Diabetes facts Diabetes is a chronic condition associated with abnormally high levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

. Insulin produced by the pancreas lowers blood glucose. Absence or insufficient production of insulin causes diabetes. The two types of diabetes are referred to as type 1 and type 2. Former names for these conditions were insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetes, or juvenile onset and adult onset diabetes. Symptoms of diabetes include increased urine output, thirst, hunger, and fatigue. Diabetes is diagnosed by blood sugar (glucose) testing. The major complications of diabetes are both acute and chronic. Acute complications: dangerously elevated blood sugar (hyperglycemia), abnormally low blood sugar (hypoglycemia) due to diabetes medications may occur Chronic complications: disease of the blood vessels (both small and large) which can damage the feet, eyes, kidneys, nerves, and heart may occur

What is the impact of diabetes? Over time, diabetes can lead to blindness,kidney failure, and nerve damage. These types of damage are the result of damage to small vessels, referred to as microvascular disease. Diabetes is also an important factor in accelerating the hardening and narrowing of the arteries (atherosclerosis), leading to strokes,coronary heart disease, and other large blood vessel diseases. Types of Diabetes Mellitus Diabetes mellitus (or diabetes) is a chronic, lifelong condition that aff ects yourbody's ability to use the energy found in food. There are thre e major types ofdiabetes: type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes, and gestati onal diabetes. All types of diabetes mellitus have something in common. Normally, your bodybreaks down the sugars and carbohydrates you eat into a sp ecial sugar calledglucose. Glucose fuels the cells in your body. But th e cells need insulin, ahormone, in your bloodstream in order to take i n the glucose and use it for energy.With diabetes mellitus, either your body doesn't make enough insulin, it can't usethe insulin it does prod uce, or a combination of both. Since the cells can't take in the glucose, itbuilds up in your blood. Hi gh levels of bloodglucose can damage the tiny blood vessels inyour k idneys, heart, eyes, or nervous system.That's why diabetes -especially if leftuntreated -can eventually cause heartdisease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, and nerve damage to nerves in the feet.

Diabetes treatment depends on the type and severity of the diabetes. Type 1 diabetes is treated with insulin, exercise, and a diabetic diet. Type 2 diabetes is first treated with weight Type 1 Diabetes reduction, a diabetic diet, and exercise. When these measures fail to control the elevated blood sugars, oral medications are used. If Type 1 diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes. It used to oral medications are still insufficient, insulin medications and other be called juvenile-onset diabetes, because it often begins in injectable medications are considered. childhood. Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by high blood sugar (glucose) levels that result from defects in insulin secretion, or its action, or both. Diabetes mellitus, commonly referred to as diabetes (as it will be in this article) was first identified as a disease associated with "sweet urine," and excessive muscle loss in the ancient world. Elevated levels of blood glucose (hyperglycemia) lead to spillage of glucose into the urine, hence the term sweet urine. Normally, blood glucose levels are tightly controlled by insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas. Insulin lowers the blood glucose level. When the blood glucose elevates (for example, after eating food), insulin is released from the pancreas to normalize the glucose level. In patients with diabetes, the absence or insufficient production of insulin causes hyperglycemia. Diabetes is a chronic medical condition, meaning that although it can be controlled, it lasts a lifetime.

Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune condition. It's caused by the body attacking its own pancreas with antibodies. In people with type 1 diabetes, the damaged pancreas doesn't make insulin. This type of diabetes may be caused by a genetic predisposition. It could also be the result of faulty beta cells in the pancreas that normally produce insulin. A number of medical risks are associated with type 1 diabetes. Many of them stem from damage to the tiny blood vessels in your eyes (called diabetic retinopathy), nerves (diabetic neuropathy), and kidneys (diabetic nephropathy). Even more serious is the increased risk of heart disease and stroke.

