Mu Individual 2012 National MAO Solution Manual 1.The cross sections are squares.

First, we need to find the side length of one square. The side-length of the square will be x 2 (2 x2 ) 2 x 2 2 . Now, we find the lower and upper bounds of the integral by setting it equal to 0 x = 1 . Now, since the cross-section areas
2 2 4 2 are squares, the volume of the figure will be equal to (2 x 2) dx = (4 x 8 x + 4)dx . 1 1 1 1

8 16 64 4 x 5 8 x3 + 4 x from -1 to 1. Algebraic simplification leads the answer to be + 8 = 5 3 15 5 3 . D.

2. The way that the differential equation is solved is through a multi-layered substitution. dy dv dy = (4 x + y ) 2 . v = 4 x + y ; v 4 x = y , so that means that 4= . Substitute back into dx dx dx dv dv 2 2 the first expression 4 = v = v + 4 . Cross multiply and use separable equations dx dx dv 2 = dx . Integrating both sides we get: like in the first one dv = dx (v + 4) 2 v +4 1 v v v tan 1 ( ) = x + C tan 1 ( ) = 2 x + C ( ) = tan(2 x + C ) , and v = 2 tan(2 x + C ) . 2 2 2 2 Substitute one last time to get terms of X and Y 4 x + y = 2 tan(2 x + C ) , and y = 2 tan(2 x + C ) 4 x . A. 1 1 1 2 x = 2 = 2 + 2x , and y = . the expression 4 x + 2 y is minimized. This y y 2 + 2x d 2 d 1 d 4x2 + 4 x + 1 (4 x + ( )) = 0 (4 x + ) = 0 means that ( ) = 0 Apply dx 2 + 2x dx 1+ x dx 1+ x f = 4 x2 + 4 x + 1 g = 1 + x the quotient rule: Since the denominator of the quotient rule g ' =1 f ' = 8x + 4 does not matter since we are setting the numerator equal to 0, we set f ' g g ' f equal to 0. (8 x + 4)( x + 1) (4 x 2 + 4 x + 1)(1) = 0 8 x 2 + 12 x + 4 (4 x2 + 4 x + 1) = 0 , so this means that 1 3 and x = . Since it was given that x > 1 , 4 x 2 + 8 x + 3 = 0 . The two roots are x = 2 2 1 1 1 1 y ( ) x = = 2 + 2x = 2 1 , y = 1 . So the expression 1 evaluates to ( ) y y 2 x 2 which simplifies to 2. E. 3.

4. THROWN OUT

y=e

x2 + ex

2 +e

. 2+.. x

y = ex

+ y ln y = x 2 + y . Take the

derivative of both sides with respect to x

1 dy dy dy 1 = 2 x + , ( 1) = 2 x , so this y dx dx dx y

dy 2x = dy e e = = . C. means that dx 1 1 At point (e, 4) dx 4 1 3 y lim e x cos x esin x sin x e0 cos(0) e0 sin(0) 5. = 1 . A. x0 sec 2 x 1 6. THROWN OUT d2y 2 2 Find for the equation x xy + y = 6 at the point (6,4) 2 dx dy 2 dy ( x xy + y 2 ) = (3) . dx dx dy dy 2x x y + 2 y = 0. dx dx dy ( x 2 y ) = 2 x y. dx dy 2 x y = . dx x 2 y dy 2dy (2 )( x 2 y ) (2 x y )(1 ) d2y dx dx . = dx 2 ( x 2 y )2 dy dy dy dy (2 x x 4 y + 2 y ) (2 x y 4 x + 2 y ) 2 d y dx dx dx dx . = 2 2 dx ( x 2 y) 2x y 2x y 2x y 2x y ) 4 y + 2 y( ) 2 x + 4 x( ) 2 y( ) d 2 y ((2 x x( x 2y x 2y x 2y x 2y . = 2 dx ( x 2 y)2 2x y 3 x( ) 3y 2 d y x 2y . = 2 2 dx ( x 2 y) 6 x 3 xy 6 xy 3 y 2 ( ) . d2y x 2y = 2 2 dx ( x 2 y)
2

d 2 y 6( x2 xy + y2 ) = . dx 2 ( x 2 y )3 d 2 y 6(36 24 + 16) = At point (6,4) dx 2 8 2 d y 6(28) = = 21 ; A. dx 2 8

