Analysis Methods To Solve Linear Circuits

4 Analysis Methods to Solve Linear
Circuits
4.1 Introduction
In this chapter several algorithms to solve linear circuits will be described. The most straight
forward one is the branch current method. If a circuit consists of b branches, the branch
voltages U
b
= (U
b,1
, U
b,2
, U
b,b
)
T
and the branch currents I
b
= (I
b,1
, I
b,2
, I
b,b
)
T
have to be
calculated. This demands 2 b independent equations. A set of b equations can be derived
from the current/voltage relations of the passive circuit elements in the branches. Additionally,
one can set up (b (n 1)) equations coming from KVL and (n 1) equations coming from
KCL, leading to a total of 2 b equations. To reduce the resulting equation systems, the
node-voltage method and the mesh-current method will be discussed. The node-voltage
method introduces n 1 nodal voltages, all of them implicitely obeying Kirchhos voltage
law. On the other hand, the mesh-current method introduces b (n 1) mesh currents, all
of them implicitely obeying Kirchhos current law. Then, voltage sources with no serial
resistor and current sources with no parallel resistor will be covered and nally, the
treatment of dependent sources will be discussed.
4.2 Branch-Current Method
The branch-current method sets up b independent equations to nd b branch currents
I
b
= (I
b,1
, I
b,2
, I
b,b
)
T
in the b branches of the circuit. Fig. 4.1 shows a linear circuit with
b = 6 branches and n = 4 nodes. Branch b
1
contains an independent voltage source, branch
b
6
contains an independent current source. To each branch a branch voltage U
b,j
is assigned
and summarized in U
b
= (U
b,1
, U
b,2
, U
b,b
)
T
. Finally, a current I
R
j
and and a voltage U
R
j
is
assigned to each passive element in the circuit.
To start with, one of the nodes, namely n
4
, is arbitrarily dened to be the datum or reference
node. Then KCL is applied to all branch currents entering and leaving the remaining n1 = 3
nodes n
1
n
3
.
n
1
: I
b,1
+I
b,2
+I
b,3
= 0
n
2
: I
b,2
+I
b,4
+I
b,5
= 0 (4.1)
n
3
: I
b,3
I
b,4
+I
b,6
= 0
Then (b (n1)) = 3 independent loops L
j
have to be dened. This is done best by drawing
the graph of the given planar circuit, dening a tree T and its corresponding chords as shown
40
4 Analysis Methods to Solve Linear Circuits
Figure 4.1: Linear Circuit with b = 6 branches and n = 4 nodes
in Fig. 4.2. The branches b
1
, b
4
and b
6
were dened to form the tree, therefore, b
2
, b
3
and b
5
are the chords.
Figure 4.2: Tree T (green, dashed branches), chords (black, solid branches), Fundamental
Loops L
1
to L
3
Then each chord is associated with a fundamental loop L
j
. Loop L
1
is made up from chord
b
5
and the tree branches b
4
and b
6
and is directed clockwise. Loop L
2
b
3
1
and b
6
and is directed clockwise. Loop L
3
b
2
1
, b
4
and b
6
and is directed clockwise. The obtained loops L
1
to L
3
are transferred to the original circuit (Fig. 4.3). For the sake of simplicity, some voltage drops
and currents have been omitted.
Then KVL is applied to each loop and one ends up with the following set of equations.
L
1
: U
b,4
U
b,5
+U
b,6
= 0
41
Figure 4.3: Fundamental Loops l
1
to l
3
and KVL
L
2
: U
b,1
+U
b,3
+U
b,6
= 0 (4.2)
L
3
: U
b,1
+U
b,2
+U
b,4
+U
b,6
= 0
The two systems of linear equations (4.1) and (4.2) represent 6 equations with 12 unknows
(I
b,1
- I
b,6
and U
b,1
- U
b,6
). The missing 6 equations can be obtained from the current/voltage
relation of the passive circuit elements in each branch, which in the circuit under investigation
is Ohms law. Branches b
2
to b
6
do not need any additional treatment, since the voltage drops
across the passive circuit elements equal the branch voltages (e.g. U
R
2
= U
b,2
).
