IACS Polar Class Requirements and Hull Structural Design Applications

Han Yu ABS September 9, 2008 Houston, Texas

Overview
IACS Polar Class Rules Background Ice Load Model Structural Rules Remaining Issues of Polar Class Rules ABS Approach for Polar Class Rules Application
beyond Scantlings Requirements

Polar Class Rules: Background

The 1970s and 1980s saw dramatic
increases in Polar shipping
Alaska and Canadian Beaufort Sea

Several administrations made

proposals to IMO* to develop a harmonized system of ice class rules

Consensus was reached in IMO

IMO would develop the overall framework for the initiative IACS* would produce detailed requirements for constructionrelated items
* IMO : International Maritime Organization IACS: International Association of Classification Societies
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IMO Arctic Guidelines and IACS Polar Class Rules

The IMO Working Group drew on expertise
from stakeholders and experts, including representatives from Class process to set up parallel groups with overlapping membership and meetings IMO would develop the overall framework for the initiative MSC Circular 1056/MEPC Circular 399, Guidelines for Ships Operating in Arctic Ice Covered Waters formally applicable only to Arctic waters. IACS would produce detailed requirements for construction-related items
IACS Unified Requirements for Polar Class ships

Consensus was reached early in the

Maximum extent of application.

MSC/Circ. 1056/MECP/Circ. 399

Definition of Polar Classes by IMO/IACS

Set lower bound to capture Baltic-like classes with successful
polar operating experience

Set upper bound to include realistic capability limits for

economically-viable vessels
Polar Class PC 1 PC 2 PC 3 PC 4 PC 5 PC 6 PC 7 Ice Description (based on WMO Sea Ice Nomenclature) Year-round operation in all Polar waters Year-round operation in moderate multi-year ice conditions Year-round operation in second-year ice which may include multi-year ice inclusions. Year-round operation in thick first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions Year-round operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions Summer/autumn operation in medium first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions Summer/autumn operation in thin first-year ice which may include old ice inclusions
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Polar Classes
Lowest Polar Classes (PC7 and PC6): should have general
levels of strengthening roughly comparable to Baltic Ice Classes.

Highest Polar Class (PC 1): capable of

independent operation without limitations.

The Polar Rules give on general guidance.

All Polar class vessels can find ice that will damage the structure.

Class selection is a balance

among ice conditions, operational requirements and cost.

Polar Class Concept of Ice Loads (1)

Polar Rules are based on the concept that ice loads can
be rationally linked to a design scenario.

Development working group wanted to ensure that ice

load models were explicit, physics-based, and validated

The design scenario is a glancing collision with an ice

edge (edge of a channel, edge of a floe). This scenario is valid for both independent and escorted operations.

Polar Class Concept of Ice Loads (2)

The load equation is derived from the solution of a
Ship - Ice collision model.

KE normal = IE ice
Normal Kinetic Energy = Ice Indentation Energy Find indentation Find force, area, pressure.

Ice thickness, ice strength (crushing pressures), hull

form, ship size and ship speed are all taken into account.

Polar Class Concept of Structural Rules

Structural design based on

realistic plastic response
Analytical (energy) solutions, Verified by FE analysis (and lab tests) Plate folding for shell plate Bending/shear considerations for frames Buckling-based slenderness limits

Source: Prof. Claude Daley, Memorial University of Newfoundland, August 2007

IACS Unified Requirements (UR) for Polar Class Ships

I1: Polar Class Descriptions and Application

General

I2: Structural Requirements for Polar Class Ships

Hull Structures

I3: Machinery Requirements for Polar Class Ships

Machinery

Download available from IACS web site www.IACS.org.uk

Adopted by all IACS members and became effective March 2008.

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Polar Class Descriptions and Application - UR I1

Polar Class Notation (PC 1 ... PC 7)

Ships are to satisfy I2 and I3 of Polar Class UR I2 and I3 are in addition to the open water requirements of each class rules.

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Major Parts of IACS Polar Class - UR I2

Hull Areas, (I2.2) Design Ice Loads, (I2.3) Shell Plate Requirements, (I2.4) Frame Requirements, (I2.5 - I2.9)
Transversely-framed Longitudinally-framed

Structural Stability - Buckling Corrosion/Abrasion Additions and Steel Renewal, (I2.11) Materials, (I2.12) Longitudinal strength, (I2.13)

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Hull Areas - Longitudinal & Vertical Direction

UIWL - Upper Ice Waterline LIWL - Lower Ice Waterline

Icebelt Lower

Stern

Midbody

Bow

Intermediate

Bow

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Hull Areas - Bottom

Icebelt Lower

Bottom Bow

Stern

Midbody

Intermediate

Bow

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Design Ice Loads

A glancing impact on the bow is the design scenario.
The design ice load is characterized by an average pressure
(Pavg) uniformly distributed over a rectangular load patch of height (b) and width (w).