5 7. 8 tan xdx

8 tan 5 xdx

8 tan 3 x (sec2 x 1)dx

8( tan 3 x sec2 xdx tan3 xdx) u = tan x du = sec 2 xdx 8( u 3 du tan 3 xdx ) 8([ tan 4 x ] tan x (sec2 x 1)dx ) 4 u = tan x du = sec 2 xdx

tan 4 x ] udu + tan xdx 4 tan 4 x tan 2 x 8([ ] + tan xdx ) 4 2 tan 4 x tan 2 x 8([ + ln sec x ]) + C 4 2 2 tan 4 x 4 tan 2 x + 8ln sec x + C ; C. 8([
4 8. Find sin xdx . Now this seems like it could be a pain in the butt trying to simplify this 0

with trigonometric identities. There is one identity which makes integrating this expression 1 cos(2 x ) 4 sin 2 x = much easier. . Now, we can substitute sin xdx into 2 0
1 cos(2 x) cos 2 (2 x) 1 cos(2 x) 2 1 2 cos(2 x ) + cos 2 (2 x) dx dx dx + dx ( 2 ) dx 4 4 2 4 0 0 0 0 0

x sin(2 x ) cos 2 (2 x ) )+ dx . Now, lets simplify ( 4 4 4 0

cos 2 (2 x) 4 dx . Use a u0

u = 2x 1 1 u sin(2u ) 1 sin(4 x ) 2 ) = (x ) . The total cos (u )du = ( 8 2 4 8 4 du = 2dx 8 x sin(2 x) 1 sin(4 x) ) + (x ) . From 0 to , this turns into expression turns into: ( 4 4 8 4 3 + = . E. 4 8 8 substitution to get 9. First, use Newtons formula starting with x0 = 1 . f ( xn ) . f '( xn ) f ( x0 ) 4(13 ) 6(12 ) + 5(1) 1 3 2 x1 = x0 . x1 = 1 , since f ( x ) = 4 x 6 x + 5 x 1 and 2 f '( x0 ) 12(1 ) 12(1) + 5 xn +1 = xn f '( x ) = 12 x 2 12 x + 5 . 3 x1 = . Now apply Newtons formula again with x1 to find x2 . 5 3 3 3 4( )3 6( )2 + 5( ) 1 f ( x1 ) 3 71 5 5 5 x2 = x1 x2 = x2 = through simplification. 3 3 f '( x1 ) 5 265 12( ) 2 12( ) 5 5 5 A Now that we have x2 in the form x2 = , we need to find the number of factors in ( A + B ) B ( A + B) = 336 . 336 breaks down in its prime factorization as such: 24 3 7 . 2C 3D 7 E # of factors= (C + 1)( D + 1)( E + 1) . (5)(2)(2) = 20 ; B or E Accepted. 10. So we have given that f '( x ) = e ( x ) and f (0) = 10 . Using the Mean Value Theorem for Derivatives, we can conclude that X < f (1) < Y for some numbers X and Y . Setting up the Mean-Value Theorem for Derivatives up, we can see that: f (1) f (0) = f '(c) for some 0 < c < 1 . If we rearrange this so that we can isolate f (1) , 1 0 we come up with f (1) f (0) = f '(c) , so that means that f (1) = f '(c) + f (0) . f (0) = 10 , so we can substitute: f (1) = f '(c ) + 10 . Also, we can substitute
2 2 2 2

f '(c) = e( c ) .