U
b,j
= U
R
j
j = 2 6 (4.3)
In branch b
1
, nevertheless, both the passive circuit element R
1
and the independent voltage
source U
S,1
have to be taken into accout. Using KVL, one gets
U
b,1
= U
R
1
U
S,1
(4.4)
Following Ohms law, all voltage drops U
R
j
across the passive circuit elements can be expressed
by the currents I
R
j
owing through these elements.
U
R
j
= I
R
j
R
j
j = 1 6 (4.5)
Using (4.3), (4.4) and (4.5), the system (4.2) can be rewritten.
L
1
: I
R
4
R
4
I
R
5
R
5
+I
R
6
R
6
= 0
L
2
: I
R
1
R
1
+I
R
3
R
3
+I
R
6
R
6
= U
S,1
(4.6)
L
3
: I
R
1
R
1
+I
R
2
R
2
+I
R
4
R
4
+I
R
6
R
6
= U
S,1
42
Finally, the currents I
R
j
have to be replaced by the branch currents I
b,j
in (4.6). In branches
b
1
to b
5
, these currents are identical due to the nature of the circuit (e.g. I
R
2
= I
b,2
).
I
b,j
= I
R
j
j = 1 5 (4.7)
In branch b
6
, nevertheless, both the passive circuit element R
6
and the independent current
source I
S,6
have to be taken into accout. Using KCL, one gets
I
b,6
= I
R
6
+I
S,6
or I
R
6
= I
b,6
I
S,6
(4.8)
Introducing (4.7) and (4.8) the system (4.6) can again be rewritten.
L
1
: I
b,4
R
4
I
b,5
R
5
+I
b,6
R
6
= I
S,6
R
6
L
2
: I
b,1
R
1
+I
b,3
R
3
+I
b,6
R
6
= U
S,1
+I
S,6
R
6
(4.9)
L
3
: I
b,1
R
1
+I
b,2
R
2
+I
b,4
R
4
+I
b,6
R
6
= U
S,1
+I
S,6
R
6
Merging the two systems (4.9) and (4.1) one ends up with a system of 6 equations for the 6
unknown branch currents I
b
= (I
b,1
, I
b,2
, I
b,b
)
T
.
_
_
0 0 0 R
4
R
5
R
6
R
1
0 R
3
0 0 R
6
R
1
R
2
0 R
4
0 R
6
1 1 1 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0
0 0 1 1 0 1
_
_
_
_
I
b,1
I
b,2
I
b,3
I
b,4
I
b,5
I
b,6
_
_
=
_
_
R
6
I
S,6
U
S,1
+R
6
I
S,6
U
S,1
+R
6
I
S,6
0
0
0
_
_
(4.10)
4.3 Nodal-Voltage Method
The nodal-voltage method reduces the resulting equation system from b independent equa-
tions to n 1 equations. This method will be explained using Fig. 4.4.
The circuit is powered by three real voltage sources (U
S,1
, R
1
; U
S,4
, R
4
; U
S,6
, R
6
) and a real
current source (I
S,8
, R
8
). Branch currents I
b,j
are assigned to all of the b = 9 branches. Then
all real voltage sources U
S,j
are transformed into real current sources I
S,j
using the resistors
R
j
. Since the direction of the resulting source currents is opposite to the given source voltages,
(2.49) must be used.
I
S,j
=
U
S,j
R
j
(4.11)
One of the nodes, namely node n
5
in Fig. 4.4 is dened to be the datum or reference node.
A nodal voltage is then introduced between each of the remaining nodes and the reference
node (U
n,1
, U
n,2
, U
n,3
, U
n,4
). The transformed sources and the nodal-to-datum voltages are
displayed in Fig. 4.5.
Next Kirchhos current law is applied to the remaining nodes n
1
to n
4
using the branch
currents I
b,j
, which are then replaced by the currents I
R
j
(passing through the resistors R
j
)
and the respective source currents I
S,j
.
