmission and increase the actual throughput. Time division multiplexed with DSC and transmitted on the 1st half slot for Subtype 2.

Reverse Traffic ACK Channel

Reverse Traffic Data Channel Supported data rates

9.6 to 153.6 Kbps (Subtype 0 and Subtype 1) 4.8 to 1228.8 or optional 1843.2 Kbps (Subtype 2)

Modulation

BPSK, QPSK or 8-PSK 1/3 or 1/5

Channel coding rate

Subtype 2 introduces Traffic channel to Pilot channel transmit power ratio (T2P) for reliable estimation of the RL and quick adjustment of Reverse Traffic Channel data rates.
QPSK or 8-PSK modulation is used only by Subtype 2

Modulation Parameters (Subtype 2)

Payload Size (bits) 128 256 512 768 1024 1536 2048 3072 4096 6144 8192 12288

Effective Data Rate (kbps) Modulation 4 slots B4 B4 B4 B4 B4 Q4 Q4 Q2 Q2 Q4Q2 Q4Q2 E4E2 19.2 38.4 76.8 115.2 153.6 230.4 307.2 460.8 614.4 921.6 1228.8 1843.2 8 slots 9.6 19.2 38.4 57.6 76.8 115.2 153.6 230.4 307.2 460.8 614.4 921.6 12 slots 6.4 12.8 25.6 38.4 51.2 76.8 102.4 153.6 204.8 307.2 409.6 614.4 16 slots 4.8 9.6 19.2 28.8 38.4 57.6 76.8 115.2 153.6 230.4 307.2 460.8 4 slots 1/5 [3.2] 1/5 [1.6] 1/4 [1] 3/8 [1] 1/2 [1] 3/8 [1] 1/2 [1] 3/8 [1] 1/2 [1] 1/2 [1] 2/3 [1] 2/3 [1]

Effective Code Rate and Repetition 8 slots 1/5 [6.4] 1/5 [3.2] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [1.07] 1/4 [1] 1/5 [1.07] 1/4 [1] 1/5 [1.07] 1/4 [1] 1/4 [1] 1/3 [1] 1/3 [1] 12 slots 1/5 [9.6] 1/5 [4.8] 1/5 [2.4] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [1.2] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [1.2] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [1.2] 1/5 [1.2] 2/9 [1] 1/3 [1.5] 16 slots 1/5 [12.8] 1/5 [6.4] 1/5 [3.2] 1/5 [2.13] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [2.13] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [2.13] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [1.6] 1/5 [1.2] 1/3 [2]

E4E2 is 8-PSK/4-ary Walsh cover plus 8-PSK/Binary Walsh cover

Modulation Parameters (Subtype 0/1)

EVDO Principles
Forward Channel Structure Reverse Channel Structure Key Techniques

Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC)

The modulation and coding is dynamically adjusted according to the condition of the radio link.
15

In the forward link, the C/I is measured by the AT then request corresponding data rate thru the DRC. In the reverse link, the payload size, modulation, and coding is varied according to T2P and RAB

10

FL C/I(dB)

1000

2000

3000

4000 slot index

5000

6000

7000

8000

2500

Requested Rate(kbps)

2000 1500 1000 500 0

1000

2000

3000

4000 slot index

5000

6000

7000

8000

Reverse Rate Selection (Rel 0)

The AP determines the condition of the reverse link and sends RAB to the AT The AT calculates the probability that it will increase (RAB=not busy) or decrease (RAB=busy) data rate according to the probability vector, P and q.
P1 P2 P3 P4

Not Busy

9.6 kbps

19.2 kbps

38.4 kbps

76.8 kbps

153.6 kbps

q1

q2

q3

q4

Busy

9.6 kbps

19.2 kbps

38.4 kbps

76.8 kbps

153.6 kbps

The AT compares the result with the Reverse Rate Limit to check whether the threshold is reached.
Reverse Rate Limit Message is sent by AP to limit the reverse data rate according to the number of active users

Reverse Rate Selection (Rev A)

The AT adjust the pilot channel power according to the power control commands received from the AN. The AT determines the data channel power which is a relative power offset to the level of the pilot channel. AT calculates T2P for the next transmission according to multiple inputs, including current T2P and RAB of current active set sectors. Based on the T2P, the payload size is identified and so is the reverse data rate. Reverse data rates can vary very quickly and in larger steps compared to Rel 0 (one step rate change).

Handoff
FBSS (Fast Base Station Switching) the AT keeps several AP in its active set but only one AP is serving at any instance. This is sometimes referred to as Virtual Soft Handoff.
current sector forward data rate After handoff AP2 forward data rate Pilot/MAC on FWD link Pilot/DRC/ACK/Traffic on REV Link (APs in ATs active set)

AP3 Server before t1 AP1 AP2 Server after t1 AP4

Serving AP AP1

Serving AP change AP2

t1

Time

Serving Sector Selection

Serving Sector Selection

3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 0

SINR, dB

Sector 0 Sector 1 Serving Sector Index

2 4 6 tim e, sec 8 10 12 14

AT decides the serving sector based on the pilot signal SINR of AP

DSC Operation
A1 A2 A3

Cell B Data Source

B1 B3 B2

AP scans and measures pilot signal strength of all available sectors to determine if a handoff is necessary. As AP moves within the sectors of the same cell, the DSC is maintained while DRCCover may change. As AP moves to the coverage of another cell, DSC is sent to relay the intention for handoff to another cell. During the transition period, the AP still transmits on the current active cell. This reduces the interruption time due to handoff (typically less than 20ms)

Cell A Data Source

Pilot Strength

Time

DSC DRC

A2 A2

A3 A3

B1 B1

N: Null DRCCover

Power Control No power control on the forward link. Reverse link employ closed-loop and open-loop power control
In Open-loop power control, the AT will use an algorithm to estimate the minimum necessary transmit power to communicate with the AP. Closed-loop correction (with respect to the Open-loop estimate) is provided by the AP by sending Power Control Bit (PCB) thru the RPC subchannel. Bit 0 tells the AT to increase power, bit 1 tells the AT to decrease power. Each PCB is either a 1 dB or 0.5 dB step size.