So we end up with f (1) = e( c ) + 10 . Since we were given that 0 < c < 1 , this means that 1 < e( c ) < e . This means that e( c ) + 10 < e + 10 , and e( c ) + 10 > 10 + 1 , given our bounds 2 from earlier. So this means if we substitute f (1) = e( c ) + 10 , we come up with the final inequality: 11 < f (1) < 10 + e . Now we can deduce that X = 11 and Y = 10 + e . X Y = 1 e . B.

x3 + x2 + x + 2 x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 dx (doesnt this look fun?) Ok first you need to assess the method of integration most appropriate for evaluating this integral. Partial fractions seem the best! x3 + x2 + x + 2 x3 + x2 + x + 2 Ax + B Cx + D dx 4 dx = 2 dx + 2 dx Using that we can 2 x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 x + 3x + 2 x +1 x +2 figure out that: x 3 + x 2 + x + 2 = ( Ax + B )( x2 + 2) + (Cx + D)( x2 + 1) . x 3 + x 2 + x + 2 = Ax3 + Bx2 + 2 Ax + 2 B + Cx3 + Dx2 + Cx + D . Factoring we get: x 3 + x 2 + x + 2 = ( A + C ) x3 + ( B + D) x2 + (2 A + C ) x + (2 B + D) . By this logic: A + C = 1 , B + D = 1 , 2 A + C = 1 , and 2 B + D = 2 . Through common sense we can now obtain the fact that: A = 0 , that B = 1 , C = 1 , and that D = 0 . Now you can re-substitute into the partial fraction you had before. x3 + x2 + x + 2 Ax + B Cx + D x 4 + 3x2 + 2 dx = x2 + 1 dx + x2 + 2 dx x3 + x2 + x + 2 1 x x 4 + 3x2 + 2 dx = x2 + 1dx + x2 + 2dx . The first integral is the definition of the integral of arc tan of x. So now we have: x3 + x2 + x + 2 x 1 x 4 + 3x2 + 2 dx = tan ( x) + x2 + 2dx . Now use u substitution for the other integral. x 1 1 u = x2 + 2 dx = du . That makes that integral 2 x +2 2 u du = 2 xdx 3 2 1 x +x +x+2 ln( x2 + 2) ln u So the final simplified integral is: 4 dx = tan 1 ( x) + +C ; 2 x + 3x 2 + 2 2 D. 11. 12. This question is a very elementary derivative question: f 2011 ( x 2012 ) + f 2011 (2 cos x) + f 2011 (3sin x ) + f 2011 (e x ) . The first term is easy. By power rule, this will be the power taken down 2011 times, so it is the same as 2012!. f 2011 ( x 2012 ) = 2012! x . For the second and third terms of the function, you have to know that both sin x and cos x have cyclical derivatives in cycles of 4. That means that the 4th derivative is the same as the 8th as the 12th and so on, same goes for the 1st and the 5th and so on. f 2011 (2 cos x ) = 2(sin x) because 2011 is one before the cycle ends, which is equivalent to the third derivative of cos x , which is sin x . Same with f 2011 (3sin x ) . This is equivalent to the third derivative, which is 3cos x . Now the last term is f 2011 (e x ) For this , know that f '(e x ) = e x and f '( x) = f '( x) . That means it is just e x . At 0: 2012! x + 2sin x + 3cos x e x 2012!(0) + 2sin(0) + 3cos(0) e
(0)

0+0+3-1=2; A.

13. First lets start off with the curve x 2 + y 4 = 1 . You can use either horizontal slices or cylindrical shells to calculate half of the volume of the curve, and double it to obtain the volume of doughnut 1 V = x 2 dy . We can manipulate the formula before to Method 1: Horizontal Slices 2 0 V V y5 4 integrate in terms of one variable = (1 y )dy . = ( y ) evaluated from 0 to 2 2 5 0 V 4 8 1, which means = , so V = cubic feet of jelly. 2 5 5 V Method 2: Cylindrical Shells = 2 xydx . Substitute y = 4 1 x 2 into the integral to 2 0 V 2 4 integrate in terms of one variable = 2 x ( 1 x )dx . Now we use u-substitution to 2 0 1 4u 5/4 1/4 integrate this function: , so the integral is now: ( )2 u du [ ] 2 5 du = 2 xdx 0 u = 1 x2 from 0 to 1 ( 4 4 V 8 ( 4 (1 x 2 )5 ) = , so V = , D. ) from 0 to 1 ( ) = 5 5 2 5 5
1 1 1 1