43
Figure 4.4: Linear Circuit with b = 9 branches and n = 5 nodes
I
b,1
+I
b,2
+I
b,3
= I
R
1
I
S,1
+I
R
2
+I
R
3
= 0
I
b,3
I
b,4
+I
b,5
= I
R
3
I
R
4
I
S,4
+I
R
5
= 0
I
b,2
+I
b,6
+I
b,7
= I
R
2
+I
R
6
+I
S,6
+I
R
7
= 0 (4.12)
I
b,6
I
b,7
I
b,8
+I
b,9
= I
R
6
I
S,6
I
R
7
I
R
8
I
S,8
+I
R
9
= 0
Next the currents I
R
j
passing through the resistors R
j
are replaced by the respective voltage
drops U
R
j
divided by the resistances R
j
and the known source current values are transferred
to the right hand side (rhs) of the equations.
U
R
1
R
1
+
U
R
2
R
2
+
U
R
3
R
3
= I
S,1
U
R
3
R
3
U
R
4
R
4
+
U
R
5
R
5
= I
S,4
U
R
2
R
2
+
U
R
6
R
6
+
U
R
7
R
7
= I
S,6
(4.13)
U
R
6
R
6
U
R
7
R
7
U
R
8
R
8
+
U
R
9
R
9
= I
S,6
+I
S,8
The voltage drops U
R
j
can be expressed using nodal voltages U
n,j
.
U
R,1
= U
n,1
44
Figure 4.5: Linear Circuit with Nodal Voltages
U
R,2
= U
n,1
U
n,3
U
R,3
= U
n,1
U
n,2
U
R,4
= U
n,2
U
R,5
= U
n,2
U
R,6
= U
n,3
U
n,4
U
R,7
= U
n,3
U
n,4
U
R,8
= U
n,4
U
R,9
= U
n,4
Then the nodal voltages can be inserted into system (4.13).
U
n,1
R
1
+
U
n,1
U
n,3
R
2
+
U
n,1
U
n,2
R
3
= I
S,1
U
n,1
U
n,2
R
3
U
n,2
R
4
+
U
n,2
R
5
= I
S,4
U
n,1
U
n,3
R
2
+
U
n,3
U
n,4
R
6
+
U
n,3
U
n,4
R
7
= I
S,6
(4.14)
U
n,3
U
n,4
R
6
U
n,3
U
n,4
R
7
U
n,4
R
8
+
U
n,4
R
9
= I
S,6
+I
S,8
45
The system (4.14) can now be reorganized in the following way.
U
n,1
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
) U
n,2
1
R
3
U
n,3
1
R
2
= I
S,1
U
n,1
1
R
3
+U
n,2
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) = I
S,4
U
n,1
1
R
2
+U
n,3
(
1
R
2
+
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) U
n,4
(
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) = I
S,6
(4.15)
U
n,3
(
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) +U
n,4
(
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
) = I
S,6
+I
S,8
Finally, the system of linear equations (4.15) can be transferred into a matrix system.
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
)
0 0 (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
)
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,4
_
_
=
_
_
I
S,1
I
S,4
I
S,6
I
S,6
+I
S,8
_
_
(4.16)
The system matrix in (4.16) is termed nodal admittance matrix Y
n
. If there are no
dependent sources present, the individual elements of Y
n
can be directly determined from the
circuit.
Y
n
is a symmetric and quadratic matrix
Pivot elements y
kk
: positive sum of all conductances connected to node n
k
Non-pivot elements y
kl
= y
lk
: negative sum of conductances connecting nodes n
k
and n
l
The rsh vector (right hand side vector) is formed such that I
k
represents the sum of all
independent currents connected to node n
k
+ I
S,j
, if I
S,j
is approaching n
k
- I
S,j
, if I
S,j
is leaving n
k
4.3.1 Treating Ideal Voltage Sources
If a circuit comprises of ideal voltage sources U
S,j
without a serial resistor as shown in Fig.4.6,
the nodal-voltage method presented before has to be modied. The voltage source U
S,6
cannot be transferred into a current source. Therefore, an unknown current I
?
S,6
is introduced.
Next Kirchhos current law is applied to the remaining nodes n
1
to n
4
using the branch
currents I
b,j
and the unknown current I
?
S,6
. The branch currents are then replaced by the
currents I
R,j
j
and the respective source currents I
S,j
.
I
b,1
+I
b,2
+I
b,3
= I
R
1
I
S,1
+I
R
2
+I
R
3
= 0
I
b,3
I
b,4
+I
b,5
= I
R
3
I
R
4
I
S,4
+I
R
5
= 0
I
b,2
+I
?