Treatment for type 1 diabetes involves taking insulin, which needs to be injected through the skin into the fatty tissue below. The methods of injecting insulin include: Syringes Insulin pens that use pre-filled cartridges and a fine needle Jet injectors that use high pressure air to send a spray of insulin through the skin Insulin pumps that dispense insulin through flexible tubing to a catheter under the skin of the abdomen

insulin resistance. With insulin resistance, the pancreas has to work overly hard to produce more insulin. But even then, there is not enough insulin to keep sugars normal. There is no cure for diabetes. Type 2 diabetes can, however, be controlled withweight management, nutrition, and exercise. Unfortunately, type 2 diabetes tends to progress, and diabetes medications are often needed. An A1C test is a blood test that estimates average glucose levels in your blood over the previous three months. Periodic A1C testing may be advised to see how well diet, exercise, and medications are working to control blood sugar and prevent organ damage. The A1C test is typically done a few times a year. Gestational Diabetes

A periodic test called the A1C blood test estimates glucose levels in your blood over the previous three months. It's used to help identify overall glucose level control and the risk of complications from diabetes, including organ damage. Having type 1 diabetes does require significant lifestyle changes that include: Frequent testing of your blood sugar levels Careful meal planning Daily exercise Taking insulin and other medications as needed Diabetes that's triggered by pregnancy is called gestational diabetes (pregnancy, to some degree, leads to insulin resistance). It is often diagnosed in middle or late pregnancy. Because high blood sugar levels in a mother are circulated through the placenta to the baby, gestational diabetes must be controlled to protect the baby's growth and development. With gestational diabetes, risks to the unborn baby are even greater than risks to the mother. Risks to the baby include abnormal weight gain before birth, breathing problems at birth, and higher obesity and diabetes risk later in life. Risks to the mother include needing a cesarean section due to an overly large baby, as well as damage to heart, kidney, nerves, and eye.

Treatment during pregnancy includes working closely with your health care team and: People with type 1 diabetes can lead long, active lives if they Careful meal planning to ensure adequate pregnancy nutrients carefully monitor their glucose, make the needed lifestyle changes, without excess fat and calories Daily exercise and adhere to the treatment plan. Controlling pregnancy weight gain Taking diabetes insulin to control blood sugar levels if needed Type 2 Diabetes Symptom checklist for type 1 diabetes: By far, the most common form of diabetes is type 2 diabetes, Exceptional thirst accounting for 95% of diabetes cases in adults. Some 26 million Dry mouth American adults have been diagnosed with the disease. Frequent urination Type 2 diabetes used to be called adult-onset diabetes, but with the Loss of weight epidemic of obese and overweight kids, more teenagers are now Weakness or fatigue developing type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes was also called non Blurred vision insulin-dependent diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is often a milder form of diabetes than type 1. Nevertheless, type 2 diabetes can still cause major health complications, particularly in the smallest blood vessels Type 2 diabetes may lead on from pre-diabetes. You may also want to try the type 2 diabetes risk test. Symptoms of type 2 diabetes in the body that nourish the kidneys, nerves, and eyes. Type 2 include: diabetes also increases your risk of heart disease and stroke. Blurred vision With Type 2 diabetes, the pancreas usually produces some insulin. Cuts or sores take a long time to heal But either the amount produced is not enough for the body's needs, or Itching skin or yeast infections the body's cells are resistant to it. Insulin resistance, or lack of Excessive thirst sensitivity to insulin, happens primarily in fat, liver, and muscle cells. Dry mouth People who are obese -- more than 20% over their ideal body Frequent urination weight for their height -- are at particularly high risk of developing Leg pain type 2 diabetes and its related medical problems. Obese people have

Ketoacidosis In type 1 diabetics, a condition calledketoacidosis at diagnosis is common. This occurs when acid compounds, ketones, form in the blood. If untreated, this can result in extremely serious complications and even death, but it can be the first indicator of the presence of type 1 diabetes. Amongst type 2 diabetics, Hyperosmolar Hyperglycaemic State is a condition that may occur if diabetes develops without medical treatment. HHS can result if blood glucose levels rise significantly, above 33 mmol/L, in type 2 diabetes. Hemorrhage after delivery, or postpartum hemorrhage, is the loss of greater than 500 ml of blood following vaginal delivery, or 1000 ml of blood following cesarean section. It is the most common cause of perinatal maternal death in the developed world and is a major cause of maternal morbidity worldwide.[1] Causes of postpartum hemorrhage are uterine atony, trauma, retained placenta, and coagulopathy, commonly referred to as the "four Ts":
[1]

Stage 2: bleeding continues - check coagulation status, assemble response team, move to operating room, place intrauterine balloon, administer additional uterotonics (misoprostol, carboprost tromethamine), consider: uterine artery embolization, dilatation and curettage, and laparotomy with uterine compression stitches or hysterectomy.