14. THROWN OUT We start of this problem by stating what we know. Chris Kim is 170 feet tall, if we make a right triangle, we can see that this is the hypotenuse. This makes x and y 80 and 150 feet respectively. If we set up the equation up to: dx dy dy + 2y = 0 . We know that = 4 using dt dt dt dx our given information. This means that 2 x + 300(4) = 0 , so this means that dt dx 1200 15 = = . D. dt 160 2 x 2 + y 2 = 1702 , and derive it, we get 2 x 1 ln x lim 1 x 4 x3 x = lim 3 1 Use LHospitals: 15. ( ) = x ln x = x 0+ x 0+ 3 x 0+ 3 x 0+ x 3 3 x x4 lim x 3 =0. A. x 0+ 3 lim lim

r 3 h = , so this means that r = . The volume of the ice-cream cone is h 9 3 1 2 h 1 h 2 given as: V = r h . Substitute r = V = ( ) h . Take the derivative with respect 3 3 3 3 3 2 h dV h dh (6) 2 dh = ) to h V = , . Our given information is that 3 = ( . This 27 dt 9 dt 9 dt dh dh 3 = means that 3 = 4 , therefore, . C. dt dt 4 1 1 D = 2 dt . D = 3 tan 1 ( t 3 ) from 0 to 1. This comes out to 17. Set this up as t +3 3 3 0 16. Set this up as: ( 3 3 . C. )( ) = 3 6 18

18. CHANGED TO D: This looks like a tough one. A trick with trigonometric substitution should make this a little easier! We have our function f ( x ) = ln(tan(sin 1 ( x ))) , which would be very tough to just do the chain rule straight out. Lets try and simplify this as much as possible: Lets simplify sin 1 x . Construct a right triangle with angle . Opposite we have x , with hypotenuse 1. We need to find our other opposite leg. We set up the Pythagorean Theorem ( x ) 2 + y 2 = 1 . Simplify in y in terms of x and we get y = 1 x . Using this same triangle, we need to find the tangent angle , which simplifies x d2y x (ln( )) . First lets find the derivative of . So we are really trying to find 2 dx 1 x 1 x the function. Finding the derivative of the inside should be done first if chain rule is going to be the most effective: to x is easier for me treating as a product rule rather than a 1 x 1/2 f = x g = (1 x ) 1 quotient rule By chain rule, taking the derivative of the 1 g'= f '= 3/2 2(1 x) 2 x Finding the derivative of entire (ln( dy 1 x x 1 x =( )( + ) )) , 3/2 dx 2(1 x) x 2( x ) 1 x 1 x

dy 1 1 x x 1 dy 1 1 x ( x )( x ) + (1 x) = ( )( + = ( )( ) 3/2 dx 2 (1 x) dx 2 x ( x) 1 x x x (1 x)3/2 dy 1 1 dy 1 1 x 1 = ( ) = ( )( ) Simplifying algebraically, we get 3/2 dx 2 x(1 x) dx 2 x x (1 x ) dy 1 = . Using the chain rule, the second derivative is as follows dx 2 x 2 x 2