S,6
+I
b,7
= I
R
2
+I
?
S,6
+I
R
7
= 0 (4.17)
I
?
S,6
I
b,7
I
b,8
+I
b,9
= I
?
S,6
I
R
7
I
R
8
I
S,8
+I
R
9
= 0
46
Figure 4.6: Linear Circuit with an Ideal Voltage Source U
S,6
Next the currents I
R,j
j
are replaced by the respective voltage
drops U
R,j
divided by the resistances R
j
and the known source current values are transferred
to the right hand side of the equations.
U
R
1
R
1
+
U
R
2
R
2
+
U
R
3
R
3
= I
S,1
U
R
3
R
3
U
R
4
R
4
+
U
R
5
R
5
= I
S,4
U
R
2
R
2
+I
?
S,6
+
U
R
7
R
7
= 0 (4.18)
I
?
S,6
U
R
7
R
7
U
R
8
R
8
+
U
R
9
R
9
= I
S,8
The voltage drops U
R,j
can then be expressed using nodal voltages U
n,j
as shown in (4.14).
Then the nodal voltages can be inserted into the system (4.18).
U
n,1
R
1
+
U
n,1
U
n,3
R
2
+
U
n,1
U
n,2
R
3
= I
S,1
U
n,1
U
n,2
R
3
U
n,2
R
4
+
U
n,2
R
5
= I
S,4
U
n,1
U
n,3
R
2
+I
?
S,6
+
U
n,3
U
n,4
R
7
= 0 (4.19)
47
I
?
S,6
U
n,3
U
n,4
R
7
U
n,4
R
8
+
U
n,4
R
9
= I
S,8
The system (4.19) can now be reorganized in the following way taking the unknown nodal
voltages and the unknown current I
?
S,6
into account.
U
n,1
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
) U
n,2
1
R
3
U
n,3
1
R
2
= I
S,1
U
n,1
1
R
3
+U
n,2
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) = I
S,4
U
n,1
1
R
2
+U
n,3
(
1
R
2
+
1
R
7
) U
n,4
(
1
R
7
) +I
?
S,6
= 0
U
n,3
(
1
R
7
) +U
n,4
(
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
) I
?
S,6
= I
S,8
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0 0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
7
)
1
R
7
1
0 0 (
1
R
7
) (
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
) 1
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,4
I
?
S,6
_
_
=
_
_
I
S,1
I
S,4
0
I
S,8
_
_
(4.20)
Then the number of unknowns can be reduced by using the relation U
n,4
= U
n,3
+U
S,6
.
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0 0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
7
)
1
R
7
1
0 0 (
1
R
7
) (
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
) 1
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,3
+U
S,6
I
?
S,6
_
_
=
_
_
I
S,1
I
S,4
0
I
S,8
_
_
(4.21)
In the vector of the unknowns (U
n,j
, I
?
S,6
), U
S,6
can be eliminated by multiplying it with the
fourth column of the system matrix and subsequently transferring it to the right hand side
(rhs). Then the third and the fourth entry in the vector of unknows are identical (U
n,3
).
Therefore, the third and the fourth column of the system matrix can be summed up, as
indicated in (4.22).
6
+
6
*
6
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0 0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
7
)
1
R
7
1
0 0
1
R
7
(
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
) 1
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,3
+U
S,6
I
?
S,6
_
_
=
_
_
I
S,1
I
S,4
0
I
S,8
_
_
(4.22)
The resulting system to nd U
n,1
, U
n,2
, U
n,3
and I
?
S,6
turns out to be
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0
1
R
2
0
1
R
2
1
0 0 (
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
) 1
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
I
?
S,6
_
_
=
_
_
I
S,1
I
S,4
0
I
S,8
_
_
0
0
1
R
7
(
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
)
_
_
U
S,6
(4.23)
48
4.3.2 Treatung Dependent Sources
The nodal-voltage method can be extended to take into account dependent sources as well.
Fig. 4.7 shows a circiut with two independent real voltage sources (U
S,4
, R
4
; U
S,6
, R
6
) and a
real current source (I
S,8
, R
8
) and a dependent real current driven voltage source (U
S,1
, R
1
).