Stage 3: bleeding continues - activate massive transfusion protocol, mobilize additional personnel, recheck laboratory tests, perform laparotomy, consider hysterectomy. Hypertension is the most important preventable risk factor for premature death worldwide.[17]It increases the risk of ischemic heart disease[18] strokes,[12] peripheral vascular disease,[19]and other cardiovascular diseases, including heart failure, aortic aneurysms, diffuseatherosclerosis, and pulmonary embolism.[12] Hypertension is also a risk factor for cognitive impairment and dementia, and chronic kidney disease.[12] Other complications include hypertensive retinopathy and hypertensive nephropathy.[ Primary hypertension Main article: Essential hypertension Primary (essential) hypertension is the most common form of hypertension, accounting for 9095% of all cases of hypertension.[1] In almost all contemporary societies, blood pressure rises with aging and the risk of becoming hypertensive in later life is considerable.[20]Hypertension results from a complex interaction of genes and environmental factors. Numerous common genetic variants

Tone: uterine atony is the inability of the uterus to contract and may lead to continuous bleeding. Retained placental tissue and infection may contribute to uterine atony.

Trauma: trauma from the delivery may tear tissue and vessels leading to significant postpartum bleeding. Tissue: retention of tissue from the placenta or fetus may lead to bleeding. Thrombin: a bleeding disorder occurs when there is a failure of clotting, such as with diseases known as coagulopathies.

Management [edit]Medication Intravenous oxytocin is the drug of choice for postpartum hemorrhage. Misoprostol may also be effective if oxytocin is not available.[2] [edit]Protocol Stage 0: normal - treated with fundal massage and oxytocin. Stage 1: more than normal bleeding - establish large-bore intravenous access, assemble personnel, increase oxytocin, consider use of methergine, perform fundal massage, prepare 2 units of packed red cells.

with small effects on blood pressure have been identified[21] as well as some rare genetic variants with large effects on blood pressure[22] but the genetic basis of hypertension is still poorly understood. Several environmental factors influence blood pressure. Lifestyle factors that lower blood pressure include reduced dietary salt intake,[23] increased consumption of fruits and low fat products (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH diet)), exercise,[24] weight loss[25] and reduced alcohol intake.[26] Stress appears to play a minor role[10]with specific relaxation techniques not supported by the evidence.[27] The possible role of other factors such as

caffeine consumption,[28] and vitamin D deficiency[29] are less clear cut. Insulin resistance, which is common in obesity and is a component ofsyndrome X (or the metabolic syndrome), is also thought to contribute to hypertension.
[30]

use of medications, lifestyle changes are still recommended in conjunction with medication. Different programs aimed to reduce psychological stress such as biofeedback, relaxation or meditation are advertised to reduce hypertension. However, in general claims of efficacy are not supported by scientific studies, which have been in general of low quality.[61][62][63] Dietary change such as a low sodium diet is beneficial. A long term (more than 4 weeks) low sodium diet in Caucasians is effective in reducing blood pressure, both in people with hypertension and in people with normal blood pressure.[64] Also, the DASH diet, a diet rich in nuts, whole grains, fish, poultry, fruits and vegetables promoted in the USA by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute lowers blood pressure. A major feature of the plan is limiting intake of sodium, although the diet is also rich in potassium, magnesium,calcium, as well as protein.[65] Ear infection or inflammation (otitis media) facts Otitis media (ear infection or inflammation) is the most common diagnosis in sick children in the U.S. Otitis media features fever, ear pain, and a feeling of fullness in the ear; as well as fussiness and feeding problems in young children. Otitis media is usually an infection and/or inflammation of the middle ear. Ear infection or inflammation causes fluid buildup in the middle ear. A cold or other respiratory infection can lead to ear infections or inflammation. Exposure to other children's coldsas often occurs in daycare centers, raises the risk of contracting otitis media (ear infection or inflammation). Bottlefeeding increases the risk of ear infection or inflammation in babies. Middle ear pus causes pain and temporary hearing loss.