2x 1 4 1 d2y 1 4x 2 d2y = . So evaluated at x = 2 is = = (1)(2 4 x ) = 2 2 2 2 2 xx 24 dx 2x 2x 2x 2x dx 3 . E. 2 19. First find the critical numbers of the function. f ( x) = x 3 + x 2 x + 19 , so that means 1 that f '( x ) = 3 x 2 + 2 x 1 . f '( x ) = (3 x 1)( x + 1) , the critical numbers are x = , 1 . To 3 determine which is the relative min and which is the relative max, use those values in the second derivative test f ''( x) = 6 x + 2 . Testing x = 1 , we get -4. This is less than 0, and 1 therefore must be the relative maximum. Testing at x = , we get 4, which is greater than 3 1 0. So this is our relative minimum. So now we know that A = and B = 1 . So AB = 3 . 3 B. 20. First lets find the value of the derivative of the function at the x-value given. dy 5 dy 5 f ( x) = 3cos(2 x ) . Using the chain rule, = 6sin(2 x) . At x = = 6sin( ) = , dx 6 dx 3 dy 3 6( ) = 3 3 . Now we plug this back into point-slope y y1 = ( x x1 ) dx 2 5 5 5 y y1 = 3 3( x ) y = 3 3( x ) + y1 , y = 3x 3 + y1 . We need to find y1 by 6 6 2 5 5 3 plugging x = into the original function, which gives us y1 = 3cos( ) = . So the 6 3 2 5 3 3 5 3 tangent line simplifies to y = 3x 3 . So now we can tell that + = 3x 3 + 2 2 2 A = 3 3 , B = 5 3 , and C = 2 . So AB 5C = (3 3)(5 3) 5(2) = 45 10 = 35 . B. 21. The total profit generated by an item is defined as the revenue minus the manufacturing cost: p ( x) = r ( x) c( x) . r ( x ) = x (200 0.05 x ) = 200 x 0.05 x 2 . c( x) is going to be the total cost per day; c( x) = 140 x + 9500 . Set up the equation: p ( x) = 200 x .05 x 2 (140 x + 9500) p ( x) = .05 x 2 + 60 x 9500 . Determine any critical numbers of p ( x) p '( x) = .1x 60 , so .1x = 60 and x = 600 . A.
2

22.

6 x sin( x 2 ) sin(4 x2 )dx . This integral looks like a lot to do. Actually, with a few

trigonometric manipulations, this question becomes easily integrable. First use the fact that cos( A B ) + cos( A + B) sin A sin B = to rearrange the integral to 2

cos(3 x 2 ) + cos(5 x2 ) 6 x( )dx 2

2

3 x[cos(3 x 2 ) + cos(5 x2 )]dx

x cos(3 x 2 ) + 3

x cos(5 x2 )dx We can now use u-substitution for each integral

1 3 sin( ) 2 2 u = 3 x 2 given 3 du = 6 xdx

2

1 1 x cos(3 x ) = cos(u )du = sin(u ) from 0 to the 2 2 0 0 1 3 1 ) = . Do the same thing for the second square root of pi/2. This evaluates to sin( 2 2 2
2

integral: 3

du = 10 xdx 3 5 3 1 3 4 ( sin( )) = . = . D. 10 2 10 2 10 5
0

x cos(5 x 2 )dx

u = 5x2

x cos(5 x 2 )dx =

3 10

cos(u )du =

23. Lindas answer can be found using the following differential approximation: 1 3 3 10 3 f ( x + x ) = f ( x) + f '( x)(x ) at the point (1, ) + ( )( ) = = . So 4 4 2 20 4 40 40 now we can deduce that A = 10 , B = 3 , and C = 40 . Steves approximation is a bit easier since it is centered at the origin f ( x + x ) = f ( x) + f '( x)(x ) . At (0,0), this will be 17 17 0 + 1( ) = . Now we can deduce that D = 0 , E = 17 , and F = 20 . So this makes our 20 20 expression: A + B +

C + DE evaluate into 10+3+2+0=15. B. F

24. For this question, simply set up the equation x 5 + 3 x 2 = 2 , x = 1 . To find j '(2) , we 1 1 1 have , which is equal to at x = 1 , or . B. 1 4 f '( f (2)) 5x + 3 8 25. First, we need to write the MacLaurin series for f ( x) = ln( x + e) . To do this, we use a Taylor series centered at x = 0 . Our question only calls for the first three terms, so this means the 0th term is included. Our 0th term is ln( x + e) . The value of the 0th derivative at 0 is 1. So this means our 0th term is 1. To find the 1st term, take the derivative of the function. 1 1 Chain rule yields us . The value of the 1st derivative at x = 0 is . Again, since 1!=1, x+e e x our 1st term will be . Now we find the 2nd term. By using chain rule again, we find that e

the second derivative of the function is

1 . The value of second derivative at x = 0 is ( x + e) 2 1 1 x2 . Now we multiply that by , and our term comes out to be 2 . So now we know (e) 2 2! 2e

x x2 (1) n +1 x n our series is f ( x ) = 1 + 2 + ... . Now we can manipulate the series to fit e 2e ne n
ln( x 2 + e) by plugging in x 2 for every x . So our first three terms centered there are
3 x x x2 x4 2 dx = x + x f ( x) = 1 + 2 . We integrate this from 0 to 1: 1 + e 2e e 2e 3e 0

x5 10e 2

from 0 to 1 evaluates to 1 +

1 1 . Simplifying this algebraically we get 3e 10e 2 2A 30e 2 + 10e 3 + B + C evaluates to 2+10-3= 9. E. , so this means that D 30e 2