Figure 4.7: Linear Circuit with a Dependent Voltage Source
The voltage U
S,1
is driven by the current I
R
2
, where Z
m
is termed transfer impedance.
U
S,1
= Z
m
I
R
2
(4.24)
To start with, the dependent voltage source U
S,1
is treated like any other voltage source. It is
transferred into a current source using the resistor R
1
as shown in Fig. 4.8.
I
S,1
=
Z
m
R
1
I
R
2
(4.25)
Then the standard nodal-to-voltage method is applied, which nally leads to the following
equation system.
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
)
0 0 (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
)
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,4
_
_
=
_
_
Z
m
R
1
I
R
2
I
S,4
I
S,6
I
S,6
+I
S,8
_
_
(4.26)
Next the current I
R
2
has to be replaced by the respective voltage U
R
2
and the resistor R
2
,
then U
R
2
must be replaced by the nodal voltages.
Z
m
R
1
I
R
2
=
Z
m
R
1
U
R
2
R
2
=
Z
m
R
1
U
n,1
U
n,3
R
2
(4.27)
49
Figure 4.8: Linear Circuit with a Dependent Current Source
Using (4.27), the right hand side of the system (4.26) can be reformulated.
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
)
0 0 (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
)
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,4
_
_
=
_
_
Z
m
R
1
R
2
U
n,1

Z
m
R
1
R
2
U
n,3
I
S,4
I
S,6
I
S,6
+I
S,8
_
_
(4.28)
Finally, those entries in the rhs vector containing U
n,j
values must be incorporated into the
system matrix, as shown in (4.29).
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3

Z
m
R
1
R
2
)
1
R
3
(
1
R
2
+
Z
m
R
1
R
2
) 0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
)
0 0 (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
)
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,4
_
_
=
_
_
0
I
S,4
I
S,6
I
S,6
+I
S,8
_
_
(4.29)
Solving the system (4.29) leads to the sought nodal voltages U
n,1
to U
n,4
. It should be noted
here that the resulting system matrix is no longer symmetric and that both some of the pivot
and the no-pivot no longer follow the general rules specied in section 4.3.
4.3.3 Mesh-Current Method
The mesh-current method reduces the resulting equation system from b independent equa-
tions to b(n1) equations. This method will be explained using Fig. 4.9. All current sources
have already be transferred in voltage sources, so the circuit is powered by (U
S,1
, R
1
; U
S,4
, R
4
;
U
S,6
, R
6
) and (U
S,8
, R
8
). Then branch currents I
b,j
are assigned to all of the b = 9 branches.
Now independent loops have to be dened in order to set up linearly independent KVL equa-
tions. To do so, the graph of the network is derived from the circuit Fig. 4.9, a tree and
the reamining chords are dened and the loops corresponding to the individual chords are
50
Figure 4.9: Linear Circuit with Voltage Sources
specied (Fig. 4.10). Each loop is made up of one chord only, while the rest is a set of tree
branches. To each loop, a loop current is assigned (I
L,1
to I
L,5
). Then the fundamental loops
are transferred into the given circuit, as shown in Fig. 4.11.
Then to each loop, KVL is applied using the currents I
R
j
, the respective resistances R
j
and
the given voltage sources U
S,j
.
U
S,1
+U
S,4
+R
1
I
R
1
+R
3
I
R
3
R
4
I
R
4
= 0
U
S,4
+R
4
I
R
4
+R
5
I
R
5
= 0
U
S,4
U
S,6
+R
2
I
R
2
R
3
I
R
3
+R
4
I
R
4
+R
6
I
R
6
+R
9
I
R
9
= 0 (4.30)
U
S,8
R
8
I
R
8
R
9
I
R
9
= 0
U
S,6
R
6
I
R
6
+R
7
I
R
7
= 0
Next, the currents I
R
j
are replaced by the loop currents I
L,j
.
51
Figure 4.10: Graph of the Circuit: Tree (green, dashed), Chords, Corresponding Loops
I
R
1
= I
L,1
I
R
2
= I
L,3
I
R
3
= I
L,1
I
L,3
I
R
4
= I
L,1
+I
L,2
+I
L,3
I
R
5
= I
L,2
I
R
6
= I
L,3
I
L,5
I
R
7
= I
L,5
I
R
8
= I
L,4
I
R
9
= I
L,3
I
L,4
The loop currents are the introduced into (4.30), the coecients of the respective loop currents
are summed up and the known sources are transferred to the right hand side.