Recent studies have also implicated events

in early life (for example low birth weight, maternal smoking and lack of breast feeding) as risk factors for adult essential hypertension,[31] although the mechanisms linking these exposures to adult hypertension remain obscure. [31] [edit]Secondary hypertension Main article: Secondary hypertension Secondary hypertension results from an identifiable cause. Renal disease is the most common secondary cause of hypertension.[12]Hypertension can also be caused by endocrine conditions, such as Cushing's syndrome, hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism,acromegaly, C onn's syndrome or hyperaldosteronism, hyperparathyroidism and pheochromocytoma.[12][32] Other causes of secondary hypertension include obesity, sleep apnea, pregnancy, coarctation of the aorta, excessive liquorice consumption and certain prescription medicines, herbal remedies and illegal drugs. Prevention
[12][33]

maintain normal body weight for adults (e.g. body mass index 2025 kg/m2) reduce dietary sodium intake to <100 mmol/ day (<6 g of sodium chloride or <2.4 g of sodium per day) engage in regular aerobic physical activity such as brisk walking (30 min per day, most days of the week) limit alcohol consumption to no more than 3 units/day in men and no more than 2 units/day in women consume a diet rich in fruit and vegetables (e.g. at least five portions per day);

Lifestyle modifications The first line of treatment for hypertension is identical to the recommended preventative lifestyle changes changes
[59] [58]

and includes: dietary

physical exercise, and weight loss. These have all been

shown to significantly reduce blood pressure in people with hypertension.[60] If hypertension is high enough to justify immediate

Rupture of the eardrum allows the pus to drain into the ear canal.

weeks. Following an acute infection, fluid (an effusion) may remain behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane) for up to three months before resolving. Chronic otitis media may develop after a prolonged

Otitis media (ear infection or inflammation) is treated with observation, antibiotics, or ear tubes.

period of time with fluid (effusion) or negative pressure behind the eardrum (tympanic membrane). Chronic otitis media can cause ongoing damage to the middle ear and eardrum, and there may be continuing drainage through a hole in the eardrum. Chronic otitis

What is otitis media (middle ear infection or inflammation)? Otitis media is inflammation of the middle ear; however, many

media often starts painlessly without fever. Ear pressure or popping doctors consider otitis media to be either inflammation or infection of can be persistent for months. Sometimes a subtle loss of hearing can the middle ear. "Otitis" means inflammation of the ear, and "media" be due to chronic otitis media. means middle. This inflammation often begins with infections that cause sore throats, colds or other respiratory problems, and spreads to Why do young children tend to have ear infections? The Eustachian tube, a canal that runs from the middle ear to the the middle ear. Infections can be caused by viruses or bacteria, and back of the nose and throat, is shorter and more horizontal in young can be acute or chronic. children than in older children and adults. This allows easier entry Acute otitis media is usually of rapid onset and short duration. into the middle ear for the microorganisms that cause infection and Acute otitis media is typically associated with fluid accumulation in lead to otitis media. The result is that children are at greater risk of acquiring ear infections than adults. the middle ear together with signs or symptoms of ear infection; a Main symptoms of acute otitis media include: bulging eardrum usually accompanied by pain, or a perforated earache eardrum, often with drainage of purulent material (pus, also termed a high temperature (fever) of 38C (100.4F) suppurative otitis media). Fever can be present. or higher Chronic otitis media is a persistent inflammation of the middle ear, being sick typically for a minimum of a month. This is in distinction to an acute ear infection (acute otitis media) that usually lasts only several weeks. Following an acute infection, fluid (an effusion) may remain behind the ear drum (tympanic membrane) for up to three months before resolving. Chronic otitis media may develop after a prolonged period of time with fluid (effusion) or negative pressure behind the eardrum (tympanic membrane). Chronic otitis media can cause ongoing damage to the middle ear and eardrum, and there may be continuing drainage through a hole in the eardrum. Chronic otitis media often starts painlessly without fever. Ear pressure or popping can be persistent for months. Sometimes a subtle loss of hearing can be due to chronic otitis media. Acute otitis media is usually of rapid onset and short duration. Acute otitis media is typically associated with fluid accumulation in the middle ear together with signs or symptoms of ear infection; a bulging eardrum usually accompanied by pain, or a perforated eardrum, often with drainage of purulent material (pus, also termed suppurative otitis media). Fever can be present. Chronic otitis media is a persistent inflammation of the middle ear, typically for a minimum of a month. This is in distinction to an acute ear infection (acute otitis media) that usually lasts only several lack of energy slight deafness