26. Use the ratio test to find the interval of convergence:

x n +1 nen 1 lim ( )( n ) < 1 x lim < 1 , therefore, the radius of n ( n + 1)en +1 n e x

convergence is

x < e , D.
dW W (600 W ) = is separable, but leads to the dm 5000

27. The differential equation equation

dW dm = We will use partial decomposition to solve the left side W (600 W ) 5000

of the differential equation

1 A B = + W (600 W ) W 600 W
so A = 1 . Using the same 600

A(600 w) + B (w) = 1 . When W = 0 , 600 A = 1,

method, we get B = by 600.

1 1 1 1 dm ( + ) dw = . Multiply each side 5000 600 600 W 600 W

(
ln(

W 600 W 3 ) = + C ( ) = Ce3m 25 W = . The constant 600 W 25 1 + Ce3m 25 600 W 600 of integration can be solved as such, since W (0) = 100 100 = . Solving this yields 1+ c
c = 5 , so the new function can be modeled after

1 1 3 dm 3dm ln W ln(600 W ) = ) dw = 25 W 600 W 25

W=

AB C 2 D = 600- 25( 25 ) = 603. C.

3 3 2

600 1 + 5e 3m 25

. So this means that

28. We should rearrange the integral given to x=

x3 ( (4 x + 9))
2 3

) dx . Now we can use

3 tan 2 trigonometric substitution , 4 x 2 + 9 = 9 tan 2 + 9 = 3sec . 3sec 2 dx = 2 Now, we have to change the bounds of integration: When x = 0 , tan = 0 ,so = 0 and 3 3 when x = tan = 3 , so that means = . We now change the integral to terms of 3 2 trigonometric functions:
3 3 2

x3 ( (4 x 2 + 9)) 3

) dx
=

3 tan 3 ) 3sec 2 2 ( )( ) d (3sec )3 2 (

This turns into

3 16
3 16

tan 3 d . We use trigonometric simplification to simplify the integral to sec

3

3 sin 3 cos [( cos3 )( 1 )]d 16 0

sin 3 d trigonometric substitution from here cos2

will not work. So instead were going to rearrange the integral to make a substitution.

3 16

sin3 3 d = 2 cos 16

1 cos 2 cos 2 (sin ) d . Now we can use a substitution since we 0

have a function in terms of u and its derivative. integral bounds AGAIN to get the new integral: When = 0 , u = 1 , and when =
12 1

u = cos

du = sin

, so now we change the

, then u = 1 2 , so the integral becomes: 3

1 u2 1 u2 2 du = 2 du , and at this point we simply integrate by splitting fractions: u u 1 12

1 u2 1 3 1 2 u 2 du = 1/2 ( u 2 1) du 16 ( u u) , from to 1, which simplifies to 1
1 1

3 1 3 ( ) = . C. 16 2 32
ln 2

29.
ln 2

du = e dx 2 e (u 1) 1 dx = du u 2u + 1du udu 2du + du x 1+ e u u u

3x 2

e dx . Use a u-substitution to rearrange this into u 1 = e x 1 + ex x

3x

u = ex + 1

(e x + 1) 2 u2 2u + ln u 2(e x + 1) + ln e x + 1 . Evaluated from 0 to ln 2 2 2

ln 2

e3 x 1 3 dx = + ln . So BC-AD= 6-2=4. B. 1 + ex 2 2

ex 1 u = ex dx Use a u-substitution 2 du 3 + e2 x du = e x 0 u + 3 0

30.

3 u 3 arctan( ). 3 3

Use a substitution

3 ex 3 arctan( ) from 0 to infinity, since arctangents bound is 3 3 ( / 2, / 2) , this evaluates out to 3 3 = 3 . A. 6 18 9