I
L,1
(R
1
+R
3
+R
4
) +I
L,2
(R
4
) +I
L,3
(R
3
R
4
) = U
S,1
U
S,4
I
L,1
(R
4
) +I
L,2
(R
4
+R
5
) +I
L,3
R
4
= U
S,4
I
L,1
(R
3
R
4
) +I
L,2
R
4
+I
L,3
(R
2
+R
3
+R
4
+R
6
+R
9
)+
+I
L,4
(R
9
) +I
L,5
(R
6
) = U
S,4
+U
S,6
I
L,3
(R
9
) +I
L,4
(R
8
+R
9
) = U
S,8
I
L,3
(R
6
) +I
L,5
(R
6
+R
7
) = U
S,6
52
Figure 4.11: Linear Circuit with b (n 1) Independent Loops
_
_
R
1
+R
3
+R
4
R
4
(R
3
+R
4
) 0 0
R
4
R
4
+R
5
R
4
0 0
(R
3
+R
4
) R
4
R
2
+R
3
+R
4
+R
6
+R
9
R
9
R
6
0 0 R
9
R
8
+R
9
0
0 0 R
6
0 R
6
+R
7
_
_
_
_
I
L,1
I
L,2
I
L,3
I
L,4
I
L,5
_
_
=
_
_
U
S,1
U
S,4
U
S,4
U
S,4
+U
S,6
U
S,8
U
S,6
_
_
(4.31)
The system matrix in (4.31) is termed loop impedance matrix Z
L
. If there are no
dependent sources present, the individual elements of Z
L
can be directly determined from the
circiut.
Z
L
is a symmetric and quadratic matrix
Pivot elements z
kk
: positive sum of all resistances inside the loop L
k
Non-pivot elements z
kl
= z
lk
: sum of all resistances common to loops L
k
and L
l
1. +
R
j
, if the directions of the two loops L
k
and L
l
coincide
2.
R
j
, if the directions of the two loops L
k
and L
l
are of opposite direction
The rsh vector (right hand side vector) is formed such that U
k
represents the sum of all
independent voltage sources inside the loop L
k
53
+ U
S,j
, if U
S,j
and L
k
are of opposite direction
- U
S,j
, if U
S,j
and L
k
coincide
4.4 Using Fundamental Matrices to Solve Linear Circuits
The nal systems of the nodal-voltage method and the mesh-current method can also be
derived using the graph of the circuit and the resulting matrices A and B
f
the diagonal matrix
containing the impedances Z or the admittances Y in the branches j and the vector containing
all sources. This will be shown using the circuit given in Fig. 4.12 and the corresponding graph
shown in Fig. 4.13
Figure 4.12: Linear Circuit with b = 9 Branches and n = 5 Nodes
Following the rules (3.1) and (3.7), the incidence matrix A and the fundamental loop matrix
B
f
can be dened taking into account that n
5
is the referrence node or datum.
[A] =
_
_
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
_
_
(4.32)
[B
f
] =
_
_
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
_
_
(4.33)
54
Figure 4.13: Graph of the Circuit: Tree (green,dashed branches), Chords and Loops
4.4.1 General Branch
To derive the nal systems for the nodal-voltage method and the mesh-current method, a
so called general branch is dened, made up from a passive element, a (independent or
dependent) voltage source and a (independent or dependent) current source (Fig. 4.14).
Figure 4.14: General Branch
From (4.14) the following relations for a single branch b
j
can be derived.
U
b,j
= U
R
j
U
S,j
(4.34)
I
b,j
= I
R
j
+I
S,j
(4.35)
55
Taking all branches into account, all voltage and current relations can be summarized into
two vector equations.
U
b
= UU
S
(4.36)
I
b
= I +I
S
(4.37)
4.4.2 Nodal-Voltage Method using the Incidence Matrix [A]
From section 4.4.1 the following vector relations are known.
U
b
= UU
S
(4.38)
I
b
= I +I
S
(4.39)
Since the current/voltage relation at a single resistor R
j
=
1
G
j
is I
R
j
= G
j
U
R
j
, all of them can
be summarized in a matrix equation,
I = [Y]U (4.40)
where [Y] is a diagonal b b matrix, containing the respective admittances as Pivot elements.