Within Bow Area - Design Ice Load

Design Ice Load
b

Pavg
w

is functions of the actual bow shape ice thickness and strength ship size and speed

Non-Bow Area - Design Ice Load is

independent of the hull shape.

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Hull Form Angles for Shape Coefficient (fa)

, , : Hull form angles

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Design Ice Load - Bow Area

The whole bow is to be designed with one design ice load patch. To arrive at the design load, 4 sub-region (i) values are calculated The largest of Fi, Qi and pi are used in the assembles bow design
load.
Shape coefficient (fa), Total glancing impact force (F), Line load (Q), Pressure (P)

4 3 2 1

4 3 2 1

Pavg

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Simplification - Class Factors (CFn)

The class factors represent
the simplification of design conditions for each ice class.

Example Crushing Failure

In deriving these values,

hull geometry, ice thickness, Ice strength and ship size and speed are all taken into account.

Crushing Failure Class Factor

There are other class factors for other aspects.

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Class Factors (CFn)

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Other Factors - Hull Area Factors (AF)

for Hull Areas Other than the Bow

The areas other than

the bow are designed for a portion of the bow load. defined based on the shape and waterlines of the vessel.

The hull areas are

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Other Factors - Peak Pressure Factors (PPF)

Pressure within the Design Load Patch
Areas of higher, concentrated pressure exist within the load patch. In
general, smaller areas have higher local pressures.

Accordingly, the peak pressure factors listed in Table 2 are used to

account for the pressure concentration on localized structural members.
Average Pressure

Peak Pressure Factors

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Scantling requirements - Shell

Minimum reqd shell plate thickness (I2.4)
"Net scantling" is required with "corrosion and abrasion allowance"
t = tnet + ts tnet = f (Pavg, y, Peak Pressure Factor, Hull Area Factor, b, s) ts: corrosion and abrasion allowance (I2.11)

Framing Orientation is considered.

Transversely framed Longitudinally framed Obliquely framed

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Scantling Requirements - Framing

Framing members
Local frames - longitudinal or vertical stiffeners Load carrying stringers Web frames

Local frames - requirements

Net effective shear area Net effective plastic section modulus

Stringers and web frames - requirements

Scantlings are per class rules Structural stability (buckling) requirements

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Local frames - requirements

Transversely-Framed Side Structures and Bottom
Structures
Net effective shear area of the frame, At

Net effective plastic section modulus, Zpt

Side Longitudinals for Longitudinally-Framed Ships

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Corrosion/Abrasion Additions and Steel Renewal

Effective protection against corrosion and ice-induced abrasion is
recommended for shell plating.

Minimum corrosion/abrasion addition of ts = 1.0 mm for stiffener

webs and flanges. tnet + 0.5 mm.

Steel renewal is required when the gauged thickness is less than

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Fracture Toughness
Fracture toughness : Ability of a material
containing a crack to resist fracture

Fracture toughness is decreased for

Brittle material Thick plates Low service temperature

Fatigue Crack growth

Fracture
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Material Classes for Polar Ice Class Vessels

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Material Grades for Polar Ice Class Vessels

As-built thickness is considered

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Longitudinal strength
Scenario: head-on ramming Ice load is to be only combined with still water loads (wave
load may be ignored.)

Parameters to be considered
Design vertical ice force at the bow Design vertical shear force Design vertical ice bending moment

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Some Remaining Issues in Polar Class Rules

Referred to Classification Rules

Scantlings of web frame and stringer Grillage analysis of hull structures Direct calculation IACS and ABS Efforts
IACS members have formed a Task Group to work on these subjects. ABS to provide guidance with "ABS Guidance Notes on Ice Class" to address these issues.