Babies with ear infections will be hot and irritable. As babies are unable to communicate the source of their discomfort, it can be difficult to tell what is wrong with them. However, your baby may have an ear infection if they are unsettled in this way. Other signs to look for in younger children include: pulling, tugging or rubbing their ear irritability poor feeding restlessness at night coughing a runny nose diarrhoea unresponsiveness to quiet sounds or other signs of difficulty hearing, such as sitting too close to the television or inattentiveness loss of balance Pancreatic cancer often is called a "silent" disease because it typically doesn't cause symptoms early on. The cancer may grow and spread for some time before symptoms develop, which may be so vague that they are initially ignored. For these reasons, pancreatic

cancer is hard to detect early. In many cases, the cancer has spread outside the pancreas by the time it is found. When symptoms appear, their type and severity depend on the location and size of the tumor.

Stage I: Local growth. Pancreatic cancer is limited to the pancreas, but has grown to less than 2 centimeters across (stage IA) or greater than 2 centimeters (stage IB).

Stage II: Local spread. Pancreatic cancer has grown outside the Pancreatic cancer is a malignant neoplasm originating from pancreas, or has spread to nearby lymph nodes. transformed cells arising in tissues forming the pancreas. The most common type of pancreatic cancer, accounting for 95% of Stage III: Wider spread. The tumor has expanded into nearby these tumors, is adenocarcinoma (tumors exhibiting glandular major blood vessels or nerves but has not metastasized. architecture on light microscopy) arising within the exocrine component of the pancreas. A minority arise Stage IV: Confirmed spread. Pancreatic cancer has spread to fromislet cells, and are classified as neuroendocrine tumors. distant organs. The signs and symptoms that eventually lead to the diagnosis depend on the location, the size, and the tissue type of the tumor, and may include abdominal pain, lower back pain, Common Pediatric Diseases and Conditions and jaundice (if the tumor compresses the bile duct). Common diseases and conditions that affect children, including information about dermatology, orthopedics, diabetes, cystic fibrosis, Early pancreatic cancer often does not cause symptoms, [6] and the and cancer. later symptoms are usually nonspecific and varied.[6] Therefore, pancreatic cancer is often not diagnosed until it is advanced.[6] Common symptoms include: Pain in the upper abdomen that typically radiates to the back[6] (seen in carcinoma of the body or tail of the pancreas) Loss of appetite (anorexia) or nausea and vomiting Significant weight loss (cachexia)
[6]

Iron Deficiency Iron deficiency is still a common cause of anemia in young children. Learn how to recognize and prevent iron deficiency anemia in your kids by encouraging them to eat foods with iron, avoiding risk factors for iron deficiency anemia, and getting screened when they are about 12 months old. Vaginitis - Symptoms and Treatments Vaginitis refers to inflammation or infection of the vagina and is a common problem in girls, both before and after they start puberty.

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Painless jaundice (yellow tint to whites of eyes or yellowish skin Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a rare type of hypersensitivity reaction to a medication or an infection, and can lead to the in serious cases, possibly in combination with darkened formation of a blistering skin rash and painful mouth ulcers. Learn urine)[6]when a cancer of the head of the pancreas (75% of more about Stevens-Johnson syndrome symptoms and treatments, [7] which can be triggered by many commonly prescribed antibiotics cases) obstructs the common bile duct as it runs through the and anticonvulsants. pancreas. This may also cause pale-colored stool and steatorrhea. The jaundice may be associated with itching as Ingrown Toenails Older children and teens often get an ingrown toenail either because the salt from excess bile can cause skin irritation. they wear tight-fitting shoes that put pressure on their toenail or they trim their toenails too short. Learn how to treat and prevent your Trousseau sign, in which blood clots form spontaneously in child from getting an ingrown toenail. the portal blood vessels, the deep veins of the extremities, or the Galactosemia superficial veins anywhere on the body, may be associated with Galactosemia is a rare inherited disorder in which children are unable to break down and use the sugar galactose. Learn about the pancreatic cancer. symptoms and treatments for children with galactosemia. Diabetes mellitus, or elevated blood sugar levels. Many patients Hemochromatosis with pancreatic cancer develop diabetes months to even years Hemochromatosis is a genetic disease that can be inherited from a before they are diagnosed with pancreatic cancer, suggesting child's parents, in which a child can absorb too much iron, leading to extra iron being stored in the child's liver, heart, pancreas, and other new onset diabetes in an elderly individual may be an early organs. warning sign of pancreatic cancer.[8] Stuttering Stages of Pancreatic Cancer Stuttering is a common problem for children. In fact, about 5% of children stutter as preschoolers. Many outgrow it though, so that only Stage 0: No spread. Pancreatic cancer is limited to a single layer of about 1% of adults are still stuttering. Learn how to help your child who stutters, including what stuttering therapy is available and where cells in the pancreas. The pancreatic cancer is not visible on imaging to go for help. tests or even to the naked eye.