Starting from Kirchhos Current law (3.4)
[A]I
b
= 0 = [A](I +I
S
) [A]I = [A]I
S
one replaces I = [Y]U and U
b
= UU
S
and gets
[A][Y]U = [A][Y](U
b
+U
S
) = [A]I
S
The branch voltages U
b
can be replaced by the nodal voltages U
n
by using the relation
U
b
= [A]
T
U
n
, leading to
[A][Y](U
b
+U
S
) = [A][Y]([A]
T
U
n
+U
S
) = [A]I
S
,
and nally to
[A][Y][A]
T
U
n
= [Y
n
]U
n
= [A][Y]U
S
[A]I
S
(4.41)
The matrix [Y
n
] is termed nodal admittance matrix. The incidence matrix [A] and the
admittance matrix [Y] corresponding to Fig. 4.12 can be calculated as follows.
[A] =
_
_
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
_
_
[Y] =
_
_
1
R
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
1
R
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
1
R
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0
1
R
4
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0
1
R
5
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1
R
6
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
1
R
7
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
R
8
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1
R
9
_
_
Then the nodal admittance [Y
n
]matrix can be calculated from (4.41).
56
[Y
n
] = [A][Y][A]
T
=
_
1
R
1
1
R
2
1
R
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
1
R
3

1
R
4
1
R
5
0 0 0 0
0
1
R
2
0 0 0
1
R
6
1
R
7
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1
R
6

1
R
7

1
R
8
1
R
9
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 0
1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 1 0 0
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1
_
_
=
=
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
)
0 0 (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
)
_
_
Finally the right hand side of (4.41) has to be set up. To do so, one needs U
S
und I
S
. It is
important to check the directions of the sources and compare them with the directions in the
general branch. If the directions agree, the source is entered as +U
S,j
, if the directions do not
agree, the source is entered as U
S,j
. The same applies to the current sources.
{U
S
} =
_
_
U
S,1
0
0
U
S,4
0
U
S,6
0
0
0
_
_
{I
S
} =
_
_
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
S,8
0
_
_
Using U
S
and I
S
, the rhs of (4.41) can be calculated.
[A][Y]{U
S
} =
_
1
R
1
1
R
2
1
R
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0
1
R
3

1
R
4
1
R
5
0 0 0 0
0
1
R
2
0 0 0
1
R
6
1
R
7
0 0
0 0 0 0 0
1
R
6

1
R
7

1
R
8
1
R
9
_
_
_
_
U
S,1
0
0
U
S,4
0
U
S,6
0
0
0
_
_
=
_
U
S,1
R
1
U
S,4
R
4
U
S,6
R
6
U
S,6
R
6
_
_
[A]{I
S
} =
_
_
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
S,8
0
_
_
=
_
_
0
0
0
I
S,8
_
_
Then the nal equation system can be stated as follows.
57
_
_
(
1
R
1
+
1
R
2
+
1
R
3
)
1
R
3

1
R
2
0
1
R
3
(
1
R
3
+
1
R
4
+
1
R
5
) 0 0
1
R
2
0 (
1
R
2
+
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
)
0 0 (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
) (
1
R
6
+
1
R
7
+
1
R
8
+
1
R
9
)
_
_
_
_
U
n,1
U
n,2
U
n,3
U
n,4
_
_
=
U
S,1
R
1
U
S,4
R
4
U
S,6
R
6
U
S,6
R
6
_
_
0
0
0
I
S,8
_
_
(4.42)
This is exactly the same system as computed in (4.16).
4.4.3 Mesh-Current Method using the Fundamental Loop Matrix [B
f
]
From section 4.4.1 the following vector relations are known.
U
b
= UU
S
(4.43)
I
b
= I +I
S
(4.44)
Since the current/voltage relation at a single resistor R
j
=
1
G
j
is U
R
j
= R
j
I
R
j
, all of them can
be summarized in a matrix equation,
U = [Z]I (4.45)
where [Z] is a diagonal b b matrix, containing the respective resistances as Pivot elements.