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ABS Approach to Implement Polar Class Rules

Framework of Risk Based Design Review
Stake holders - Owner / Operator / Class / Designer / Builder Acceptable operational profile

HAZID of Proposed Vessel and Operations Scantlings based on IACS Polar Class UR
ABS Polar quick based on HAZID

check Software

Direct Calculation for Additional Ice-Ship Interaction Scenarios Appropriate Winterization

Design Stage / Operational Stage

Collect actual ice loads from full scale measurements

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Why Risk Based Design Review? (1)

Lack of experience operating vessels in Arctic regions
Most experiences in Baltic Sea (1ASuper max ice thickness 1m) Polar Class PC-6 in Medium fist year ice 0.7 1.2m with old ice inclusion Ice loads are among the most uncertain of all loads applied to ships

Baltic Sea Winter Operation

First year pack ice with old ice inclusions

Ice Ridge Field in Kara Sea

SS Manhattan in Northwest Passage 32

Why Risk Based Design Review? (2)

Most of Higher Ice Class experiences are learned from smaller ships.
High ice classes of Canada, Russia maximum about 30,000t DWT

MV Arctic
DWT 28,418 t

Umiak I
DWT 31,992 t

Norilsk Nickel
DWT 14,928 t

Latest completion of 70K DWT Varandey Arctic Shuttle Tanker (2008)

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Why Risk Based Design Review? (3)

Polar Class Rules do not comprehensively address:
Unique operation scenarios Interaction between primary members - grillage

IACS Polar Rule Scenario

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Why Risk Based Design Review? (4)

Current Ice Class Rules do not explicitly address:
the effects of ice loads on LNG cargo containment systems the effects of dynamic ice loads on fatigue performance accidental loads, such as growler collision

fatigue due to dynamic ice loads

the effects on LNG cargo containment systems

accidental loads - growler collision

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Ice Loads Model for Direct Calculation

Consistent with IACS Ice Load Model Ship-Ice Collision Model
same as Polar Class Rules Example Crushing Failure

Actual design values of

hull geometry, ice thickness, Ice strength and ship size and speed can be used based on operational scenarios.
Crushing Failure Class Factor

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Application of Direct Calculation Scenarios

Example Application - for Arctic LNG Carrier Joint Development Project
For Large Arctic LNG Carrier Design ABS - HHI - BMT Fleet Technology BMT FTC Ice Load Model (IACS Polar UR) was used.

HAZID of Ship Ice Interaction was carried out. Results were published:
RINA Conference on Vessels Operating In Low Temperature Environments - 2007 Arctic Shipping Conference - 2008 SNAME Conference IceTech - 2008 http://www.eagle.org/news/press/apr09-2008.html

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Arctic LNG Carriers Development

A Joint Development by ABS, HHI and BMT Fleet Technology

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Structural Integrity Assessment of Cargo Containment Systems in Arctic LNG Carriers under Ice Loads *

Source: Arctic Shipping Conference 2008, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Structural Integrity Assessment of Cargo Containment Systems in Arctic LNG Carriers under Ice Loads *

Source: Arctic Shipping Conference 2008, St. Petersburg, Russia

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Application of Non-linear Finite Element Analysis

ABS 2004 and 2005 Guidance Notes on Ice Class

For Baltic class vessels - longitudinally framed structure
Side longitudinal design Side shell design

To be updated in 2008
Side stringer design Grillage Analysis Direct Calculation

4.5 4 Applied Load / Design Load 3.5 3 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 5 10 15

9m m 11m m 13m m 15m m 17m m

20 25

10m m 12m m 14m m 16m m

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M axim um Dis place m e nt, D (m m )

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IACS Polar Class UR Software

Available for ABS Clients

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Example: ABS POLAR quick

Plate and Frame Check
Output: pass or fail

check

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ABS Guide for

Vessels Operating in Low Temperature Environments

Two documents in one

Guide requirements Guidance Notes As appendices with additional explanations

Topics
Material Hull design Arrangement Systems Human exposure

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Best Examples of Tanker Winterization

Varandey Arctic Shuttle Tanker for Sovcomflot
Built by Samsung Heavy Industries 2008 ABS/RS Dual Class, Ice Class LU-6 Features presented at Arctic Shiping Conference 2008

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Full Scale Ice Load Measurement

Instrumentation on Varandey Arctic Shuttle Tanker ConocoPhillips, SHI and ABS initiated full scale ice load
measurement for large arctic shuttle tanker.
The largest ice breaking tanker will be instrumented with over 150 fiber optic strain gages. Measurement campaign will start 2009 - 2010.

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Conclusions
Development of the new Polar
Class Unified Requirements represents a unique collaboration between IACS and IMO, drawing in additional expert stakeholders.

The Polar Class Rules are the

best available basis for the design of the next generation of icecapable ships.

The limitations of Polar Class Rules can be supplemented

by Risk Bases Design Review processes, direct calculations using realistic ice loads, and adequate winterization.

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Thank you Questions?

Han Yu Manager, R&D - Ships ABS Corporate Technology Tel 281.877.6473 e-mail hyu@eagle.org
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