Celiac Disease Celiac disease is an autoimmune disorder, with symptoms that range from gas and diarrhea to irritability and depression. It is caused by an intolerance to the protein gluten, which is found in foods that contain wheat, rye, and barley. Rheumatic Fever Learn about the symptoms and treatments for rheumatic fever, a complication of an infection, like strep throat, that can cause arthritis, heart problems, a rash, fever, and other symptoms. Neurofibromatosis Learn more about neurofibromatosis, a type of neurocutaneous syndrome that affects about 100,000 people in the United States. Parenting Tips Submit your parenting tips for coping with common childhood health issues and problems. Do you have a child with asthma, allergies, constipation, eczema, or headaches, etc.? What works for you? Infant Reflux and Spitting Up Review what you should do if your infant is spitting up his formula and has gastroesophageal reflux. Symptoms of Hypothyroidism Review the symptoms of hypothyroidism in children. Ear Infections Ear infections are common in children and can cause symptoms of ear pain, fever, trouble sleeping and irritability. Learn about treatments for acute otitis media, otitis media with effusion (fluid), and how ear infections can affect hearing and language learning. Cystic Fibrosis Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that can cause a chronic cough, frequent respiratory infections, poor growth, and malabsorption. Learn about treatments and how CF is diagnosed in children, including the sweat chloride test. IBS IBS or irritable bowel syndrome is a common cause of chronic abdominal pain in children, especially older children and teens. Cryptorchidism - Undescended Testicle Learn about the management and treatment of babies with cryptorchidism or undescended testicles. Encopresis Learn what to do about a school aged child who is having soiling accidents and may have encopresis. Lactose Intolerance Review what might cause a child to have a stomach ache and a poor appetite after being treating for a severe rotavirus infection. Guillain-Barr Syndrome Fact Sheet Guillain-Barre Syndrome is an autoimmune disorder that causes weakness and tingling in the legs, arms and upper body, which can lead to paralysis. Reflexes are also usually lost. Learn about diagnosis and treatments. Snoring How do you know if your child is just a normal snorer or if he has obstructive sleep apnea? When is snoring a problem?

Stuttering Many toddlers and preschool age children stutter as they are learning to talk, and although many parents worry about it, most of these children will outgrow the stuttering and will have normal speech as they get older. This article includes advice on what to do if your child stutters. Shakes and Seizures Review what might cause a child to have the 'shakes,' including different types of seizures. Current Clinical Practice Guidelines Links to all of the American Academy of Pediatrics practice guidelines, including how to treat children with ADHD, urinary tract infections, febrile seizures, otitis media with effusion, and acute gastroenteritis. Plus a list of AAP endorsed practice guidelines on constipation, asthma, lyme disease and reflux. Epilepsy in Children Answer place center for parents of children with seizures and epilepsy from the Epilepsy Foundation of America, including recognizing signs of a seizure, managing seizures at school, and treatment options. Childhood Diseases Wondering how to keep your child healthy? Need symptom or treatment information? Look under these symptom or disease headings from the CDC. GeneralPediatrics.com The General Pediatrician's View of the Internet, with information for parents and professionals about common pediatric health problems. Parent's Common Sense Encyclopedia Listings of common pediatric problems and conditions, with short and easy to understand explanations, including ABO incompatibilities, allergies, cold sores, diaper rashes, leukemia, SIDS, and urticaria. Tests and Procedures General information on common childhood tests and procedures, including biopsies, scans, studies, tests, ultrasounds, urine/stool collections, and x-rays, including a barium enema, MRI scan, Upper GI, and video swallow.