Starting from Kirchhos voltage law (3.9)
[B
f
]U
b
= 0 = [B
f
](UU
S
) [B
f
]U = [B
f
]U
S
one replaces U = [Z]I and I
b
= I +I
S
and gets
[B
f
][Z]I = [B
f
][Z](I
b
I
S
) = [B
f
]U
S
The branch currents I
b
can be replaced by the loop currents I
L
by using the relation I
b
=
[B
f
]
T
I
L
, leading to
[B
f
][Z](I
b
I
S
) = [B
f
][Z]([B
f
]
T
I
L
I
S
) = [B
f
]U
S
,
and nally to
[B
f
][Z][B
f
]
T
I
L
= [Z
L
]I
L
= [B
f
][Z]I
S
+ [B
f
]U
S
(4.46)
The matrix [Z
L
] is termed mesh impedance matrix. The fundamental loop matrix [B
f
]
and the resistance matrix [Z] corresponding to Fig. 4.12 can be calculated as follows.
[B
f
] =
_
_
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
_
_
[Z] =
_
_
R
1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 R
2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 R
3
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 R
4
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 R
5
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 R
6
0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 R
7
0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R
8
0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R
9
_
_
58
Then the mesh impedance matrix can be calculated from (4.46).
[Z
L
] = [B
f
][Z][B
f
]
T
=
_
_
R
1
0 R
3
R
4
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 R
4
R
5
0 0 0 0
0 R
2
R
3
R
4
0 R
6
0 0 R
9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R
8
R
9
0 0 0 0 0 R
6
R
7
0 0
_
_
_
_
1 0 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 0 0
1 1 1 0 0
0 1 0 0 0
0 0 1 0 1
0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 0
0 0 1 1 0
_
_
=
=
_
_
R
1
+R
3
+R
4
R
4
(R
3
+R
4
) 0 0
R
4
R
4
+R
5
R
4
0 0
(R
3
+R
4
) R
4
R
2
+R
3
+R
4
+R
6
+R
9
R
9
R
6
0 0 R
9
R
8
+R
9
0
0 0 R
6
0 R
6
+R
7
_
_
Finally the right hand side of (4.46) has to be set up. To do so, one needs U
S
und I
S
. It is
important to check the directions of the sources and compare them with the directions in the
general branch. If the directions agree, the source is enter as +U
S,j
, if the directions do not
agree, the source is enter as U
S,j
. The same applies to the current sources.
{U
S
} =
_
_
U
S,1
0
0
U
S,4
0
U
S,6
0
0
0
_
_
{I
S
} =
_
_
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
S,8
0
_
_
Using U
S
and I
S
, the rhs of (4.46) can be calculated.
[B
f
]{U
S
} =
_
_
1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
_
_
_
_
U
S,1
0
0
U
S,4
0
U
S,6
0
0
0
_
_
=
_
_
U
S,1
U
S,4
U
S,4
U
S,4
+U
S,6
0
U
S,6
_
_
[B
f
][Z]{I
S
} =
_
_
R
1
0 R
3
R
4
0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 R
4
R
5
0 0 0 0
0 R
2
R
3
R
4
0 R
6
0 0 R
9
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 R
8
R
9
0 0 0 0 0 R
6
R
7
0 0
_
_
_
_
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I
q8
0
_
_
=
_
_
0
0
0
R
8
I
S,8
0
_
_
59
Taking into account that R
8
I
S,8
= U
S,8
, the nal equation system can be stated as follows.
_
_
R
1
+R
3
+R
4
R
4
(R
3
+R
4
) 0 0
R
4
R
4
+R
5
R
4
0 0
(R
3
+R
4
) R
4
R
2
+R
3
+R
4
+R
6
+R
9
R
9
R
6
0 0 R
9
R
8
+R
9
0
0 0 R
6
0 R
6
+R
7
_
_
_
_
I
L,1
I
L,2
I
L,3
I
L,4
I
L,5
_
_
=
_
_
U
S,1
U
S,4
U
S,4
U
S,4
+U
S,6
U
S,8
U
S,6
_
_
This is exactly the same system as computed in (4.31).
60

Analysis Methods To Solve Linear Circuits

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Analysis Methods To Solve Linear Circuits

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4 Analysis Methods to Solve Linear

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